Upper mantle flow beneath the Northwest of China and its lithospheric dynamics

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区域重力异常和上地幔小尺度对流相关方程及对流拖曳力场

建立了区域重力均衡异常的物理模型，假定区域重力均衡异常源于上地幔密度分布横向不均匀以及由上地幔小尺度对流产生的边界形变．导出了区域重力均衡异常和上地幔小尺度对流之间的相关方程，讨论了该方程在地球动力学研究中的应用．应用几种模型计算上地幔小尺度对流产生的作用于岩石层底部的拖曳力场．结果表明，将这一相关方程用于利用区域重力均衡异常研究地壳及上地幔应力状态，将有广阔的前景．     

巴颜喀拉地块东部及邻区重力均衡与岩石圈有效弹性厚度

基于SIO(Scripps Institute of Oceanography)最新全球重力和高程模型,计算了巴颜喀拉地块东部及邻区的布格重力异常、均衡重力异常、岩石圈有效弹性厚度及荷载比.结合大地热流、地震速度结构、地震活动和断裂构造分布等,分析了地壳均衡状态和岩石圈有效弹性厚度、地质构造单元间的差异及与地震活动的相关性特征.研究结果表明,该区域布格重力变化范围约为-500～0mGal(1mGal=10~(-5)m·s~(-2),下同),在巴颜喀拉块体东部区域形成弧形重力梯度带,近年来的中强地震活动频发于该梯度带不同部位,应与其应力依次释放有关;均衡重力异常结果表明,其变化范围约为-80～+100mGal,且大部分区域处于±20mGal以内的被认为处于重力均衡的状态,重力非均衡(正或负)多出现于块体边界带附近,地震多发生在靠近块体边界的均衡重力异常(正或负,主要为正)区域内;巴颜喀拉地块东部及邻区岩石圈有效弹性厚度(T_e)为10～65km,不同构造单元之间T_e空间分布差异明显,较低的T_e值出现在龙门山构造带附近,T_e值为20km左右,岩石圈荷载加载比为0.5～0.8,表明现今的岩石圈挠曲状态主要由莫霍面加载形成.进一步分析表明,巴颜喀拉地块东部挤压增生与横向流动同时发生,是造成该区域地震发生与重力均衡异常高值重合、岩石圈有效弹性厚度和大地热流值较低的主要原因.本文获得的地壳均衡特征及岩石圈有效弹性强度结果,加深了对巴颜喀拉东部及邻区岩石圈构造演化过程的认识.     

天山及邻区Vening Meinesz均衡重力异常特征及其动力学意义

本文基于Vening Meinesz区域均衡模型,通过试验不同参数计算Vening Meinesz均衡补偿深度,将其与CRUST1.0模型给出的莫霍面深度进行拟合,得到适应于天山及邻区的平均补偿深度、"地区性指标"以及区域补偿半径.结合地球重力场模型EIGEN-6C4与地形数据,利用球冠体积分方法进行地形效应、沉积层效应计算和均衡校正,得到了研究区的Vening Meinesz均衡重力异常.结果显示天山及邻区的均衡重力异常幅值在-110~120 mGal之间,表明了天山及周边盆地岩石圈所处于的均衡状态,同时揭示了研究区的壳幔密度分布特征.天山、塔里木盆地、准噶尔盆地等块体的地壳垂向形变可能部分地由均衡调整引起,且均衡调整趋势与地面形变测量结果相契合.通过对均衡重力异常成因的解释,从地壳均衡角度分析了该地区复杂的构造背景及其新生代以来的演化历程.     

青藏高原-天山地区岩石层构造运动的地幔动力学机制

利用全球重力大地水准面异常、板块绝对运动及全球地震层析成像数据,计算了青藏高原-天山地区岩石层下部地幔大尺度对流格局以及此种尺度对流驱动下岩石层内应力场分布;同时,利用区域均衡重力异常数据反演青藏高原中、北部到天山地区上地幔小尺度对流模型．结果表明,大尺度的地幔物质运移过程可能驱动着中国大陆岩石层整体从西部以南北方向为主的运动转向东部地区以北东和南东方向的运动;而该区域上地幔小尺度上升流动支持了现代青藏高原和天山地区的抬升运动．提出和讨论了青藏高原隆升的“断离隆升-挤压隆升-对流隆升”三阶段模式,并探讨了大陆岩石层构造运动的地幔深部动力学背景．     

Upper mantle convection beneath northwest China and its adjacent region driven by density anomaly

