百色气温日际变化显著异常的定量分析

通过对百色(59211)1951~2005年逐日最高最低气温日际变化的定量分析,筛选出百色短期气温预报技术研究所需的最佳研究对象,即典型平稳态和显著异常态样本。结果表明:可以用日间振幅的大小来表征日最高、最低气温日际变化的基本属性,百色日最高、最低气温日际变化正常与否的日间振幅临界值分别为3℃和2℃;典型平稳态的日间振幅小于1℃;显著异常态:日最高气温日间振幅为4~7℃,日最低气温日间振幅为3~5℃。     

全球变化对宁夏近40 a极端气温变化的影响

 对全球气候变暖背景下宁夏气候变化基本事实,利用近40多年来宁夏基本气象资料,对年平均气温、极端气温的变化进行了研究。结果表明,近40多年宁夏年平均气温呈连续上升趋势,1986年之后增温速率加快,增温幅度高于全国平均值;年极端最高气温、极端最低气温均在波动中持续上升,年极端最低气温上升幅度明显超过年极端最高气温;各季极端最高、极端最低气温呈非对称性变化,秋季各地极端最高气温增温幅度超过极端最低气温,但春夏冬三季极端最低气温增温远比极端最高气温明显,该特点在夏季表现得更突出;各月极端最高气温、极端最低气温均呈升温趋势。     

近34 a青藏高原年气温变化

 对高原地区34 a（1971—2004年）82站共13 883 d的逐日日平均气温、日最高气温和日最低气温资料进行了统计，用REOF方法进行了分区，并讨论了趋势变化，结果表明：①无论年平均气温，还是年平均最高气温和最低气温，以35°N为界的南北变化的区域特征明显。在年平均气温和年最低气温中，西藏地区的累计方差比青海地区大，年最高气温中青海地区的累计方差比西藏地区大。②青藏高原地区年温度的分布主要取决于海拔高度、地理位置和地形的影响，而年温度的标准差与高原地区年降水的分布相似,但趋势相反，标准差大的区域主要在高原的西北部和四川的西南部。③高原大部分地区年平均气温、年最高和最低气温基本上是以增温的趋势为主，高原的西北部地区年平均气温增温幅度最明显，尤其以柴达木盆地增温幅度最大，增加幅度为0.8℃·(10a)-1以上。年最高温度青海的增幅比西藏明显，而年平均最低温度西藏的增幅比青海明显。     

中国天气发生器降水模拟参数的气候变化特征

利用中国672个站点1951-2007年的逐日降水资料,分1951-1978和1979-2007两个时段分析了中国天气发生器BCC/RCG-WG降水模拟参数的气候变化特征.结果表明,在气候变化背景条件下,我国各地干日到湿日的降水转移概率P(WD)和湿日到湿日的降水转移概率P(WW)除了西部部分地区有增大的趋势外,其余大部地区均有减小的趋势.相对于P(WW),全国各地P(WD)的减小幅度更大.日降水量GAMMA分布形态参数ALPHA除西北地区西部部分地区有减小趋势外,其余大部地区略有增大趋势,尺度参数BETA在全国各地基本都保持增大的趋势,其中西北地区西部等地增大趋势尤为明显.相对于BETA的变化幅度,ALPHA的减小幅度较小,基本在6%以内.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘小绿洲近50a来气候变化特征

干旱区的绿洲明显影响着绿洲局地气候。研究表明:近52 a来,策勒绿洲和安迪尔绿洲气候变化的总体趋势基本一致,两处绿洲的气温均呈现上升趋势,其中最低气温上升明显,但最高气温没有显著变化,气温年较差减少;降水增加,并且均存在降水异常年份,其中安迪尔绿洲降水增加趋势显著,并且存在突变;两处绿洲总体相对湿度呈现轻微下降趋势,但逐年变化幅度不大。塔里木盆地南缘绿洲降水存在从西向东倾向率逐渐增加的趋势;绿洲的"冷岛效应"与绿洲面积有关,面积较大的绿洲气温倾向率较小。     

