当今前寒武纪古地磁学研究中的进展与问题

前寒武纪古地磁研究是一种以古地磁学为基础,结合同位素年代学和地质学的综合性边缘学科。这一学科的最大特点是它能提供古代的物理信息和具有全球等时性的特点,它还是在研究古代地壳块体或板块间的相对运动中,能提供定量数据的唯一方法。因此曾有人把它比作前寒武纪陆壳演化研究中的“黑匣子”。为此前寒武纪古地磁的研究资料越来越受到了各国地质—构造学家们的重视,认为这些成果对了解地壳的早期演     

利用ITRF速度场计算中国大陆与周围板块的现今三维相对运动

利用几何大地测量监测数据考察某一岩石圈板块或块体的运动 ,目前的主要方法是选择某一相对稳定点或直接选择地固参考系作为运动参考系 ,计算被考察的板块或块体相对于该相对稳定点的运动或在地固参考系中的运动。显然 ,这种计算结果无法全面直观地表达被考察板块或块体的内部相对运动 ,以及周围板块或块体相对于被考察板块或块体的运动。文中首次尝试了直接选择被考察板块或块体即欧亚板块东南部块体作为参考块体 ,利用一种高精度的几何大地测量监测数据 ,即国际地球参考框架 (ITRF)速度场计算了欧亚板块东南部块体在ITRF参考系中的线性运动模型 ,从而建立了欧亚板块东南部块体的块体参考系 ,并在该块体参考系中计算欧亚板块东南部块体内部及周围板块现今三维相对运动 ,进而分析中国大陆及周围板块的现今相对运动规律 ,以及板块边界处板块的现今相对运动规律。     

红河断裂两侧早第三纪古地磁研究及其地质意义

通过在红河两侧（大姚、景谷、江城、勐腊剖面）的早第三纪古地磁样品的研究，进一步证实了红河两侧由白垩纪古地磁研究所揭示的印支地块相对于华南地块存在的左旋相对运动。这一结果说明了印度支那地块在印度板块的挤压下，于早第三纪至中新世沿红河大断裂发生向南侧向滑移达1000km左右，它不仅使青藏高原的巨大构造缩短得到调整，而且在北部湾地区形成伸展构造，并引起南中国海的张开。印度支那地块北部各地区的差异性旋转和红河断裂共轭的剪切断裂系的发育，以及红河大断裂早第三纪至中新世左旋剪切作用密切相关。     

佳木斯地体晚侏罗世—白垩纪古地磁研究及其构造意义

对佳木斯地体盖层鸡西群和桦山群１９８个标本的古地磁研究，确定了该地体晚侏罗世和白垩纪的古磁极位置和古地理纬度。白垩纪以后，佳木斯地体相对于松辽地体有又有大幅度的位移。     

古地磁研究的新领域──介绍一个古地磁和构造相结合的研究实例

古地磁研究是一种以古地磁学为基础，结合同位素年代学和地质学的综合研究。它能提供古代的物理信息和具有全球等时性的特点是研究古代地壳块体或板块间相对运动中能提供定量数据的唯一方法。随着退磁技术的改进和测试仪器设备的更新和完善，使它的运用范围更加广泛。D00glaS（1980）曾提出古地磁正反极性的变化如同放射性元素的衰变和显生宙中生物的演化一样，可以作为地层单元划分的重要依据。70年代以来前寒武纪古地磁研究得到显著发展，迄今为止在除南极洲和亚洲大陆外的古老地盾上都已建立起从约28亿年的晚太古代到包括整个元古宙在内…     

青藏高原东南缘新生代地壳运动的转换

在青藏高原东南缘保山地体东部上新世营盘组玄武岩中开展的古地磁学研究,获得了可靠的高温剩磁分量。地层校正后的特征剩磁分方向为Ds=166.5o, Is=–19.3o, k=41.9, a95=5.1o, N=22(采点)。褶皱检验显示其为原生特征剩磁分量。上新世古地磁数据显示,保山地体东部区域自上新世以来相对于东亚构造稳定区古地磁参考极发生了14.5o±4.8o的逆时针旋转运动。虽然保山地体东部上新世的逆时针旋转运动与保山地体其它区域古近纪至中新世的顺时针旋转变形截然相反,但是其与畹町走滑断裂和南汀河走滑断裂上新世以来的左旋走滑运动相吻合。本次研究通过保山地体和腾冲地体内部新生代古地磁数据及地体边界构造带活动演化的综合分析,指出自古近纪早期印度板块与欧亚大陆初始碰撞以来,青藏高原东南缘腾冲地块和保山地体在渐新世末期至早中新世时期,以及上新世早期分别发生了地壳运动方式的转换。保山地体地壳的运动学方式直接控制了地体边界走滑断裂的构造演化过程。     