Introduction The northwest of China includes Tarim, Junggar and Qaidam basins, and Kunlun, Tianshan, Altun and Qilian mountains, as well as the north part of the Tibetan Plateau. For a long time, the study of lithosphere structures and dynamics in this area has been a popular topic in geoscience, and has yielded many results. For example, TANG (1994) and LI et al (1998) suppose that the tectonic structure of Tarim Basin is various with geological periods, which changes many times betwee…     

中国西北及周边地区上地幔密度异常驱动小尺度对流

假设地震层析成像提供的地震波速异常对应于上地幔物质的密度异常分布,而该密度异常直接源于上地幔热对流相应的温度扰动. 在给定边界条件下,利用三维傅里叶变换,在波数域内求解控制流体行为的运动方程和连续性方程,得到上地幔小尺度对流流场. 利用密度异常驱动上地幔小尺度对流的数学 物理模型,采用胥颐、刘福田等提供的地震层析成像数据计算得到了我国西北及周边地区上地幔对流模式. 结果表明,对流流场的顶部在岩石圈较薄的盆地区域呈现上升发散流动特征,如塔里木盆地、柴达木盆地、哈萨克斯坦块体及准噶尔盆地;岩石圈较厚的山脉则对应了会聚下降的流动特征,如天山山脉、昆仑山山脉和祁连山山脉. 同时,塔里木盆地处于拉张状态,驱动其上地幔物质南下向青藏高原北部西昆仑运动,以及北上向天山下部流动,这可能是天山隆升的原因之一.      

新疆精河6.6级地震周边地区密度构造、均衡异常以及岩石圈挠曲机理

依据EIGEN-6C4重力模型和ETOPO1高程模型数据,围绕新疆精河6.6级地震展开岩石圈均衡与挠曲机理研究,得到如下结论：（1）震中附近的布格与自由空气重力异常分别为-221和-92mGal(10~(-5 )m·s~(-2)）,震中位于重力异常高梯度带上;（2）震中周边地区地壳厚度约为50km,密度结构总体变化平缓,东西方向地壳厚度变化较小,但自南向北地壳厚度逐渐变薄,精河6.6级地震初始破裂发生在上中地壳分界面附近;（3）震中附近岩石圈承载的垂向构造应力为20MPa左右,震中位于岩石圈垂向构造应力极大值附近的高梯度带上;（4）地震周边地区岩石圈有效弹性厚度最优解为26km,加载比最优解为F_1=1,F_2=F_3=0,表明该区域岩石圈相对坚硬,且导致岩石圈变形的初始加载全部来自地表．     

地幔岩石圈热结构差异与中国大陆岩石圈均衡分析

观测表明,大陆地区存在很多传统均衡模型无法解释的现象,其根本原因在于传统均衡理论中没有考虑地幔岩石圈部分由于热结构差异导致密度差异的影响.本文基于岩石圈尺度的质量平衡模型研究了中国大陆20个构造单元地壳及地幔岩石圈对地形海拔的贡献,以及各块体的均衡状态.计算结果表明,在一些地区,如塔里木盆地、北山和柴达木盆地,尽管岩石圈均衡模型和Airy模型得到了一致的海拔值,但岩石圈均衡模型更能体现均衡过程的物理本质;除青藏高原造山带外的多数块体,岩石圈均衡模型的计算结果更接近观测海拔和地表垂直运动状态;总体上,考虑地幔岩石圈热结构影响后,中国大陆各地区的均衡结果普遍优于传统的均衡模型.通过对均衡状态分析,我们得到以下主要结论：(1)构造稳定地区均衡程度较高;(2) 青藏高原及周边造山带现今地壳运动主要为区域构造过程及深部动力学过程所控制,均衡调整过程不是主要控制因素;(3) 现今地壳垂直运动比较明显的块体处于均衡调整阶段,地表垂直运动的大小反映了该区所受的均衡力作用的程度;(4) 构造稳定地区基于岩石层均衡的理论计算海拔与观测海拔之差值和现今地壳垂直运动速率有较好的相关性,据此我们可以通过均衡分析研究构造块体的运动趋势和动力学性质;(5) 地幔热结构对现今地形、海拔及地壳垂直运动有显著影响,在处理均衡问题时,地幔岩石圈热结构是我们必须考虑的重要因素.     

