黄土高原西南部陇县—千阳一带崩塌、滑坡地质灾害的遥感影像特征及其分布规律

渭北高原西段新构造活动强烈,崩塌、滑坡地质灾害频繁发生。通过1：5万专题遥感解译和重点地质调查,全区遥感解译崩塌、滑坡地质灾害点共计611处,其中大型滑坡17处、中型滑坡194处、小型滑坡385处,小型崩塌15处。结合区域地理、地质环境特征,将区内大、中型滑坡地质灾害点划分为5个集中分布区、6个集中分布带。区内崩塌、滑坡地质灾害主要受地形地貌、新构造与岩性条件的控制,以地质灾害点集中分布区、带为基础,参考重点地质灾害点的影响范围及人类活动的状况,将千阳县城关镇—崔家头镇、陇县杜阳镇—千阳县草碧镇、陇县峡口河—杨河沟地区列为地质灾害防治监测重点地区。     

黄土高原西南部陇县——千阳一带崩塌、滑坡地质灾害的遥感影像特征及分布规律

渭北高原西段新构造活动强烈,崩塌、滑坡地质灾害频繁发生。通过1：5万专题遥感解译和重点地质调查,全区遥感解译崩塌、滑坡地质灾害点共计611处,其中大型滑坡17处、中型滑坡194处、小型滑坡385处,小型崩塌15处。结合区域地理、地质环境特征,将区内大、中型滑坡地质灾害点划分为5个集中分布区、6个集中分布带。区内崩塌、滑坡地质灾害主要受地形地貌、新枸造与岩性备件的控制,以地质灾害点集中分布区、带为基础,参考重点地质灾害点的影响范围及人类活动的状况,将千阳县城关镇—崔家头镇、陇县杜阳镇—千阳县草碧镇、陇县峡口河—杨河沟地区列为地质灾害防治监测重点地区。     

遥感技术在昆明市官渡区地质灾害详查中的应用

昆明市官渡区为云南省地质灾害较严重的地区之一,在对研究区地质概况充分了解的基础上,收集了ETM、高分一号、Quickbird等遥感影像,从而对研究区内进行灾害遥感解译。综合分析官渡区内地质灾害的类型、规模、以及分布规律,建立该区的地质灾害解译标志;并对地质灾害易发性进行分区评价,分析地质环境发展趋势,为野外勘查提供合理路线。本次共解译了地质灾害点共43处,以滑坡、崩塌灾害为主。     

遥感技术在广东省丰顺县地质灾害详细调查中的应用

广东省梅州市丰顺县地处粤东北部地质灾害高发区,是广东地质灾害重点防治区之一。地质灾害的频繁发生,严重影响国家发展和人民生命财产安全。本文以SOPT、ETM+影像和Google Earth Pro软件中的多时相高空间分辨率影像为主要数据,在丰顺县进行遥感地质灾害解译调查,建立了丰顺县地区滑坡、崩塌、不稳定斜坡等地质灾害的解译标志,共解译滑坡52处,不稳定斜坡33处,崩塌10处,地质环境点8处。通过三维多时相高分辨率影像,精细解译地质灾害,分析灾害形成诱因和发育地质环境条件。研究结果表明,遥感技术可以快速、高效地解译出丰顺县地质灾害的种类、规模以及分布特征,完成地质灾害详细调查的前期任务,为地面详细调查提供方向和路线。     

盐池县地质灾害遥感调查及空间分布特征分析

宁夏盐池县地处黄土高原区,地质灾害较为频繁。以SPOT6、RapidEye、无人机以及LandSat8 OLI等多源遥感数据为基础,通过研究遥感影像特征,建立地质灾害解译标志,共解译出滑坡125处、崩塌84处、泥石流19处、地面塌陷区3处。结合区域地理地质环境特征,总结了研究区地质灾害点的基本特征,并利用GIS技术对灾害点进行点密度分析,在此基础上划分了7个集中分布区,归纳了盐池县地质灾害点的空间分布特征及规律;同时,对研究区地层构造、植被、地形等因素与地质灾害点空间分布特征的相关性进行了讨论。研究结果表明:盐池县地质灾害点具有规模小,灾害轻;点密度整体南高北低,且南部聚集、北部分散;地层、植被、坡度、坡向等因素与地质灾害有着密切的联系。     

