Geoarchaeology of the Mockingbird Gap (Clovis) site,Jornada del Muerto,New Mexico

The Mockingbird Gap site is one of the largest Clovis sites in the western United States, yet it remains poorly known after it was tested in 1966–1968. Surface collecting and mapping of the site revealed a dense accumulation of Clovis lithic debris stretching along Chupadera Draw, which drains into the Jornada del Muerto basin. We conducted archaeological testing and geoarchaeological coring to assess the stratigraphic integrity of the site and gain clues to the paleoenvironmental conditions during the Clovis occupation. The 1966–1968 excavations were in stratified Holocene eolian sand and thus that assemblage was from a disturbed content. An intact Clovis occupation was found elsewhere in the site, embedded in the upper few centimeters of a well‐developed buried Bt horizon formed in eolian sand, representing the regional Clovis landscape. Coring in Chupadera Draw revealed ∼11 m of fill spanning the past ∼11,000 ¹⁴C years. The stratified deposits provide evidence of flowing and standing water on the floor of the draw during Clovis times, a likely inducement to settlement. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Chemical and mechanical clogging of groundwater abstraction wells at well field Heel,the Netherlands

Well field Heel, in the south east of the Netherlands, consists of a row of wells drilled in an anoxic pyrite-containing aquifer alongside a former gravel pit, which now serves as a recharge basin, where water is actively aerated. All wells are seriously affected by chemical (screen slot) and/or mechanical (well bore) clogging. The objective of this study is to explain this combined occurrence. A combination of chemical, hydraulic and well-maintenance data indicate three groundwater quality types: (1) oxic basin water, (2) anoxic iron-containing basin water after oxidation of the traversed aquifer, and (3) deeply anoxic native groundwater. Wells abstracting a mixture of oxic basin water and anoxic basin water and/or native groundwater experience chemical well clogging, whereas wells abstracting (only or partly) native groundwater are vulnerable to mechanical well clogging. In the end, after oxic basin water has completely oxidized the traversed the aquifer, only two groundwater quality types will be present. Wells abstracting only oxic basin water will show no clogging, and wells abstracting a mixture of native groundwater and oxic basin water will experience chemical and possibly also mechanical well clogging. In this reasoning, the sequence in abstracted groundwater quality types coincides with a sequence in well clogging: from mechanical to chemical to no clogging. As well field Heel is situated in sloping terrain, the interplay between regional hydraulic gradient and different water qualities results in one-sided chemical clogging in the upper part of the well screen during abstraction, and in the lower part during the resting phase.     

Epignostic analysis of experience in riverain water intake well operation

The problems of epignostic analysis of groundwater intake well operation are considered. The disturbance of interaction conditions between underground and surface waters in connection with damage caused to river runoff were revealed according to the data of monitoring observations during long-term operation of a riverain water intake well. The hydrodynamic state of pit water intake wells and the possible influence of seasonal variation in groundwater temperature on water-level dynamics are estimated.     

Kersey–Kuner terrace investigations at the Dent and Bernhardt sites,Colorado

The Dent site provided the first association of fluted points with mammoth bones in the New World. However, the stratigraphic integrity of the site has remained in doubt since the original excavations in 1932 and 1933. Core sampling at the Dent Clovis site indicates that the site, on Kersey terrace gravel, extends under railroad tracks adjacent to the original area of excavation. Four hundred meters south the Kuner strath terrace has been exposed by a roadcut at the Bernhardt site. An Archaic hearth dated 4030 ± 60 B.P. is near the top of a 1-m-thick eolian sand overlying 1 m of fine-grained alluvium dated 5740 ± 60 B.P., which in turn overlies sand and gravel of the Kuner strath terrace with an AMS radiocarbon age of 10,105 ± 90 B.P. The South Platte River appears to have been quasistable at the Kuner level during the Younger Dryas when Paleoindians from Clovis to Cody hunted megafauna on the Kersey terrace. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Assessment of well design and sustainability in hard-rock formations in northern Ghana

Some of the main problems in well construction are associated with installation of casing, especially in the overburden. A total of 1,485 lined and open wells, drilled in the hard rocks of the Precambrian basement complex and Palaeozoic sedimentary (Voltaian) formations in northern Ghana were studied. Of these, 500 were directly monitored. It was observed that the surfaces within the production zones of open wells had weathered, leading to silting and reductions in depth and yield, posing physical water-quality challenges. Also, the average life span of the open wells is about 15 years. The fully lined wells, on the other hand, perform very well with time, lasting for over 40 years on average, with a more sustainable physical water quality over their life span. The comparative cost of constructing an open well was found to be about 26% less than that of a lined well due to less construction material requirements. Although open wells may be relatively cheaper than lined wells to construct in hard rocks, the life span is shorter and should not be encouraged for groundwater exploitation especially in community or rural water supply schemes.     