白垩纪以来中国西部地体运动的古地磁证据和问题

地质证据表明中国西部各地体在白垩纪之前已经增生到欧亚大陆之上 ,但这些地体自白垩纪以来的古地磁极位置与稳定欧亚大陆的古地磁极位置存在较大差异 ,对其最可能的解释是发生在晚白垩世与古新世之交 (约 6 5Ma)印度板块和欧亚大陆之间的碰撞及其后印度板块的持续北向挤压 ,使得这些地体之间以及这些地体与稳定欧亚大陆之间发生了相对位移和地体内部的变形。文中利用现有的古地磁研究成果 ,计算了自白垩纪以来中国西部各地体与欧亚稳定大陆之间的南北向相对位移量。塔里木地块和柴达木地体的古地磁数据表明 ,阿尔金断裂至少经历了四期活动。在欧亚地区普遍存在的第三纪磁倾角偏缓现象 ,很可能反映了在该地区长期存在非偶极子场。     

华北及其邻区块体转动模式和动力来源

块体的转动是地壳中重要的构造运动形式。根据地质、地球物理和地震活动性等资料，可将华北及其邻区划分为３个亚板块，华北亚板块可进一步细分为多个级块体，这些不同级别的块体或多或少都显示出一定的刚体特性。根据地质构造、地震和古地磁测量等资料，详细地论细地论述了不同级块体的转动问题，即华北及其邻区的黑龙江、华北和华南等３个近东西向亚板块自老第三纪以来相对于新疆地区顺时针转动了１．６°～３．５°；华北亚板块内     

太平洋板块中生代俯冲构造事件的响应：来自黑龙江东部饶河三叠纪层状燧石的古地磁证据

黑龙江东部饶河境内的层状燧石是中生代完达山造山带蛇绿混杂岩的重要组成部分,这些层状燧石的构造意义成为人们关注的热点。对完达山造山带饶河三叠纪大佳河组层状燧石280余块定向手标本开展深入的古地磁研究,结果表明这些层状燧石遭受不同程度的重磁化,重磁化的时间推测为晚侏罗世中期—早白垩世之间。说明对黑龙江东部晚侏罗世—早白垩世存在太平洋板块俯冲的响应。本区重磁化的机制是太平洋板块向西俯冲导致的地体增生、拼贴过程中的造山带流体造成的区域性重磁化现象。     

亚东—格尔木地学断面古地磁新数据与青藏高原地体演化模式的初步研究

在前人古地磁工作的基础上，以亚东—格尔木地学断面走廊域为主，补充了29个古地磁新数据。本文根据这些资料，初步研究了青藏高原主要地体演化规律，同时对有关的雅鲁藏布江缝合带、班公湖—怒江缝合带及安多—丁青断裂进行了古地磁学分析和论证。根据古地磁数据，极移曲线的特征及综合前述几个缝合带的讨论，编绘了青藏高原地体演化模式图。本文就青藏高原的活动构造及隆升机制等地R问题也进行了简要分析。     

现今绝对板块运动

根据热点假设,热点对于中间层是固定的。相对热点的板块运动叫做绝对板块运动。绝对板块运动模型可以通过反演火山链传播的速率和走向数据以确定相对板块运动在角速度空间的原点来得到。利用一组近来（0～7．8Ma）全球分布的热点的迁移速率和走向数据,结合板块运动模型NNR—NUVELIA,已研制出一个叫做APM2的现今绝对板块运动模型。按照该模型,太平洋板块围绕60．063°S、102．210°E处的极以（0．8330°±0．0133°）／Ma的速率运动,非洲板块围绕46．849°N、44．372°W的极以（0．1015°±0．0134°）／Ma的速率运动,南极板块的运动则以46．871°N、146．942°E为极,速率为（0．0846°±0．0177°）／Ma,欧亚板块的运动更慢,极为27．291°N、171．925°W,速率为（0．0655°±0．0206°）／Ma。这一模型表明,岩石圈相对深部地幔有一个以49．423°S、90．625°E为极,速率为（0．1983°±0．0135°）／Ma的净旋转。表明太平洋热点同印度-大西洋热点不一致,显示太平洋热点的运动也不一致。为了分析和比较,还给出了仅用全球分布的热点的走向数据和仅用印度一大西洋热点的走向数据得到的板块绝对运动的角速度。     