广西平果城区近50年气候变化分析

利用平果县城区1958～2006年平均气温、平均最高气温、平均最低气温、降雨量、日照时数、低云量等气象要素和邻近的隆安、田东两县部分气温资料,通过线性趋势、滑动平均、年代际统计及对比分析,结果表明,平果城区近50年来气候变化特点为气温呈明显上升、降水和日照时数呈略减少趋势。特别是上世纪90年代以来,气温增幅更加显著,平均最低气温增幅明显高于平均最高气温;但各季增温幅度差异较大,对气候变暖贡献最大的是秋季,冬季次之,夏季增幅不明显,春季平均气温和平均最高气温甚至有弱的下降趋势。同时,通过对比分析表明,进入21世纪以来,平果县城区气温增幅整体上比邻近的隆安、田东两县高出0.4℃～0.6℃,说明城区热岛效应正在显著加强,已经对城区气候环境产生了较大的负面影响。     

基于统计降尺度模型的博斯腾湖流域未来最高和最低气温变化趋势分析

SDSM统计降尺度模型是解决空间尺度不匹配问题的有效工具,它使气候变化响应研究得以在区域尺度上展开。本文将SDSM模型应用于博斯腾湖流域分析它的适用性,并对流域未来最高和最低气温的变化趋势进行了预测。以日最高气温和最低气温为预报量,选取合适的NCEP大气环流因子为预报因子,建立预报量与预报因子间的回归关系。使用1961-1990、1991-2001年的实测数据和NCEP大气变量分别对SDSM模型进行率定和验证,效果较好。把HadCM3输出的A2、B2情景下的大气环流变量作为模型输入变量,模拟流域未来3个时期(21世纪20、50和90年代)的气温变化。结果显示,流域未来日最高气温和日最低气温都呈现明显上升趋势,升高幅度依次为:日最高气温日平均气温日最低气温,且A2情景下气温增幅略大于B2情景下的增幅;冬季气温增幅最小,夏季增幅最大。分析结果可为博斯腾湖流域开展气候变化的水文响应研究以及气候变化的适应性研究提供科学依据。     

青藏高原未来气温变化趋势的R/S分析

青藏高原气候变化是全球气候变化的重要组成部分。文章采用R/S分析法,对青藏高原拉萨、托托河等9台站的气温平均值和极端值进行了计算分析。研究结果表明:青藏高原气温的长期相关性特征总体表现为持续性,表明青藏高原未来气温总体变化将与过去的变化趋势一致。年平均最高气温、年极端最低气温、年极端最高气温有着几乎一致的升高趋势,其中年极端最低气温升高趋势的持续性相对较强。由青藏高原9台站年平均气温、年平均最低气温和年极端最低气温3项气候要素时间序列的升高趋势及其长期相关的持续性特征,预示着青藏高原未来冷暖气候变化的趋势是持续变暖。     

1961-2010年武威市气温日较差变化趋势及影响因子分析

利用1961-2010年武威市5个气象站逐日地面最高气温、最低气温及年平均气温、日照时数、蒸发量、降水量、相对湿度、平均风速等观测资料,运用趋势系数法系统分析了该区域近50年气温日较差的时空分布及强度特征,采用多元线性回归中的标准化回归系数分析了影响气温日较差的气象因子。结果表明：受天气系统、地形地貌以及海拔等影响,武威市气温日较差低海拔地区大于高海拔地区。各地年、年代气温日较差总体呈减小趋势,民勤县、古浪县的减小趋势尤为显著,年平均气温日较差的时间序列存在着6～8年的准周期变化;各季节气温日较差变化趋势不太一致,总体上呈减小趋势;月气温日较差变化也存在差异,除天祝藏族自治县外,3月和9月为两个低谷,4-6月和10月为两个高峰。年气温日较差极大值和极小值均呈减小趋势。年最高、最低气温均呈升高趋势,年气温日较差与年最高、最低气温呈相反的变化趋势,最低气温的快速升高和最高气温的缓慢升高是气温日较差减小的直接原因,最低气温显著升高的季节气温日较差的减小趋势更大。影响武威市气温日较差的主要因子是蒸发量、平均气温、平均风速、日照时数,关联性最强的是蒸发量,其次是平均气温,其中气温日较差与日照时数、蒸发量、相对湿度以及平均风速呈正相关,与平均气温和降水量呈负相关。影响各地气温日较差的主要因子有所不同。     

