溶液和温度作用下膨润土防水毯的渗透性能

以颗粒状和粉末状膨润土防水毯(GCLs)为对象,运用GDS (global digital systems)全自动渗透仪开展渗透试验,研究CaCl_2溶液作用下GCLs渗透性能的温度效应,初步探讨其机理。试验表明:当水化液为0.05mol/L的CaCl_2溶液时,两种GCLs渗透系数随温度升高呈现增大趋势;当水化液为去离子水时,颗粒状GCL渗透系数随温度升高而减小,粉末状GCL渗透系数随温度升高而增大。去离子水情况下,膨润土吸附结合水量随温度升高而减小;CaCl_2溶液作用下,吸附结合水量较去离子水情况大幅降低。当CaCl_2溶液浓度一定时,膨润土膨胀指数随温度升高而略有增大;当温度一定时,膨润土膨胀指数随CaCl_2溶液浓度升高而显著减小。以去离子水进行试验时:颗粒状和粉末状GCLs渗透系数随温度的变化主要影响因素为凝胶态蒙脱石数量,其次为流体黏滞系数和吸附结合水量;颗粒状GCLs膨润土孔隙结构越不均匀,凝胶态蒙脱石数量的影响就越显著,导致渗透系数随温度升高而减小、固有渗透率随温度升高显著降低。以CaCl_2溶液进行试验时,两种GCLs渗透系数随温度变化的主要受流体黏滞系数和吸附结合水量的影响,而受凝胶态蒙脱石数量的影响较小。孔隙溶液性质、温度和膨润土类型均对GCLs的防渗性能具有重要影响。     

黏性土次固结行为的盐分和矿物效应研究

我国江苏北部连云港地区海相软土蒙脱石族矿物含量相对较高,且在海陆交互环境中沉积形成,沉积过程中具有孔隙水盐分较高的特点,但在后沉积过程中由于地表和地下淡水入侵,会使孔隙水盐分发生变化,而相应的次固结行为的变化规律尚不明晰,因此需要深入了解矿物成分、孔隙水盐分在软黏土次固结行为中的作用机制。由于天然软黏土的矿物成分、孔隙水成分差异较大,试验材料采用矿物成分均一的商用高岭土与膨润土组成的人工黏土作为研究对象,配制不同浓度的NaCl溶液作为孔隙水,模拟孔隙水盐分变化。通过常规固结试验,发现对于含蒙脱石矿物的人工黏土,压缩指数C_c随着盐分浓度的增加而减小,主固结完成时间随盐分的增加而提前,且同一应力水平下和孔隙比下,次固结系数随着盐分的增加而减小。在同样的上部荷载下,次固结系数与压缩指数的比值C_α/C_c不再保持为经验常数,而是随着孔隙水盐分的增加而偏离经验值,主要原因为盐分对水膜蠕变的影响。但是,对于主要由高岭石矿物构成的人工黏土,孔隙水盐分浓度则未对其次固结参数产生明显的影响。因此,如果场地的黏性土蒙脱石含量较高且孔隙水含盐量较高,则需要考虑孔隙水盐分的变迁对地基长期变形的影响。     

Swelling capacity and permeability of an unprocessed and a processed bentonitic clay

Research on the longevity of potential bentonite-based barrier materials is an important part of the Canadian Nuclear Fuel Waste Management Program. Valuable information on the longterm effectiveness of bentonitic barriers can be obtained by examining the properties of unprocessed bentonites from natural deposits. This study compares the swelling capacity (P_s) and hydraulic conductivity (K) of an unprocessed (clay that has not been ground and dried by the supplier) and a processed bentonite from south-central Saskatchewan, Canada. The clay deposit is 75 to 85 Ma old. At a given clay density, the processed bentonite exhibits a greater P₃ and a lower K than the unprocessed clay. This can be at least partially attributed to the partial cementation of the unprocessed bentonite particles; this cementation is likely ruptured when the clay is ground during processing. Even though K for the unprocessed clay is higher than that of the processed clay, it is still low enough (< 10¹¹m/s) to meet the permeability requirements of a barrier material in a nuclear fuel waste disposal vault. The unprocessed clay also has the has the ability to self seal: exposure to water, the normalized flow rate of water through some samples was as high as 10^-5 m³/s, but the rate rapidly decreased to < 10^-10m³/s the clay absorbed water and swelled. The data indicate that the unprocessed bentonite clay maintains anacceptably high swelling capacity and low permeability millions of years after deposition.     