The tectonic regime along the Andes: Present‐day and Mesozoic regimes

The analyses of the main parameters controlling the present Chile‐type and Marianas‐type tectonic settings developed along the eastern Pacific region show four different tectonic regimes: (1) a nearly neutral regime in the Oregon subduction zone; (2) major extensional regimes as the Nicaragua subduction zone developed in continental crust; (3) a Marianas setting in the Sandwich subduction zone with ocean floored back‐arc basin with a unique west‐dipping subduction zone and (4) the classic and dominant Chile‐type under compression. The magmatic, structural and sedimentary behaviours of these four settings are discussed to understand the past tectonic regimes in the Mesozoic Andes based on their present geological and tectonic characteristics. The evaluation of the different parameters that governed the past and present tectonic regimes indicates that absolute motion of the upper plate relative to the hotspot frame and the consequent trench roll‐back velocity are the first order parameters that control the deformation. Locally, the influences of the trench fill, linked to the dominant climate in the forearc, and the age of the subducted oceanic crust, have secondary roles. Ridge collisions of seismic and seismic oceanic ridges as well as fracture zone collisions have also a local outcome, and may produce an increase in coupling that reinforces compressional deformation. Local strain variations in the past and present Andes are not related with changes in the relative convergence rate, which is less important than the absolute motion relative to the Pacific hotspot frame, or changes in the thermal state of the upper plate. Changes in the slab dip, mainly those linked to steepening subduction zones, produce significant variations in the thermal state, that are important to generate extreme deformation in the foreland. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Absolute velocity of North America during the Mesozoic from paleomagnetic data

We use paleomagnetic data to map Mesozoic absolute motion of North America, using paleomagnetic Euler poles (PEP). First, we address two important questions: (1) How much clockwise rotation has been experienced by crustal blocks within and adjacent to the Colorado Plateau? (2) Why is there disagreement between the apparent polar wander (APW) path constructed using poles from southwestern North America and the alternative path based on poles from eastern North America? Regarding (1), a 10.5° clockwise rotation of the Colorado Plateau about a pole located near 35°N, 102°W seems to fit the evidence best. Regarding (2), it appears that some rock units from the Appalachian region retain a hard overprint acquired during the mid-Cretaceous, when the geomagnetic field had constant normal polarity and APW was negligible.We found three well-defined small-circle APW tracks: 245–200 Ma (PEP at 39.2°N, 245.2°E, R=81.1°, root mean square error (RMS)=1.82°), 200–160 Ma (38.5°N, 270.1°E, R=80.4°, RMS=1.06°), 160 to 125 Ma (45.1°N, 48.5°E, R=60.7°, RMS=1.84°). Intersections of these tracks (the “cusps” of Gordon et al. [Tectonics 3 (1984) 499]) are located at 59.6°N, 69.5°E (the 200 Ma or “J1” cusp) and 48.9°N, 144.0°E (the 160 Ma or “J2” cusp). At these times, the absolute velocity of North America appears to have changed abruptly.North America absolute motion also changed abruptly at the beginning and end of the Cretaceous APW stillstand, currently dated at about 125 and 88 Ma (J. Geophys. Res. 97 (1992b) 19651). During this interval, the APW path degenerates into a single point, implying rotation about an Euler pole coincident with the spin axis.Using our PEP and cusp locations, we calculate the absolute motion of seven points on the North American continent. Our intention is to provide a chronological framework for the analysis of Mesozoic tectonics. Clearly, if APW is caused by plate motion, abrupt changes in absolute motion should correlate with major tectonic events. This follows because large accelerations reflect important changes in the balance of forces acting on the plate, the most important of which are edge effects (subduction, terrane accretion, etc.). Some tectonic interpretations: (1) The J1 cusp may be associated with the inception of rifting of North America away from land masses to the east; the J2 cusp seems to mark the beginning of rapid spreading in the North Atlantic. (2) The J2 cusp signals the beginning of a period of rapid northwestward absolute motion of western North America; motion of tectonostratigraphic terranes in the westernmost Cordillera seems likely to have been directed toward the south during this interval. (3) The interval 88 to 80 Ma saw a rapid decrease in the paleolatitude of North America; unless this represents a period of true polar wander, terrane motion during this time should have been relatively northward.     