Estimation of loading density of underground well repositories for solid high-level radioactive wastes

The convective transfer of radionuclides by subsurface water from a geological repository of solidified high-level radioactive wastes (HLW) is considered. The repository is a cluster of wells of large diameter with HLW disposed of in the lower portions of the wells. The safe distance between wells as a function of rock properties and parameters of well loading with wastes has been estimated from mathematical modeling. A maximum permissible concentration of radionuclides in subsurface water near the ground surface above the repository is regarded as a necessary condition of safety. The estimates obtained show that well repositories allow for a higher density of solid HLW disposal than shaft storage facilities. Advantages and disadvantages of both types of storage facilities are considered in order to estimate the prospects for their use for underground disposal of solid HLW.     

The relationship between methane migration and shale-gas well operations near Dimock,Pennsylvania, USA

Migration of stray methane gas near the town of Dimock, Pennsylvania, has been at the center of the debate on the safety of shale gas drilling and hydraulic fracturing in the United States. The presented study relates temporal variations in molecular concentrations and stable isotope compositions of methane and ethane to shale-gas well activity (i.e., vertical/horizontal drilling, hydraulic fracturing and remedial actions). This was accomplished by analyzing data collected, between 2008 and 2012, by state and federal agencies and the gas well operator. In some cases, methane migration started prior to hydraulic fracturing. Methane levels of contaminated water wells sampled were one to several orders of magnitude greater than the concentrations due to natural variation in water wells of the local area. Isotope analyses indicate that all samples had a thermogenic origin at varying maturity levels, but from formations above the hydraulically fractured Marcellus Shale. The results from the initial water well samples were similar to annular gas values, but not those of production gases. This indicates that leakage by casing cement seals most likely caused the impacts, not breaks in the production casing walls. Remediation by squeeze cementing was partially effective in mitigating impacts of gas migration. In several cases where remediation caused a substantial reduction in methane levels, there were also substantial changes in the isotope values, providing evidence of two sources, one natural and the other man-induced. Sampling water wells while venting gas wells appears to be a cost-effective method for determining if methane migration has occurred.

     

低渗透地层专门水文地质孔成建井工艺探讨

本文结合多年来施工专门水文地质孔的经验教训,探讨和总结了专门水文地质孔清水钻进工艺和孔内局部扩径工艺的特点,常用洗井方法及注意事项,以期在今后工作中把专门水文地质孔的成建井工作做得更好、更趋合理。     

Reservoir Triggered Seismicity (RTS) and well water level response in the Koyna–Warna region, India

Water level fluctuations in twenty-one observation wells have been monitored for the last 10 years around the seismically active Koyna–Warna region, western India where earthquakes continue to occur even after four decades of the initiation of the seismic activity in the region. Fourteen of the observation wells act as volume strain meters as their water levels show earth tidal signals. Our analysis suggests three types of response of the well water levels to seismo-tectonic effects, i) one to local earthquakes, ii) to regional and teleseismic events, and iii) to local fluctuations in rock strain on regional scale. We observed five cases of co-seismic step-like well water level changes, of the order of few centimeters in amplitude, related to earthquakes in the magnitude range 4.3 ≤ M ≤ 5.2. All these earthquakes occurred within the network of wells drilled for the study and within 25 km distance of the recording wells. In three cases, drop in well levels preceded co-seismic step-like increases, which may be of premonitory nature. The second type of response is observed to be due to the passing of seismic waves from regional and teleseismic earthquakes like the M 7.7 Bhuj event on January 26, 2001 and the M 9.3 December 26, 2004 Sumatra earthquake. The third type is a well level anomaly of centimeter amplitude coherently occurring in several wells. The anomalies are similar in shape and last for several hours to days.From our studies we conclude that the wells in the network appear to respond to regional strain variations and transient changes due to distant earthquakes. The two factors which are important to co-seismic steps due to local earthquakes are the magnitude and epicentral distance. From the limited number of events we found that all local earthquakes exceeding M ≥ 4.3 have produced co-seismic changes. No such changes were observed for earthquakes below this magnitude threshold.     