盐池县地质灾害遥感调查及空间分布特征

宁夏盐池县地处黄土高原区,地质灾害较为频繁。以SPOT6、Rapid Eye、无人机以及Land Sat8 OLI等多源遥感数据为基础,通过研究遥感影像特征,建立地质灾害解译标志,共解译出滑坡125处、崩塌84处、泥石流19处、地面塌陷区3处。结合区域地理地质环境特征,总结了研究区地质灾害点的基本特征,并利用GIS技术对灾害点进行点密度分析,在此基础上划分了7个集中分布区,归纳了盐池县地质灾害点的空间分布特征及规律;同时,对研究区地层构造、植被、地形等因素与地质灾害点空间分布特征的相关性进行了讨论。研究结果表明:盐池县地质灾害点具有规模小,灾害轻;点密度整体南高北低,且南部聚集、北部分散;地层、植被、坡度、坡向等因素与地质灾害有着密切的联系。     

SPOT 5影像数据在伊犁谷地地质灾害遥感调查中的应用

遥感技术已成为区域地质灾害及发育环境宏观调查不可缺少的技术之一,在滑坡、崩塌、泥石流等地质灾害调查、监测和研究工作中发挥重要作用．本文简要介绍应用法国SPOT5卫星影像数据进行地质灾害遥感解译调查与监测,按照建立地质灾害遥感解译标志、室内遥感解译、野外实地验证、室内再解译的技术路线,共解译出滑坡、泥石流灾害点1505处,并对灾害重点片区进行详细遥感调查．通过野外验证取得较好应用效果．SPOT5影像数据不但满足l：5万地质灾害遥感解译,且完全满足1：1万重点片区地质灾害遥感解译．     

柯坪县崩塌地质灾害发育特征及成灾模式研究

崩塌地质灾害是柯坪县最主要的地质灾害类型。在分析柯坪县崩塌地质灾害分布特征基础上,总结崩塌地质灾害形成模式和破坏特征。经调查分析,区内共发育崩塌地质灾害85处,主要为小型、中型,以自然崩塌为主,次为工程崩塌,多为小型浅表层岩质崩塌。岩质崩塌主要分布于中山区、低山丘陵区、低山区沟谷两侧切割强烈的山坡、人工修路形成的陡峭基岩体处。时间多发生在5—8月降雨充沛期。崩塌地质灾害具沿构造叠加区、河流两岸、交通道路分布特征。研究区崩塌地质灾害受控于地形地貌、地质构造、工程地质岩组、斜坡结构等,人类工程活动和降雨等为主要诱发因素。崩塌变形破坏模式有4种,主要为倾倒式、坠落(剥落)式、滑移式和拉裂式。研究区成灾模式以落石破坏型和冲击掩埋型破坏模式为主,研究结果可为柯坪县崩塌地质灾害防治、监测和风险管控提供科学依据。     

金沙江鲁地拉电站库区段地质灾害的发育特征及其工程危害性

库区处于云贵高原西部、青藏高原东南缘,为中国西南地区的活动构造区,显著的内、外动力地质作用致使区内地质灾害十分严重。经野外调查发现,区内主要的地质灾害类型为崩塌、滑坡、泥石流等,且主要集中分布在金江桥以东的高山峡谷区;在实际调查库长为100km的河谷段,共发育着81处地质灾害点,总平均线密度(D)为0.81个/km,其中滑坡为区内最主要的地质灾害,共发育59处,占总灾害点的72.84%。在野外地质调查的基础上,着重阐述了库区段主要地质灾害的类型、发育特征和地质灾害与工程安全的关系,为工程的规划和地质灾害的治理提供科学依据。     