蒙古及周边地区重力异常和地壳不均匀体分布

基于全球EGM2008自由空气重力异常模型,本文计算了蒙古及周边地区的布格重力异常和AiryHeiskanen均衡重力异常.在此基础上,本文采用Crust 1.0地壳模型为参考,通过重力正演方法,对蒙古及周边地区不同深度地壳密度结构模型的重力异常进行了计算,并对得到的正演布格重力异常与实际重力异常进行了对比和分析.研究结果表明:蒙古西部杭爱山地区与阿尔泰山地区的构造变形差异性明显,现今均衡重力异常中杭爱山周边没有明显的均衡异常高值区,而阿尔泰山地区西南方向存在均衡重力异常高值分布,分析与新构造运动密切相关;Crust 1.0模型给出的壳幔横向密度不均匀体分布对于计算Moho面起伏引起的重力异常作用明显;Crust 1.0给出的地壳内界面变形可以反映深大活动断裂的深部构造变形.研究结果对于认识蒙古东西部构造特征差异,以及现今西部活动断裂的地球物理场特征具有参考意义,也可以为进一步应用Crust 1.0模型为参考开展三维密度结构反演提供一定帮助.     

南海岩石层及边界构造的地球物理特征

南海经历了中生代主动大陆边缘到新生代被动大陆边缘的转换,其岩石层地球物理场具有明显的块、带特征.本文通过综合分析南海地区深地震探测、面波层析成像、重磁异常以及地热与岩石层流变学等各种地质地球物理资料,对南海地壳及岩石层的综合地球物理特征进行了深入总结,发现深地震探测剖面所确定的洋、陆壳转换位置与空间重力异常梯级带位置较为一致,据此拟定了南海洋、陆壳的转换边界;依据多条地壳结构剖面中拉张减薄的程度确定了正常减薄陆壳、洋陆壳过渡带及洋壳等属性特征,并初步圈定了南海下地壳高速层的分布范围.对比分析了南、北陆缘地壳结构及其拉张减薄的变化特征,从综合地球物理特征的相似性上推测了北部陆缘的中西沙陆块与南部陆缘的南沙礼乐滩陆块具有共轭对称性.依据S波速度梯度变化确定了南海岩石层厚度分布情况,揭示出南海北部陆缘存在一条岩石层厚度的减薄带,且该减薄带与高热流带具有较好的一致性.在综合分析的基础上,以深地震探测剖面与重、磁异常变化的对应性为基础,划定了南海边界构造的位置.     

Rheology of the mantle and tectonics of the oceanic lithospheric plates

The modern concepts of the rheology of viscous mantle and brittle lithosphere, as well as the results of the numerical experiments on the processes in a heated layer with a viscosity dependent on pressure, temperature, and shear stress, are reviewed. These dependences are inferred from the laboratory studies of olivine and measurements of postglacial rebound (glacial isostatic adjustment) and geoid anomalies. The numerical solution of classical conservation equations for mass, heat, and momentum shows that thermal convection with a highly viscous rigid lithosphere develops in the layer with the parameters of the mantle with the considered rheology under a temperature difference of 3500 K, without any special additional conditions due to the self-organization of the material. If the viscosity parameters of the lithosphere correspond to dry olivine, the lithosphere remains monolithic (unbroken). At a lower strength (probably due to the effects of water), the lithosphere splits into a set of separate rigid plates divided by the ridges and subduction zones. The plates submerge into the mantle, and their material is involved in the convective circulation. The results of the numerical experiment may serve as direct empirical evidence to validate the basic concepts of the theory of plate tectonics; these experiments also reveal some new features of the mantle convection. The probable structure of the flows in the upper and lower mantle (including the asthenosphere), which shows the primary role of the lithospheric plates, is demonstrated for the first time.     

华北地区中东部岩石圈挠曲与均衡特性以及地震活动性分析

华北地区中东部涵盖北京、天津以及即将建设的雄安新区等大型城市,区内发育了张渤地震带等多条大型活动断裂,地震活动性较强,历史上发生过多次6级以上地震.本文利用Fan小波的布格重力异常一致性方法研究该区的岩石圈有效弹性厚度和均衡调整初始加载比分布,同时基于均衡调整方法计算该区垂向构造应力分布,并将以上结果与历史地震活动进行统计分析.岩石圈挠曲分析表明,华北地区中东部的岩石圈有效弹性厚度为10~65 km,分布特征为自东南向西北逐渐减小.均衡调整初始加载比为0.5~0.8,表明现今的岩石圈挠曲状态主要由莫霍面加载形成.该区地壳承载的垂向构造应力约为-20~20 MPa,中西部地区垂向构造应力向上,东北和西南地区向下.统计分析结果显示,华北地区中东部的地震活动性随着岩石圈有效弹性厚度和均衡调整初始加载比的增加而减弱,垂向构造应力零值区域地震活动性较弱.雄安新区的岩石圈有效弹性厚度大约为15 km,均衡调整初始加载比为0.5~0.6,垂向构造应力为15~20 MPa,岩石圈参数对应的地震活动性较强,相关结果对于新区建设具有一定参考价值.     