腾格里沙漠周边地区1960-2012年气候变化特征

根据腾格里沙漠周边地区9个气象站点1960-2012年逐月平均气温、平均最高气温、平均最低气温、降水量、平均相对湿度、日照时数和平均风速的观测资料,利用线性回归、滑动平均和Mann-Kendall突变检验分析了该区1960-2012年气候变化特征。结果表明:1960-2012年,腾格里沙漠周边地区年平均气温以0.34 ℃/10a的速率呈显著上升的趋势,并于1989年发生显著突变;从季节变化来看,冬季升温幅度最大,达0.52 ℃/10a;年平均最高、最低气温均呈显著上升的趋势,但是年平均最低气温的升温速率0.44 ℃/10a明显大于最高气温升温速率0.25 ℃/10a,增暖的不对称性导致年平均气温日较差以0.18 ℃/10a的速率显著减小。年降水量以1.08 mm/10a的速率增加,但变化趋势不显著,四季降水量均有不同程度的增加;湿润指数的变化亦不显著,年、春季、夏季和秋季湿润指数均有减小趋势,冬季湿润指数有增加趋势;年、季平均风速皆呈显著减小的趋势,年平均风速减小的速率为0.15 m·s^-1·(10a)^-1,日照时数以5.6 h/10a的速率呈不显著的增加趋势,各季节日照时数有不同的变化趋势,春季和夏季日照时数呈增加趋势,而秋季和冬季的日照时数呈减小趋势。     

Change of parameters of BCC/RCG-WG for daily non-precipitation variables in China: 1951–1978 and 1979–2007

Parameters of weather generator BCC/RCG-WG for daily non-precipitation variables including maximum temperature, minimum temperature and sunshine hours at 669 stations in China are estimated using history daily records from 1951 to 1978 and from 1979 to 2007 respectively. The changes in the parameters for the two periods are revealed to explore the impact of climate change on these parameters. The results show that the parameters of the non-precipitation variables have experienced different changes. While the annual means and the amplitudes of the seasonal cycle show a clear change, the interannual variability, the timings of the seasonal cycles, and the temporal correlations for each variable remain practically unchanged. This indicates that climate changes in China over the last 57 years are mainly reflected in variations in the means and in the strength of the seasonal cycles. The changed parameters have implications for the stationary assumption implied in the parameter estimation and use of the weather generator for climate change studies.     

Stochastic modeling of daily precipitation in China

1IntroductionWeather Generator (WG) is a stochastic model that can be used to simulate daily weather based on parameters determined by historic records. Precipitation, maximum temperature, minimum temperature, radiation and more can all be simulated by WG. Recently WG has gained renewed attention and has been extensively applied in studying impacts of climate change on a variety of systems including ecosystem and risk assessment. Specifically, it has been used in the following ways. 1) WG …     

Stochastic modeling of daily precipitation in China

A stochastic model for daily precipitation simulation in China was developed based on the framework of a 'Richardson-type' weather generator that is an important tool in studying impacts of weather/climate on a variety of systems including ecosystem and risk assessment. The purpose of this work is to develop a weather generator for applications in China. The focus is on precipitation simulation since determination of other weather variables such as temperature is dependent on precipitation simulation. A framework of first order Markov Chain with Gamma Distribution for daily precipitation is adopted in this work. Based on this framework, four parameters of precipitation simulation for each month at 672 stations all over China were determined using daily precipitation data from 1961 to 2000. Compared with previous works, our estimation for the parameters was made for more stations and longer observations, which makes the weather generator more applicable and reliable. Spatial distributions of the four parameters are analyzed in a regional climate context. The seasonal variations of these parameters at five stations representing regional differences are discussed. Based on the estimated monthly parameters at 672 stations, daily precipitations for any period can be simulated. A 30-year simulation was made and compared with observations during 1971-2000 in terms of annual and monthly statistics. The results are satisfactory, which demonstrates the usefulness of the weather generator.     