中国东南地区隐性滑坡遥感识别研究

我国东南地区植被发育,地质灾害发育规模小,以浅层的残坡积层滑坡为主,采用传统遥感解译方法识别此类地质灾害存在困难。为提高东南地区地质灾害野外调查的工作效率和正确性,提出了隐性滑坡遥感解译技术方法,其解译的直接目标不是地质灾害体本身,而是隐性滑坡,即地质灾害易发的边坡或斜坡。其技术路线包括:遥感解译GIS工作环境创建、易发程度初步分析、建立解译规则、确定解译点位和解译区段及划定重点调查区等内容。该方法在淳安县1:50000农村山区地质灾害详细调查工作中进行了实际应用,采用0.5m和1.0m分辨率的航片和5m×5m分辨率的DEM数据,基于ArcG IS平台创建了解译环境,共确定解译点位3025个和解译区段969个,划定重点调查区面积约914.18km2。经过野外实地调查,共确定地质灾害隐患和不稳定斜坡283处,其中位于解译区段内的隐患或者不稳定斜坡共计199处,占总数的70.3%;位于重点调查区内的隐患或者不稳定斜坡共计264处,占总数的93.3%。ROC计算结果表明隐性滑坡遥感解译的正确率为92.9%。野外调查及验证结果说明,隐性滑坡遥感解译技术方法能够合理地划定解译区段和重点调查区范围,从而有效地指导野外调查工作,该成果可为我国东南沿海地区如浙江省等地区的大比例尺地质灾害详细调查提供参考。     

Columbus,the discovery of America,and Russia

The discovery of a new continent that was later called America by Christopher Columbus some five hundred years ago, has in one way or another, influenced people the World over. The extraordinary significance of this event for mankind is displayed by the dimension of the consequences and the variety of reactions among nations and communities of the “Old World”.     

Text, talk, things, and the subpolitics of performing place

This article tells the story of how a group of Dutch and Belgian citizens organized themselves to promote an area that they valued, to put it on the map, to raise awareness about its qualities, and to protect it from urban and industrial development. Our theoretical perspective focuses on the performative and political aspects of this place-making process and the discursive and material practices involved. We connect this to Beck’s concept of subpolitics.Our findings show how the group performed this place not only through text and talk - giving the area a name, using their knowledge and expertise to raise awareness about its values, lobbying and cooperating with decision-makers -, but also through things - installing art objects and information signs that articulate certain characteristics and values of the area. Our findings demonstrate the struggles involved in these performances. The group involved multiple perspectives on what the important values and characteristics of the area are and on what strategies would work best in trying to influence decision-making and protect the area. However, the use of expertise as the main strategy to gain influence excluded the more critical and activist strategies and privileging archaeological and historical values and characteristics came at the expense of attention on agricultural and natural values.Our findings make clear that performing place cannot be taken to be homogeneous and that it inevitably involves multiple perspectives and demands. The struggles, power relations and dynamics of inclusion and exclusion that this multiplicity implicates reveal a form of sub-politics that involves both politicization and depoliticization. Also, it is a form of subpolitics that is more diverse and ambiguous than Beck’s conceptualization presupposes by its emphasis on the role of outsiders as a homogeneous group.     

Dielectric constants of apatite,epidote, vesuvianite,and zoisite,and the oxide additivity rule