地形-均衡补偿重力、大地水准面异常频谱分析

将地形高、地球内部质量异常以及重力、大地水准面展开成球谐级数,依据岩石圈弹性挠曲均衡补偿理论建立地形—均衡补偿重力、大地水准面异常的球谐级数表达式.由此我们可以研究地形—均衡补偿重力、大地水准面异常与球谐级数阶次的关系,以及不同波长地形荷载与岩石圈挠曲补偿的关系,探讨地形—均衡补偿重力、大地水准面的频谱特性.从观测大地水准面异常和自由空气重力异常扣除地形—均衡补偿大地水准面、重力异常,可以得到均衡大地水准面异常和均衡重力异常.均衡大地水准面异常已经消除了浅层物质不均匀的影响,反映的是地球深部物质密度不均匀分布.均衡重力异常显示出中短波长特性,反映的是地壳上地幔物质分布的失衡和物质调整的动力学特征.     

我国海洋地学编图现状、计划与主要进展

我国海洋地质地球物理工作起步晚,整体调查程度较低,进一步加强我国海洋地学编图显得十分必要.我国实施的"海洋地质保障工程",将分"中国海陆"、"中国海及邻域"和"中国各海区"三个层次来进行地学编图.第一层次编制了空间重力异常图、布格重力异常图、磁力异常图、地震层析成像图、莫霍面深度图、地质图、大地构造格架图和大地构造格架演化图等8种图件.编图反映出中国海陆重力异常是"线性异常带纵横交错,块状异常区坐落其间"、重力梯级带主要为块体结合带;陆地磁力异常大致正负磁异常相间分布,海域北部为沟-弧-盆相关异常、南部磁条带异常;莫霍面总体特征为"东西分带,南北分块";地震层析成像反映出中国东部和西部岩石层厚度的差异以及上地幔软流层的分布特点;大地构造格架和演化图再现了块体体制向板块体制的转换过程.本次编图强调地球深部结构的变化对表层构造的关联,重视地球物理资料与地质构造的结合,以深-浅层结合来划分中国大地构造格架.已有成果表明,中国海陆大地构造格局可以用"块体构造学说"来描述.     

Crustal Structure of the Flood Basalt Province of Ethiopia from Constrained 3-D Gravity Inversion

The Oligocene Afar mantle plume resulted in the eruption of a large volume of basaltic magma, including major sequences of rhyolitic ignimbrites, in a short span of time across Ethiopia. In order to assess the impact of these magmatic processes on the crust and to investigate the general crustal configuration beneath the Ethiopian plateau, northern part of the Main Ethiopian Rift and the Afar depression, analysis and modeling of the gravity field have been conducted. The Bouguer gravity map is dominated by long-wavelength anomalies that primarily arise from the isostatic compensation of the topography. Consequently, anomalies within the crust/upper mantle are masked and quantitative interpretation becomes difficult. The long-wavelength anomalies are approximated using admittance technique and subsequently removed from the Bouguer anomalies to obtain the residual isostatic anomalies. The residual map contains both short- and intermediate-wavelength anomalies related to geologic and tectonic features. The long-wavelength regional isostatic field is used to map the crust-mantle interface and the results are in good agreement with those determined by other geophysical methods. Seismic constrained gravity inversion was performed on the isostatic residual field and series of three-dimensional models have been constructed for the structures of the crust and upper mantle beneath the uplifted and rifted flood basalt province of northern Ethiopia. The inversion results have shown that the NW plateau has thick crust that rests on normal lithospheric mantle. Afar, On the other hand, is marked by thin stretched crust resting on a low-density upper mantle indicating a hotter thermal regime and partial melt. No lithospheric mantle is observed beneath Afar. The models further indicate the presence of an extensive sub-crustal thick (~12 km on average) and high-density (~3.06 gm/cc) mafic accreted igneous layer of fractionated cumulate (magmatic underplating) beneath the NW plateau. The study suggests that the underplate was fundamental to the accretion process and may have played a role in compensating most of the plateau uplift and in localizing stresses.     