西藏丁青县扎格拉金矿床地质特征、流体包裹体特征及成因

扎格拉金矿位于班公湖-怒江结合带东段及冈底斯-念青唐古拉板片北缘的腾冲-班戈岩浆弧带上;受被动陆缘深海复理石建造、 脆-韧性剪切带和深成岩浆活动控制。流体包裹体类型以单相和A型两相盐水溶液包裹体为主;次为B型两相盐水溶液包裹体、 富CO2两相包裹体和含CO2三相包裹体;成矿流体属中低温和中低盐度H2O-NaCl-CO2体系。氢、 氧同位素和相对富含K+、 Na+、Ca2+、 Mg2+、Cl-、SO2-4 的包裹体液相成分;显示成矿流体主要来自长期封存于沉积岩的深循环热（卤）水中;矿床成因类型为浅成中低温地下热（卤）水溶滤型金矿床。其成矿特征和流体性质与穆龙套型金矿床具有诸多相似性;研究该区域对西藏“沙丁板岩系”分布区金铜多金属找矿具有重要意义。     

东太平洋水合物海岭沉积物中黏土矿物与水合物饱和度相关性研究

为了探讨水合物储层中不同黏土矿物与水合物饱和度的关系,选取位于东太平洋水合物海岭国际大洋钻探计划204航次中的3个钻孔(1245B孔、1244C孔和1251B),开展储层沉积物黏土矿物的测试和综合分析。结果表明,蒙脱石、伊利石、绿泥石为主要黏土矿物(平均含量分别为40.3%、33.4%、21.4%);高岭石为次要黏土矿物(平均4.9%)。伊利石、绿泥石、高岭石三种矿物含量的垂向变化规律相似,但它们与蒙脱石的垂向变化趋势相反。该区水合物饱和度与蒙脱石含量呈正相关,且正相关程度在“细粒岩性”层段较高(R=0.55~0.97);水合物饱和度与伊利石、绿泥石、高岭石则显示负相关。3个钻孔中水合物储层厚度、水合物饱和度在各钻孔中分布的差异性表明水合物饱和度的受控因素复杂,首先是气源和流体迁移与供给,其次为沉积物岩性;而“细粒岩性”层段较高含量蒙脱石与水合物饱和度正相关关系可能代表了更次一级的沉积影响因素。为检验其它海区是否也存在黏土矿物对水合物饱和度的影响,将上述3个钻孔与印度外海Krishna-Godavari盆地17-07P钻孔记录进行对比。结果显示,17-07P孔的砂含量高,在粗砂层蒙脱石含量与水合物饱和度呈正相关,反映两个海域岩性对水合物饱和度控制机理不同。上述“细粒岩性”层段蒙脱石含量和伊利石、绿泥石、高岭石3种黏土矿物含量与水合物饱和度之间相关性的差异,可能因为蒙脱石具有特殊层状结构和表面化学性质(层间表面带负电荷、具有可交换的层间水合阳离子等),有利于促进水合物的形成和富集,因而表现为正相关;而伊利石、绿泥石、高岭石自身属性与蒙脱石不同(吸水膨胀能力、对甲烷的吸附能力较蒙脱石弱),不利于水合物的聚集,表现为负相关。     