The Grenville-age basement of the Andes

The analysis of the basement of the Andes shows the strong Grenville affinities of most of the inliers exposed in the different terranes from Colombia to Patagonia. The terranes have different histories, but most of them participated in the Rodinia supercontinent amalgamation during the Mesoproterozoic between 1200 and 1000 Ma. After Rodinia break-up some terranes were left in the Laurentian side such as Cuyania and Chilenia, while others stayed in the Gondwanan side. Some of the terranes once collided with the Amazon craton remained attached, experiencing diverse rifting episodes all along the Phanerozoic, as the Arequipa and Pampia terranes. Some other basement inliers were detached in the Neoproterozoic and amalgamated again to Gondwana in the Early Cambrian, Middle Ordovician or Permian times. A few basement inliers with Permian metamorphic ages were transferred to Gondwana after Pangea break-up from the Laurentian side. Some of them were part of the present Middle America terrane. An exceptional case is the Oaxaquia terrane that was detached from the Gondwana margin after the Early Ordovician and is now one of the main Mexican terranes that collided with Laurentia. These displacements, detachments, and amalgamations indicate a complex terrane transfer between Laurentia and Gondwana during Paleozoic times, following plate reorganizations and changes in the absolute motion of Gondwana.     

Clockwise 180° rotation of slip direction in a superficial nappe pile emplaced upon a high-P/T type metamorphic terrane in central Japan

Understanding the exhumation process of deep-seated material within subduction zones is important in comprehending the tectonic evolution of active margins. The deformation and slip history of superficial nappe pile emplaced upon high-P/T type metamorphic rocks can reveal the intimate relationship between deformation and transitions in paleo-stress that most likely arose from changes in the direction of plate convergence and exhumation of the metamorphic terrane. The Kinshozan–Atokura nappe pile emplaced upon the high-P/T type Sanbagawa (= Sambagawa) metamorphic rocks is the remnant of a pre-existing terrane located between paired metamorphic terranes along the Median Tectonic Line (MTL) of central Japan. Intra- and inter-nappe structures record the state of paleo-stress during metamorphism and exhumation of the Sanbagawa terrane. The following tectonic evolution of the nappes is inferred from a combined structural analysis of the basal fault of the nappes and their internal structures. The relative slip direction along the hanging wall rotated clockwise by 180°, from S to N, in association with a series of major tectonic changes from MTL-normal contraction to MTL-parallel strike-slip and finally MTL-normal extension. This clockwise rotation of the slip direction can be attributed to changes in the plate-induced regional stress state and associated exhumation of the deep-seated Sanbagawa terrane from the Late Cretaceous (Coniacian) to the Middle Miocene.     

True polar wander

A re-evaluation of the existence of true polar wander (TPW) since the Late Cretaceous and a comparison among the various approaches are made using updated paleomagnetic, hotspot and relative motion datasets. Previous attempts to determine the existence of TPW had resulted in different conclusions: comparison of hotspot locations and paleomagnetic poles required significant pole motion, although lithospheric plate displacement analysis yielded insignificant motion. However, these earlier determinations cannot be directly compared to find the reason for the discrepancies, because each used different datasets. For this study the different approaches are applied to a single updated model with three alternative relative motions of East and West Antarctica. Although the results are model-dependent, in general there was not significant motion of the pole relative to the lithosphere (1–5°) since the early Tertiary, but a large motion (10–12°) relative to the hotspot framework. It is unlikely that errors in the determinations could account for this disagreement: the A₉₅ of the plate reconstruction is about 3°, the uncertainty in Antarctica motion is estimated to no larger than 3°, and cumulative errors in the relative plate motions may also amount to 3°. Only if all these errors are present in the maximum estimated amount, and in the same direction, could they account for the 10–12° gap between the two approaches. This conclusion of pole motion relative to the hotspots, but not the lithosphere, may indicate an independent shift of the mesosphere relative to the lithosphere (or “mantle roll” of Hargraves and Duncan).     