The concentrations of the heavy metals in the four new Antarctic meteorites Yamato (a), (b), (c) and (d) and in Orgueil, Murray, Allende, Abee, Allegan, Mocs and Johnstown

All active midocean ridges show a uniform relationship between depth and age of the oceanic crust. Recently, it has been shown by numerical methods that convective flow in a Newtonian fluid will have a positive gravity anomaly and an upward surface deformation associated with an ascending limb. If there is thermal convection in the upper mantle, these calculations predict that there may be a correlation between free air gravity anomalies and differences from the uniform relationship between oceanic depth and age. To investigate such a correlation, we considered the crestal elevation and free air gravity anomaly over the crest of the midocean ridges. It has been suggested that the differences from the depth versus age relationship are related to spreading rate. Thus, we also considered a correlation between crestal elevation and changes in rate along the ridge axis.We found a positive correlation between free air gravity and differences in crestal depth of the midocean ridge system. We found no correlation between spreading rate and gravity and no uniform relationship which holds in all the oceans between spreading rate and observed crestal depths.The long wavelength gravity anomalies which are correlated with the differences in crestal depth cannot be supported by an 80 km thick lithosphere. Thus, they are considered evidence of flow within the aesthenosphere. Further, the correlation between gravity anomaly and differences in crestal depth has the same sign and gradient as predicted by the investigations of convection in a Newtonian fluid.     

The mantle convection pattern and force source mechanism of recent tectonic movement in China

The Runcorn stress equations and 2–30° harmonic coefficients of the geopotential have been applied to determine the mantle convection pattern beneath China. The pattern is compared with geophysical and geological observations and it is found that the directional change belts of mantle flows coincide with the major fault belts between tectonic units of China. The stress field generated by mantle flows, except in the Tian Shan region, also coincide with the stress field of recent tectonic movement in China. The Tarim and Junggar basins are formed by tensional stresses due to divergent mantle convection currents under northwest China. The formation of the Qinhai-Xizang (Tibet) plateau is due mainly to the compression of the Tarim block and Indian plate, caused by convergent mantle convection currents. The shear-fault belts in central China (100–105°E) are generated by the running change belt of mantle flows, a well-known N-S seismic zone. In eastern China, tensional faults, grabens, lake and sea depressions are related to the eastward displacement of continental lithosphere exerted by eastward dispersal mantle flows under this region.This paper provides new material for further study of the force source mechanism of recent tectonic movement from the viewpoint of mantle convection currents.     

卫星重力场、地幔对流应力场与板块运动关系的探讨

本文采用GEM10C的前50阶系数,计算了全球自由空气重力异常和地幔对流产生的岩石层底部应力场.通过对全球重力异常、应力场的分析,着重讨论了板块运动与地幔对流间的关系.对各板块在地幔对流作用下受力的定性分析和定量计算表明,板块的运动主要由低阶应力场决定,板块底部多个地幔对流体（而不是一个以洋中脊为对流上涌中心的单个地幔对流）的共同作用,推动了现代板块的运动.     

Gravity anomaly, lithospheric structure and seismicity of Western Himalayan Syntaxis

A compiled gravity anomaly map of the Western Himalayan Syntaxis is analysed to understand the tectonics of the region around the epicentre of Kashmir earthquake of October 8, 2005 (Mw = 7.6). Isostatic gravity anomalies and effective elastic thickness (EET) of lithosphere are assessed from coherence analysis between Bouguer anomaly and topography. The isostatic residual gravity high and gravity low correspond to the two main seismic zones in this region, viz. Indus–Kohistan Seismic Zone (IKSZ) and Hindu Kush Seismic Zones (HKSZ), respectively, suggesting a connection between siesmicity and gravity anomalies. The gravity high originates from the high-density thrusted rocks along the syntaxial bend of the Main Boundary Thrust and coincides with the region of the crustal thrust earthquakes, including the Kashmir earthquake of 2005. The gravity low of HKSZ coincides with the region of intermediate–deep-focus earthquakes, where crustal rocks are underthrusting with a higher speed to create low density cold mantle. Comparable EET (∼55 km) to the focal depth of crustal earthquakes suggests that whole crust is seismogenic and brittle. An integrated lithospheric model along a profile provides the crustal structure of the boundary zones with crustal thickness of about 60 km under the Karakoram–Pamir regions and suggests continental subduction from either sides (Indian and Eurasian) leading to a complex compressional environment for large earthquakes.