中国天气发生器的降水模拟

A stochastic model for daily precipitation simulation in China was developed based on the framework of a ‘Richardson-type‘ weather generator that is an important tool in studying impacts of weather/climate on a variety of systems including ecosystem and risk assessment. The purpose of this work is to develop a weather generator for applications in China. The focus is on precipitation simulation since determination of other weather variables such as temperature is dependent on precipitation simulation. A framework of first order Markov Chain with Gamma Distribution for daily precipitation is adopted in this work. Based on this framework, four parameters of precipitation simulation for each month at 672 stations all over China were determined using daily precipitation data from 1961 to 2000. Compared with previous works, our estimation for the parameters was made for more stations and longer observations, which makes the weather generator more applicable and reliable. Spatial distributions of the four parameters are analyzed in a regional climate context. The seasonal variations of these parameters at five stations representing regional differences are discussed.Based on the estimated monthly parameters at 672 stations, daily precipitations for any period can be simulated. A 30-year simulation was made and compared with observations during 1971-2000 in terms of annual and monthly statistics. The results are satisfactory, which demonstrates the usefulness of the weather generator.     

中国天气发生器的降水模拟

天气发生器是气候影响评价研究的重要工具,在气候变化、地球生态系统及极端气候事件发生的风险分析等方面有着广泛的应用。为了建立一个适用于中国广大地区的天气发生器,需要对各种模拟模型及其参数的估计进行深入的研究。其中降水的模拟及其参数的估计是关键,因为气温、辐射等其他气候要素的模拟依赖于降水的发生。本文重点介绍了常用的随机降水模拟模型：两状态一阶马尔科夫链和两参数GAMMA分布。根据中国672个气象站点1961~2000年的逐日降水资料,计算了降水转移概率P (WD)、P (WW) 及GAMMA分布参数ALPHA和BETA,并分析了4个参数在中国各地的空间分布特征与不同地区各参数的季节分布特征。最后根据各地不同月份计算的四个降水模拟参数对中国各地的逐日降水进行模拟,并利用1971~2000年的实测数据对30年模拟结果在统计意义上进行了检验,模拟结果较好。     

三个全球气候模式对中国气温季节变化模拟能力的空间差异特征分析

针对第五次国际耦合模式比较计划（CMIP5）中3个全球气候模式对中国气温季节变化模拟能力的空间差异特征进行具体分析。结果表明：BCC-CSM1.1（m）模式和GFDL-CM3模式能够再现中国气温的季节性变化,在中国东部地区模拟能力较强,平均绝对误差和均方根误差均较小,在中国西部地区模拟能力较弱,平均绝对误差和均方根误差较大。与BCC-CSM1.1（m）和GFDL-CM3模式相比,HADGEM2-ES模式再现中国地区气温季节变化的能力最弱,平均绝对误差和均方根误差在西部部分地区、内蒙古地区和东北地区较大,在华南地区南部较小。在相同模式下,日平均气温模拟效果最好,其次是日最低气温,日最高气温模拟效果最差。纬度、经度、海拔和坡度对气候模式模拟效果的影响存在模式间的差异,而坡向和地形遮蔽度对模式的模拟效果无明显影响。     