A late paleo-Indian/Early archaic water well in Mexico—Possible oldest water-Management feature in the new world

A filled prehistoric water well discovered at the village of San Marcos Necoxtla, Puebla, Mexico, may be the oldest directly dated water-management feature in the Americas. The ∼10 m stratigraphic section exposed at this remarkable site records 18,000+ yr of deposition, erosion, water-table and hydrochemical fluctuations, and ≥10,000 yr of continual occupation. Temporal control is afforded by a multicomponent cultural chronology and radiocarbon assays by conventional and experimental techniques. The ∼10 m wide, ∼5 m deep well was excavated, utilized, maintained, and filled with cultural material between <9863 and ≫5950 yr B.P., a span of ≪3913 yr. Ages of other reported Late Pleistocene(?) to Middle Holocene wells in the New World are based on indirect or questionable dating, or are ≤6600 yr. Because of its age and continuity of occupation, the San Marcos Necoxtla well site may help define the nature of the peopling of the Americas and the advent of New World agriculture. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

煤层气储层伤害机理与水平井双层管柱筛管完井技术

煤储层具有高吸附性、低渗透性、易压缩与易破碎的特征,煤层气水平井钻完井过程中常常造成煤储层伤害,导致煤层渗透率和单井煤层气产量大幅度降低。通过实验分析,揭示水平井钻完井液中的固相颗粒、流体流动诱导产生的固相成分对煤储层微裂隙堵塞成因,阐明煤层气水平井钻完井中储层伤害的机理。在此基础上,提出水平井双层管柱筛管完井技术,分析其减轻煤储层伤害的机理,即通过冲管水力冲击作用消除水平井壁钻井液泥饼,清除井壁附近堵塞微裂隙煤粉,并在近井地带产生应力增渗作用。相对于煤层气常规的多分支水平井及分段压裂水平井,水平井双层管柱筛管完井的稳定日产气量、稳产周期均大幅提升。该技术在沁水盆地南部部分区域推广应用显示,3号煤层气井平均日产气量提升到20 000 m3,同时实现15号煤层气的开发突破,平均日产气量提升到10 000 m3以上。研究成果对于降低煤层气水平井钻完井过程中的储层伤害,提高煤层气井产量具有重要的理论和实践意义。      

矢量井网改善平面非均质油藏水驱开发效果研究

平面非均质是河流相沉积的重要特征。如果采用常规等井距五点井网开发该类油藏,往往会导致注入水在高渗透方向的突进,造成部分生产井见水时间早,含水上升快,而渗透率较低方向上的生产井注水受效不明显,当井组内的综合含水达到98 %时,注入水在该方向上还没有突破,即注水驱替往往不均衡,开发效果差。在渗流力学基础上,推导了平面非均质油藏矢量井网的井距设计公式。根据矢量井网的井距设计公式,建造了物理模型,开展了水驱油对比试验研究,检验了用矢量井网开发平面非均质油藏的有效性。试验结果表明：矢量井网能增大平面非均质油藏的波及系数,提高注入水的利用率,大大改善油藏开发效果。     

煤层气开发井网优化设计

煤层气田井网布置的好坏直接影响到煤层气开发的成败以及最终采收率的高低。通过数值模拟方法,给出了煤层气井网优化设计的原则以及井网优化设计考虑的因素,如井间干扰、各向异性、井距与排距之比、井网密度、井网方位等,并利用数值模拟软件对鄂尔多斯盆地某区块进行了开发井网的优化设计,为该区的煤层气开发方案设计提供了合理依据。      

广西岩溶峰林区地下水赋存特征及钻探成井模式

通过梳理广西岩溶峰林区近年来抗旱找水成井的钻孔资料,分析水文地质条件与成井的关系,结果表明:构造、岩性和岩溶发育层位是控制钻孔是否成井的主要因素。断层破碎带、向（背）斜以及含水层和相对隔水层的接触带等蓄水构造为有利的成井位置;石炭系地层（C1、C2）和上泥盆系地层（D3）为主要的成井地层,占成井总数的55.24%,平均单井出水量为261 m3·d-1,平均开采深度为37.67 m。通过对区内的岩溶水赋存特征及规律分析总结,归纳成6种钻探成井模式:压扭性断裂旁侧富水模式、相对隔水岩层阻水模式、挡水墙阻水模式、圈团褶皱蓄水构造模式、向/背斜轴部富水模式、自垩系红层盘地找水模式,并提出了几种常见的地形地貌特征找水标识。      