Paleomagnetic modeling of seamounts near the Hawaiian–Emperor bend

The Hawaiian–Emperor Seamount chain records the motion of the Pacific Plate relative to the Hawaiian mantle hotspot for 80 m.y. A notable feature of the chain is the pronounced bend at its middle. This bend had been widely credited to a change in plate motion, but recent research suggests a change in hotspot motion as an alternative. Existing paleomagnetic data from the Emperor Chain suggest that the hotspot moved south during the Late Cretaceous and Early Tertiary, but reached its current latitude by the age of the bend. Thus, data from area of the bend are important for understanding changes in plume latitude. In this study, we analyze the magnetic anomalies of five seamounts (Annei, Daikakuji-W, Daikakuji- E, Abbott, and Colahan) in the region of the bend. These particular seamounts were chosen because they have been recently surveyed to collect multibeam bathymetry and magnetic data positioned with GPS navigation. Inversions of the magnetic and bathymetric data were performed to determine the mean magnetization of each seamount and from these results, paleomagnetic poles and paleolatitudes were calculated. Three of the five seamounts have reversed magnetic polarities (two are normal) and four contain a small volume of magnetic polarity opposite to the main body, consistent with formation during the Early Cenozoic, a time of geomagnetic field reversals. Although magnetization inhomogene ties can degrade the accuracy of paleomagnetic poles calculated from such models, the seamounts give results consistent with one another and with other Pacific paleomagnetic data of approximately the same age. Seamount paleolatitudes range from 13.7 to 23.7, with an average of 19.4 ± 7.4 (2σ). These values are indistinguishable from the present-day paleolatitude of the Hawaiian hotspot. Together with other paleomagnetic and geologic evidence, these data imply that the Hawaiian hotspot has moved little in latitude during the past 45 m.y.     

Early Permian supra‐subduction assemblage of the South Island terrane,Percy Isles,New England Fold Belt,Queensland

Ultramafic‐intermediate rocks exposed on the South Island of the Percy Isles have been previously grouped into the ophiolitic Marlborough terrane of the northern New England Fold Belt. However, petrological, geochemical and geochronological data all suggest a different origin for the South Island rocks and a new terrane, the South Island terrane, is proposed. The South Island terrane rocks differ from ultramafic‐mafic rocks of the Marlborough terrane not only in lithological association, but also in geochemical features and age. These data demonstrate that the South Island terrane is genetically unrelated to the Marlborough terrane but developed in a supra‐subduction zone environment probably associated with an Early Permian oceanic arc. There is, however, a correlation between the South Island terrane rocks and intrusive units of the Marlborough ophiolite. This indicates that the two terranes were in relative proximity to one another during Early Permian times. A K/Ar age of 277 ± 7 Ma on a cumulative amphibole‐rich diorite from the South Island terrane suggests possible affinities with the Gympie and Berserker terranes of the northern New England Fold Belt.     

The paleomagnetism of eastern Nazca plate seamounts

Paleomagnetism of eastern Nazca plate seamounts defines Nazca and Farallon absolute plate motion during Cenozoic times. Magnetic and bathymetric surveys are presented for two eastern Nazca plate seamounts in the Chile Basin and they are used to calculate paleomagnetic poles with uniform and nonuniform magnetic modeling. The paleopole for Piquero-2 seamount is coincident with the earth's pole, suggesting a young seamount. The paleopole for Piquero-1 seamount indicates that the Nazca plate moved 23° northward during 0–50 ma. This is 13° more latitudinal motion than predicted by a Pacific hotspot reference frame and 20 ° more motion than predicted by DSDP sediment and basalt paleomagnetism.     

Paleocene on-spreading-axis hotspot volcanism along the Ninetyeast Ridge: An interaction between the Kerguelen hotspot and the Wharton spreading center

Investigations of three plausible tectonic settings of the Kerguelen hotspot relative to the Wharton spreading center evoke the on-spreading-axis hotspot volcanism of Paleocene (60-54 Ma) age along the Ninetyeast Ridge. The hypothesis is consistent with magnetic lineations and abandoned spreading centers of the eastern Indian Ocean and seismic structure and radiometric dates of the Ninetyeast Ridge. Furthermore, it is supported by the occurrence of oceanic andesites at Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) Site 214, isotopically heterogeneous basalts at Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 757 of approximately the same age (59-58 Ma) at both sites. Intermix basalts generated by plume-mid-ocean ridge (MOR) interaction, exist between 11° and 17°S along the Ninetyeast Ridge. A comparison of age profile along the Ninetyeast Ridge between ODP Sites 758 (82 Ma) and 756 (43 Ma) with similarly aged oceanic crust in the Central Indian Basin and Wharton Basin reveals the existence of extra oceanic crust spanning 11° latitude beneath the Ninetyeast Ridge. The extra crust is attributed to the transfer of lithospheric blocks from the Antarctic plate to the Indian plate through a series of southward ridge jumps at about 65, 54 and 42 Ma. Emplacement of volcanic rocks on the extra crust resulted from rapid northward motion (absolute) of the Indian plate. The Ninetyeast Ridge was originated when the spreading centers of the Wharton Ridge were absolutely moving northward with respect to a relatively stationary Kerguelen hotspot with multiple southward ridge jumps. In the process, the spreading center coincided with the Kerguelen hotspot and took place on-spreading-axis volcanism along the Ninetyeast Ridge.