Lithium in the interlayer space of synthetic trioctahedral micas

This paper gives several new and strong arguments in favour of the possibility of fixation of anhydrous lithium in the interlayer space of trioctahedral potassium micas. From the chemical viewpoint Li⁺ can replace K⁺, but is located out of the alkaline cation site; it enters pseudo-octahedral cavities limited by the triangular bases of two aluminous tetrahedra of two consecutive sheets. The solubility limit of Li⁺ in the interlayer is a function of the Al^IV content of the mica. It is given by the relation (Li/Li + K)_max = 2[(Al/Si + Al)^IV]². In both micas investigated — phlogopite, KMg₃(Si₃Al)O₁₀(OH)₂, and eastonite, K(Mg_2.5Al_1.5)(Si_2.5Al_1.5)O₁₀(OH)₂ — there is a remarkable agreement between the calculated values of the solubility limits and those measured by exchange reactions with hydrothermal solutions, at 600°C, 2 kbar. In high-Al micas, the interlayer Li content can be very important, with about one-third of K⁺ replaced by Li⁺.

The fixation of Li⁺ according to this model provokes a strong flattening of the interlayer (strong decrease of the reticular distance d₀₀₅) and a slight increase of the reticular distance d₀₆₀. Infra-red (IR) absorption spectrometry shows that vacant K⁺ sites are created when Li⁺ enters the interlayer; one observes low-frequency OH stretching bands attributed to OH dipoles lying towards these empty sites. Fixation of Li⁺ does not provoke any modification of the IR spectra in the region 1200-300 cm⁻¹, indicating that Li⁺ is really out of the sheet. For both cell dimensions and IR spectra, a comparison is made with “ordinary” lepidolites, having Li⁺ in the octahedral sheet; it provides a guide for the distinction between the two species of Li-bearing micas.     

膨润土防水毯渗透性能的温度效应

以颗粒状钠基膨润土防水毯为研究对象,采用改造的GDS全自动环境岩土渗透仪开展渗透试验,研究温度和压力对渗透系数的影响。研究表明:低围压下膨润土防水毯的渗透系数随温度的增加而减小,温度较高时趋于平缓或略有增大;围压增为100 kPa时,渗透系数随温度的增加而增大。固有渗透率随温度的增加而减小;低围压下固有渗透率减小更显著,仅考虑流体物理性质变化的渗透系数估算值与实测值有很大差异。膨润土吸附结合水量随温度的升高而减小,不能解释膨润土防水毯渗透系数和固有渗透率随温度的变化规律。当温度升高时,粒间孔隙减小且颗粒状膨润土分解成凝胶态蒙脱石颗粒,在低围压下凝胶态蒙脱石颗粒层间距离减小,是渗透系数和固有渗透率随温度的升高而减小的主要原因。     

惠民凹陷沙河街组地层水化学特征及其成因

根据惠民凹陷沙河街组水化学分析数据,探讨水化学成分分布特征,并初步进行地层水来源及成因方面的分析。研究结果表明:沙河街组发育的是以(Cl^-和Na⁺+K⁺为主要离子组分的(CaCl₂,型水,矿化度及其他水化学组分纵向上呈增加-减小交替变化的特点。各水化学参数反映凹陷内沙四段、沙三中下亚段和沙二段地层较好的封闭性,地层水总体被CaCO₃饱和,尚未达到CaSO₄饱和程度。与海水、湖水蒸发曲线进行对比,直观地反映水中离子的富集和贫乏程度,进而进行相应的地层水成因研究,即沙河街组地层水中Na⁺, Cl^-浓缩,Ca²⁺富集,以及Mg²⁺ 、 SO₄^2-贫乏的现象是蒸发浓缩作用、斜长石钠长石化、脱硫酸作用、有机质生烃等共同作用的结果。此外,平面上沙四段以上各层地层水矿化度低值区均分布在临南洼陷内,粘土矿物脱水作用可以解释洼陷及周边地层水的淡化现象。     