集束式监测井成井工艺研究

随着人类经济社会活动的加剧,地下水遭受污染的范围和强度不断加大,尤其是浅层地下水面临污染的风险更大。如何及时发现并科学评价浅层地下水污染程度和治理的效果,迫切需要简单易行、有效可靠的浅层地下水分层监测井。传统的浅层地下水分层监测井存在占地多,监测层位少等问题,巢式监测井监测5层,连续多通道监测井口径小,因此有必要研究即占地少,又能监测多层,而且监测井井管口径能满足不同种类监测仪器的安装要求。通过室内和野外试验,研究了集束式浅层地下水分层监测井建设过程中止水方法、止水材料、粒径、止水层厚度及止水效果检验、下管方式等关键技术,实现同一孔内监测100 m以内的多层含水层或多个含水段的分层监测,施工口径小,占用土地少,建设成本经济。集束式监测井可以应用到地下水监测、环境污染调查研究等多个领域,该研究将为集束式浅层地下水分层监测井建设施工提供理论依据和技术支撑,使未来的监测更加精细化、准确化,为今后监测井的发展提供新的思路和研究方向。     

Transient three-dimensional modeling of riverbank filtration at Grind well field, Germany

Riverbank filtration (RBF) is a proven treatment step in a multi-barrier method of drinking-water supply at many sites. RBF wells induce a large amount of river water to infiltrate the river base and travel towards the wells, giving the opportunity for mixing of infiltrated surface water and groundwater. Assessment of raw water quality plays an important role in planning and operating a RBF well field. In this context, the determination of the catchment area (and land uses within the catchment) and the ratio of bank filtrate (BF) to raw groundwater (GW) are two prior steps. Transient model simulations were performed in order to study the hydraulic conditions at the RBF well field at Grind near Düsseldorf, Germany. The BF/GW ratio was determined to be 75/25. The flood events in winter, in particular, showed the BF/GW ratio to have high variation. Transient path lines in the well field were used for delineation of the catchment area.     

非承压含水层底部单孔疏放水渗流特征

由含水层底部向上施工疏放水孔（井）进行疏水降压是保证煤矿安全开采的重要措施之一,该类疏放水孔与地面抽水井的渗流特征具有显著差别。为了研究井下疏放水孔的渗流特征,以非承压含水层底部单井疏放水孔为例,采用数值模拟的方法对其渗流特征进行研究。研究结果表明,当疏放水井的井长l_w小于临界长度l_c时,即l_wc,疏放水井上部含水层孔隙水压力大于0,且由下而上呈先增加后减小的分布规律,渗流量与井长呈指数函数关系增加;当l_w ≥ l_c时,疏放水非完整井的渗流特征及渗流量与完整井相同;渗流量随井半径增加呈指数关系增加,且指数小于1;将s+l_w代替水位降深s对裘布依（Dupuit）潜水完整井计算公式进行修正,当l_wc时,采用修正的Dupuit潜水完整井计算公式计算疏放水非完整井渗流量更精确。该研究结果对认识井下疏放水井上部孔隙水压力分布特征及合理布置疏放水井具有重要的借鉴意义。      

天津CGSD-01地热调查井固井技术

CGSD-01井是天津地区的一口深层水热型地热资源调查井。针对井下漏失、水层活跃、选择性固井及长期耐高温等复杂情况,通过采用抗高温防窜水泥浆体系,优选橄榄型水泥伞,应用筛管顶部尾管注水泥和正注反挤固井工艺,综合形成一套适合该井的固井技术。通过现场应用,固井过程中未发生漏失及水窜,隔层封固可靠,为该地区深层地热井固井提供了示范。     

Mass transport modelling to assess contamination of a water supply well in Sabarmati river bed aquifer, Ahmedabad City, India

 Drinking water supply wells were constructed in the Sabarmati river bed aquifer of Ahmedabad city using radial pipes and are known as French Collector wells. Contamination of groundwater from one of the French wells near Sabarmati railway bridge was noticed in 1992. The suspected pollution sources are Duff-nala of Shahibaug and two other sources from slum dwellings on either side of Sabarmati river. A combined groundwater flow, pathlines and a mass transport model was constructed covering an area of 9 km² to analyse the capture zone of the French well under two different scenarios. Aquifer parameters of the river bed aquifer were available. Dry river bed condition was simulated under scenario I and controlled flow in the river bed was simulated under scenario II. The groundwater velocity and migration of contaminant particles from sources was analysed in the pathline model. Total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration contours originating from sources in the mass transport model (MT3D) were computed by solving an advection-dispersion equation. The computed pathlines and TDS concentration contours indicate likely migration of contaminant plume from pollutant sources to the French well during 365 days under two scenarios. The model results confirm the tracer injection studies carried out to know the likely migration of contaminants towards the French well. The modelling study emphasised the necessity of controlled release of surface water in Sabarmati river bed from Dharoi reservoir throughout the year. Received: 28 October 1998 · Accepted: 17 June 1999