The dielectric constants and dielectric loss values of 4 Ca-containing minerals were determined at 1 MHz using a two-terminal method and empirically determined edge corrections. The results are: vesuvianitel κ′ _a=9.93 tan δ=0.006 κ′ _c=9.79 tan δ=0.005 vesuvianitel κ′ _a=10.02 tan δ=0.002 κ′ _c=9.85 tan δ=0.003 zoisite1 κ′ _a =10.49 tan δ=0.0006 κ′ _b =15.31 tan δ=0.0008 κ′ _c=9.51 tan δ=0.0008 zoisite2 κ′ _a =10.55 tan δ=0.0011 κ′ _b =15.45 tan δ=0.0013 κ′ _c=9.39 tan δ=0.0008 epidote κ′ ₁₁= 9.52 tan δ=0.0008 κ′ ₂₂=17.1 tan δ=0.0009 κ′ ₃₃= 9.37 tan δ=0.0006 fluorapatite1 κ′ _a =10.48 tan δ=0.0008 κ′ _c = 8.72 tan δ=0.0114 fluorapatite2 κ′ _a =10.40 tan δ=0.0010 κ′ _c=8.26 tan δ=0.0178 The deviation (δ) between measured dielectric polarizabilities as determined from the Clausius-Mosotti equation and those calculated from the sum of oxide polarizabilities according to α _D (mineral)=∑ α _D (oxides) for vesuvianite is ～ 0.5%. The large deviations of epidote and zoisite from the additivity rule with Δ=+ 10.1 and + 11.7%, respectively, are attributed to “rattling” Ca ions. The combined effects of both a large F thermal parameter and possible F-ion conductivity in fluorapatite are believed to be responsible for Δ=+2–3%. Although variation of oxygen polarizability with oxygen molar volume (V_o) is believed to affect the total polarizabilities, the variation of V_o in these Ca minerals is too small to observe the effect.     

Climate,disasters, wars and the collapse of the Ming Dynasty

Based on the historical records of natural disasters and human wars of the final 35 years in the late Ming Dynasty (1610–1644 AD) obtained using different spatial scales, a set of grading systems were established to classify, grade and present these records and their spatiotemporal characteristics. From natural and human perspectives to quantitative analyses of the direct causes of the collapse of the Ming Dynasty, the author draws conclusion regarding a total of six immediate factors, which were, according to the rate of contribution from high to low, internal rebellions, drought, inter-ethnic conflicts, locust, flood and external wars. Among these causes, human factors accounted for approximately 47%, while natural factors accounted for approximately 53%. Attribution analysis indicated that the basin areas in east China were sensitive to climate change during the Ming Dynasty. Severe drought and locusts in a cooling environment were the main natural causes, while frequent internal rebellions and inter-ethnic conflicts influenced by financial crisis were the major human factors. Although natural factors accounted for a greater percentage than human factors in the rate of contribution to the collapse of the Ming Dynasty, they were the only external factors impacting social development and changes.     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Boiling,colloid nucleation and aggregation,and the genesis of bonanza Au-Ag ores of the sleeper deposit,Nevada

A deep “parent” composition for bonanza oreforming fluids at the Sleeper deposit was calculated by the computer program SOLVEQ using fluid-inclusion microthermometric and gas data, and by assuming equilibrium with the following minerals present in vein samples below the bonanza zones: gold, chalcedony, adularia, pyrite, chalcopyrite, and acanthite. The calculated dissolved gold content of 295 ppb is approximately 2 orders of magnitude higher than that assumed for typical geothermal systems. Thus, a gold-enriched fluid appears to have been a principal factor in the genesis of bonanza Au-Ag ores at the Sleeper deposit. Geochemical modelling of possible ore-forming processes using the computer program CHILLER, with the reconstructed ore-forming solution as a starting composition, indicates that boiling most closely reproduces observed minerals and their relative abundances in bonanza ores. The constraint imposed by the association of amorphous silica with gold precludes all of the mixing scenarios modelled, such as mixing with cold and steam-heated groundwaters (acid-sulfate, CO₂-rich). Modelling indicates that boiling of a gold-rich deep solution leads to rapid gold precipitation, and that the amount of gold precipitated initially is large relative to other minerals. These factors apparently led to nucleation of colloidal gold particles instead of in-situ gold deposition or coprecipitation with other phases. Gold colloids apparently were entrained in the upward-flowing hydrothermal solutions and grew as they travelled. Upon reaching a critical size (10–100 nm?), they were deposited due to orthokinetic aggregation at an elevation and temperature at which amorphous silica was nucleating and aggregating.