桂林红土的工程地质性质及其主要工程地质问题

在收集已有资料的基础上,通过野外调查和土工样品采集测试分析,结果表明：桂林红土主要由石英砂粒及高岭石、伊利石、绿泥石等次生粘土矿物组成,其体积分数为40%~75%;铁铝氧化物高度富集,一般w(Al₂O₃)为15.3%~25.9%,w(Fe₂O₃)为6.4%~11.2%。土中粘粒体积分数大都在50%以上;土的天然含水量、液限含水量、孔隙比及饱和度通常比较高,分别达26%~40%、42%~70%、0.8~1.1和90%~100%;抗剪强度较大,内聚力为40~85 kPa,内摩擦角为15°~30°;压缩系数和渗透系数一般较小,多小于0.3 MPa^-1和1.5×10^-6~5.0×10^-8cm/s。桂林红土的主要工程地质问题是在基岩面附近,尤其是溶沟溶槽中多有软土分布,并常常导致土洞和地面塌陷的发生。桂林红土的这些工程地质特征主要由其特殊的成土环境条件所决定。     

Upper Mississippi embayment shallow seismic velocities measured in situ

Vertical seismic compressional- and shear-wave (P-and S-wave) profiles were collected from three shallow boreholes in sediment of the upper Mississippi embayment. The site of the 60-m hole at Shelby Forest, Tennessee, is on bluffs forming the eastern edge of the Mississippi alluvial plain. The bluffs are composed of Pleistocene loess, Pliocene-Pleistocene alluvial clay and sand deposits, and Tertiary deltaic-marine sediment. The 36-m hole at Marked Tree, Arkansas, and the 27-m hole at Risco, Missouri, are in Holocene Mississippi river floodplain sand, silt, and gravel deposits. At each site, impulsive P- and S-waves were generated by man-made sources at the surface while a three-component geophone was locked downhole at 0.91-m intervals.

Consistent with their very similar geology, the two floodplain locations have nearly identical S-wave velocity (V_S) profiles. The lowest V_S values are about 130 m s⁻¹, and the highest values are about 300 m s⁻¹ at these sites. The shear-wave velocity profile at Shelby Forest is very similar within the Pleistocene loess (12 m thick); in deeper, older material, V_S exceeds 400 m s⁻¹.

At Marked Tree, and at Risco, the compressional-wave velocity (V_P) values above the water table are as low as about 230 m s⁻¹, and rise to about 1.9 km s⁻¹ below the water table. At Shelby Forest, V_P values in the unsaturated loess are as low as 302 m s⁻¹. V_P values below the water table are about 1.8 km s⁻¹. For the two floodplain sites, the V_P/V_S ratio increases rapidly across the water table depth. For the Shelby Forest site, the largest increase in the V_P/V_S ratio occurs at 20-m depth, the boundary between the Pliocene-Pleistocene clay and sand deposits and the Eocene shallow-marine clay and silt deposits.

Until recently, seismic velocity data for the embayment basin came from eartquake studies, crustal-scale seismic refraction and reflection profiles, sonic logs, and from analysis of dispersed earthquake surface waves. Since 1991, seismic data for shallow sediment obtained from reflection, refraction, crosshole and downhole techniques have been obtained for sites at the northern end of the embayment basin. The present borehole data, however, are measured from sites representative of large areas in the Mississippi embayment. Therefore, they fill a gap in information needed for modeling the response of the embayment to destructive seismic shaking.     