中国西北地区气候态变化对极端天气监测的影响

中国西北地区对气候变化的响应极其敏感,西北地区1961-2013年气候变化趋势,分为Ⅰ态（1961-1990年）、Ⅱ态（1971-2000年）、Ⅲ态（1981-2010年）和Ⅳ态（1961-2013年）等4个气候态。利用西北地区年平均气温和降水资料、日最高气温极值和日最大降水量极值资料,基于两种极端天气事件的定义,分析了气候态变化对极端天气监测的影响。结果表明：年平均气温变化受气候态改变的影响较年降水量更为明显。在Ⅰ态和Ⅱ态下进行气温要素评价分析,会突出气温升高的现象,在Ⅲ态下会出现气温降低,气候态改变对降水量等级影响很小。Ⅰ态、Ⅱ态和Ⅲ态下,在20世纪70年代和90年代以来的两个时段内,日极端高温和日极端降水事件均出现增多,其中Ⅰ态增多幅度最大,Ⅲ态的影响最小。在空间分布上,西北地区受气候态影响的敏感区域,主要是新疆北部、青海北部、甘肃中部和东部、宁夏大部和陕西部分地区。     

Deciphering chrysophyte responses to climate seasonality

Climate change involves alterations in seasonality as well as shifts in mean annual temperature. Cold temperate lakes show strong seasonality, with winter ice cover and alternating mixing and stratification periods during the ice-free season. These physical changes are ultimately related to seasonal weather variation and also drive annual phytoplankton succession. Therefore, phytoplankton remains in lake sediment records are potentially useful for reconstructing past seasonal climate signals. With the exception of investigations on varved sediments, however, little research has been carried out on the subject. Here we present two lines of evidence demonstrating that chrysophyte stomatocysts can be useful for inferring past climatic seasonality. First, we show that marked seasonal stomatocyst replacement is related to periods of the main physical processes in the lake. Second, using instrumental climate data and microfossils in sediment cores, we show that two main components of stomatocyst variability over the last ~150 years are related to seasonal fluctuations. The first of these components is related to stomatocysts present during summer stratification that respond to general warming trends, particularly in July and August. The second component relates to stomatocysts typically present in the spring and autumn mixing periods. Numbers of these two stomatocyst types vary inversely in response to variation in spring (April–May) temperatures. The number of stomatocyst types affected by spring temperatures is much greater than those related to summer temperatures. We provide evidence that chrysophyte stomatocysts are an excellent proxy for spring air temperature reconstructions, with little influence from summer or general annual trends. We also show that with relatively little effort, it is possible to categorise the chrysophyte stomatocyst assemblage of a lake to carry out detailed investigation of the record of seasonal changes preserved within the sediment.     

Impacts of land use and climate change on regional net primary productivity

Combined with recent historical climate data and two periods of land use data sets from remote sensing data, we test the net primary productivity (NPP) data sets in North China modelled by the satellite data-driven Global Production Efficiency Model (GLO-PEM) for detecting the widespread spatial and temporal characteristics of the impacts of climate and land use change on the regional NPP. Our results show that over the past 20 years, the mean annual temperature in the study region has remarkably increased by more than 0.064 oC, but over the same period, there has been a 1.49 mm decrease in annual precipitation and decrease in NPP by an annual rate of 6.9 TgC. The NPP changes in the study region were greatly affected by the average temperature and precipitation by ten-day periods as well as the seasonal temperature and precipitation in the study region. The correlation between seasonal NPP and seasonal precipitation and temperature is highly consistent with land cover spatially, and the correlation coefficient changes with the changes of vegetation types. The analysis reveals that the related areas in land use change only take up 5.45% of the whole studied region, so the climate changes dominate the impacts on the NPP in the whole study region (90% of the total). However, land use plays an absolute dominative role in areas with land cover changes, accounting for 97% of the total. From 1981 to 2000, the NPP in the whole study region remarkably reduced due to obvious precipitation decrease and temperature rise. Between two periods of land use (about 10 years), the changes in climate are predicted to promote a decrease in NPP by 78 (±0.6) TgC, and integrated impacts of climate changes and land use to promote a decrease in NPP by 87(±0.8) TgC.     

土地利用和气候变化对区域净初级生产力影响

1IntroductionThe global change caused by the continuous increasing concentration of atmospheric greenhouse gases has threatened the existence of human beings, and the importance of carbon dioxide emissions as a major environmental issue of international concern has grown substantially in the world (IPCC, 2000). At the same time, the Kyoto Protocol, the first and only realistic plan for achieving a worldwide reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, has been passed. Since there are many uncertai…