Mg-Fe云母化学成分的解释和分类(Ⅰ)——基本置换和黑云母平面

中国东部花岗岩类141个Mg-Fe云母的化学成分将近90%的变化属于八面体层内的类质同象置换,置换矢量Mg ₁Fe⁺²和Fe_-3⁺²(R_Ⅵ⁺³)_-2□_Ⅵ组成了天然黑云母平面,大约80%的变化应当解释为基本置换8Mg ₁Fe⁺²+Fe_-3⁺²(R_Ⅵ⁺³)₂□_Ⅵ.这些是Mg-Fe云母在广泛的自然条件下表现出来的最主要的晶体化学关系。文中还提出了置换矢量的长度、分量和以及电价和三个参数,用以识别矿物化学成分变化的类质同象置换特征。     

雪硅钙石的矿物学特征研究

研究发现,雪硅钙石是一种硅酸钙水化物.根据电子探针分析结果计算得到的化学式为（Ca_4.424K_0.021Mg_0.003）_4.448（Si_5.731Al_0.728）_6.465O₁₆（OH）₂·4H₂O,与经典化学式Ca₅Si₆O₁₆（OH）₂·4H₂O基本一致.通过X射线粉晶衍射结果分析认为,该雪硅钙石属于1.4 nm类型雪硅钙石.雪硅钙石矿物呈放射状纤维集合体,颗粒大小为0.2 mm×0.5 mm×0.3 mm,黄褐色,正低突起,最高干涉色为Ⅰ级黄,二轴晶正光性,光轴角为53°.     

Electron microscopic examination of hydrothermally treated bentonite clay

Water-saturated Na bentonite clay with a bulk density of 2 g/cm³ was autoclaved at 150 and 200°C for up to 0.5 years and then left to rest under confined conditions at room temperature for several weeks. Transmission electron microscopy with elemental micro-analysis was applied to study hydrothermally induced changes, which were found to have the form of particle reorganization and, at 200°C, release and precipitation of silica. The precipitations are suspected to be hydrated amorphous silica gels. The microstructural alteration, which was more obvious at 200°C than at 150°C, involved regrouping of previously dispersed and expanded stacks of montmorillonite flakes to yield dense branches of interwoven, contracted stacks separated by large voids.     

Molecular dynamics modeling of a partially saturated clay-water system at finite temperature

The mechanical and hydraulic properties of unsaturated clay under nonisothermal conditions have practical implications in geotechnical engineering applications such as geothermal energy harvest, landfill cover design, and nuclear waste disposal facilities. The water menisci among clay particles impact the mechanical and hydraulic properties of unsaturated clay. Molecular dynamics (MD) modeling has been proven to be an effective method in investigating clay structures and their hydromechanical behavior at the atomic scale. In this study, we examine the impact of temperature increase on the capillary force and capillary pressure of the partially saturated clay-water system through high-performance computing. The water meniscus formed between two parallel clay particles is studied via a full-scale MD modeling at different elevated temperatures. The numerical results have shown that the temperature increase impacts the capillary force, capillary pressure, and contact angle at the atomic scale. The capillary force on the clay particle obtained from MD simulations is also compared with the results from the macroscopic theory. The full-scale MD simulation of the partially saturated clay-water system can not only provide a fundamental understanding of the impact of temperature on the interface physics of such system at the atomic scale, but also has practical implication in formulating physics-based multiscale models for unsaturated soils by providing interface physical properties of such materials directly through high-performance computing.     

苏皖沉积型凹凸棒石粘土矿床沉积环境探讨

本文对苏皖沉积型凹凸棒石粘土矿床形成时的沉积环境特征、水介质的ｐＨ值、氧化还原条件、温度及盐度进行了讨论。研究表明凹凸棒石粘土矿床形成于碱性、还原、低盐度的浅水湖相环境。与火山作用有关的热水溶液参与了成矿作用。     

Dynamic compaction properties of bentonite-based materials

Dynamic compaction tests of bentonite-based materials (BBMs) with 100, 70 and 50% bentonite contents have been performed using five powdery bentonites with different physicochemical properties to establish the simplified evaluation method for dynamic compaction properties of BBMs. For a given bentonite content and a total compaction energy condition, the maximum dry density, ρ_dmax, and the optimum water content, w_opt, which are well-known indexes of compaction properties, for BBMs were determined according to the type of bentonite used for BBMs. For evaluation of those values of BBMs derived in this study, the plastic limit of BBM, w_pbbm, was defined as the plastic limit that was measured using the sample pulverized to a maximum grain size of less than 425 μm in the case of BBM with sand having a maximum grain size of more than 425 μm and was measured using the powdery bentonite itself in the case of BBM without sand. This study proposed equations for evaluating ρ_dmax and w_opt of BBMs with more than 50% bentonite content under the total compaction energy conditions of 551–2755 kN-m/m³ using w_pbbm. Finally, we related the equations derived in this study to the equation for evaluating hydraulic properties of compacted BBMs proposed in previous work and proposed the preparation method of BBMs with more than 50% bentonite content for constructing BBM buffer by in-situ compaction method.     

Transport phenomena in kaolinite clay: Molecular simulation,homogenization analysis and similitude law

Kaolinite is a common clay mineral. It is a nanomaterial with a platelet crystalline structure. In order to analyze the behavior of kaolinite, its microscopic structure and material properties must be specified correctly. A molecular dynamics (MD) simulation is used for determining the microscale properties of hydrated kaolinite, and these properties are introduced into a multiscale homogenization analysis (HA). We previously developed such an MD/HA technique to investigate seepage, diffusion, sorption and consolidation in bentonite clay (Proceedings of the Science Basis for Nuclear Waste Management, Davos, Switzerland, vol. XXI. Material Research Society: Warrendale, PA, 1997; 359–366; Eng. Geol. 1999; 54 :21–31; Eng. Geol. 2001; 60 :127–138; Coupled Thermo‐Hydro‐Mechanical‐Chemical Processes in Geo‐systems. Elsevier: Amsterdam, 2005; 457–464). We here apply the method to kaolinite clay to investigate the permeability, diffusion and related similitude law. The obtained results are supported by existing experimental data. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A coupled non-isothermal reactive transport model for long-term geochemical evolution of a HLW repository in clay

A numerical model of coupled saturated/unsaturated water flow, heat transfer and multi-component reactive solute transport is presented to evaluate the long-term geochemical evolution in bentonite, concrete and clay formation for a potential geological radioactive waste repository. Changes in formation porosity caused by mineral dissolution/precipitation reactions are taken into account. Simulations were carried out with a general-purpose multicomponent reactive transport code, CORE^2D V4. Numerical results show that pH in the bentonite porewater can vary from neutral to up to 13 over a time scale of 1 Ma although dissolution of silica minerals and precipitation of secondary calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) minerals in bentonite buffer the effect of the hyperalkaline plume. Mineral precipitation reduces the volume of pore space in bentonite close to the bentonite–concrete interface due to the precipitation of CSH minerals. Model results indicate that bentonite porosity decreases less than 25%. The hyperalkaline plume from the concrete only extends to a distance of 0.7 m in the clay formation over the time range of 1 Ma.     

极细颗粒黏土渗流的微电场效应分析

采用渗流固结法试验结合颗粒表面电位分析,研究极细颗粒黏土的渗流的微电场效应,在相同试验条件下完成了5种含不同百分比的人工高岭土与人工膨润土的试样的渗流特性测试。测试结果表明,微孔渗流的微电场效应对极细颗粒黏土的渗流特性有相当显著的影响,随着孔隙液离子浓度的升降或土颗粒表面电位的增减,试样的渗透系数会随之发生改变;在相同的孔隙液离子浓度下,随着膨润土相对含量的增加,试样的渗透系数随之降低。对科威特软土的渗流固结试验证实了人工土的微电场效应的产生机制与变化规律同样适用于天然软土。试验结果分析认为,在黏土-水-电解质系统的相互作用下,黏土矿物通过土颗粒表面的结合水影响试样的渗流特性,而土颗粒表面电荷的微电场作用是极细颗粒黏土渗流特性改变的内在原因之一。