于田县幅、伯力克幅地质调查新成果及主要进展

发现其曼于特早古生代蛇绿混杂岩带和二叠纪普鲁-阿羌裂谷型火山岩带.确定苏巴什蛇绿混杂岩带的形成时代为石炭纪-中二叠世.查明阿尔金断裂延入西昆仑表现为转换断层的性质.认为其曼于特蛇绿混杂岩与库地蛇绿岩相当,代表震旦纪-早古生代原特提斯多岛洋内亲塔里木板块的小洋盆;苏巴什蛇绿混杂岩带归属于晚古生代古特提斯沟-弧-盆体系,为弧后陆缘小洋盆消减的产物,该盆地于中二叠世末褶皱,代表晚古生代弧-陆碰撞后的大陆增生;晚二叠世-三叠纪沉积及巴颜喀拉山群奠基于特提斯洋盆之上,在接受大量陆缘碎屑沉积的同时向北侧的古生代增生造山带之下俯冲,形成了昆仑山最南侧、规模最大的晚三叠世-侏罗纪二长花岗岩带,并最终实现洋-陆转化.     

于田县幅、伯力克幅地质调查新成果及主要进展

发现其曼于特早古生代蛇绿混杂岩带和二叠纪普鲁-阿羌裂谷型火山岩带。确定苏巴什蛇绿混杂岩带的形成时代为石炭纪-中二叠世。查明阿尔金断裂延人西昆仑表现为转换断层的性质。认为其曼于特蛇绿混杂岩与库地蛇绿岩相当，代表震旦纪-早古生代原特提斯多岛洋内亲塔里木板块的小洋盆；苏巴什蛇绿混杂岩带归属于晚古生代古特提斯沟-弧-盆体系，为弧后陆缘小洋盆消减的产物，该盆地于中二叠世末褶皱，代表晚古生代弧-陆碰撞后的大陆增生；晚二叠世-三叠纪沉积及巴颜喀拉山群奠基于特提斯洋盆之上，在接受大量陆缘碎屑沉积的同时向北侧的古生代增生造山带之下俯冲，形成了昆仑山最南侧、规模最大的晚三叠世-侏罗纪二长花岗岩带，并最终实现洋-陆转化。     

德格—中甸微板块在三叠纪时期各沉积构造带的性质和沉积盆地演化

德格—中甸微板块是在晚二叠世初随甘孜—理塘洋的产生而从扬子板块西缘分离出来的。在三叠纪时期受金沙江缝合带与甘孜—理塘缝合带构造作用的相互影响,其沉积构造性质也由被动边缘盆地演化为活动边缘盆地,同时分裂为白玉—义敦前陆盆地,昌台—乡城岛弧带、玉隆—稻城弧前盆地。     

滇西北甘孜-理塘构造带放射虫地层、硅质岩地球化学及其构造古地理意义

滇西北香格里拉地区上三叠统哈工组由砂岩、粉砂岩和泥岩组成,并发育大量的沉积混杂岩块。硅质混杂岩块中含有大量的放射虫及竹节石生物化石。放射虫自中泥盆世到中三叠世均有分布,竹节石时代为中泥盆世。不同时代的硅质岩均为生物成因硅质岩,其Al2O3/(Al2O3+Fe2O3)比值介于0.58～0.96之间。北美页岩标准化的稀土模式比较平坦,具弱的Ce负异常或明显的正异常,Eu异常不明显,总体表现为大陆边缘型硅质岩的特征。生物组合和地球化学特征说明甘孜-理塘盆地自早泥盆世裂开。根据硅质岩和硅质泥岩的稀土元素特征,该盆地演化经历了中泥盆世至早石炭世早期缓慢扩张的构造活动期和早石炭世晚期至早三叠世的快速扩张期,以及中三叠世晚期的向西俯冲阶段。晚三叠世,甚至侏罗纪,该盆地仍然发育有深水沉积环境。     

内蒙古阿拉善地区恩格尔乌苏缝合带二叠纪放射虫及其地质意义

报道了采自恩格尔乌苏缝合带的蛇绿混杂岩硅质外来岩块中的二叠纪阿尔拜虫目放射虫化石,包括3属7种,可以划分为2个放射虫化石组合,能够与日本、美国的放射虫化石带进行对比,其地质时代分别为早二叠世和中二叠世晚期-晚二叠世早期。恩格尔乌苏缝合带位于华北板块和塔里木板块之间,这些放射虫化石的发现为研究恩格尔乌苏缝合带的构造演化提供了新的证据。鉴于其中最新的放射虫组合的地质时代为中二叠世晚期-晚二叠世早期,认为华北板块与塔里木板块之间自中二叠世晚期-晚二叠世早期曾经存在古海洋,即华北板块和塔里木板块的拼合时间是晚二叠世晚期。     

内蒙古阿拉善地区恩格尔乌苏缝合带二叠纪放射虫及其地质意义

报道了采自恩格尔乌苏缝合带的蛇绿混杂岩硅质外来岩块中的二叠纪阿尔拜虫目放射虫化石,包括3属7种,可以划分为2个放射虫化石组合,能够与日本、美国的放射虫化石带进行对比,其地质时代分别为早二叠世和中二叠世晚期—晚二叠世早期。恩格尔乌苏缝合带位于华北板块和塔里木板块之间,这些放射虫化石的发现为研究恩格尔乌苏缝合带的构造演化提供了新的证据。鉴于其中最新的放射虫组合的地质时代为中二叠世晚期—晚二叠世早期,认为华北板块与塔里木板块之间自中二叠世晚期—晚二叠世早期曾经存在古海洋,即华北板块和塔里木板块的拼合时间是晚二叠世晚期。     

西藏羌塘增生杂岩带内中—晚三叠世碳酸盐岩地层的发现及大地构造意义

羌塘中央增生(变质)杂岩带地层的解体有助于厘定龙木错—双湖缝合带和古特提斯洋俯冲-碰撞的时空演化过程。长期以来,该缝合带三叠纪地层研究薄弱,已有认识缺乏与洋陆俯冲古地理格局的联系。蓝岭高压变质带北侧3个露头中新发现一套中—晚三叠世台地相碳酸盐岩夹细碎屑岩、硅质岩沉积组合,它们以断块状叠置于中二叠世蛇绿混杂岩之上,内部层理近水平状,层序并未倒转,但顶底不全。依据岩性组合、相对层厚和化石分布,将层序较完整的西南侧岩块大致划分出三个沉积亚相:局限台地相、开阔台地相和台地边缘礁相。边缘礁相砾屑、生屑灰岩中含丰富的六射珊瑚化石,已鉴定出的珊瑚总计6属1种,分别为Conophyllia sp.,Omphalopylliasp.,Coryphylliasp.,Pamirastraeasp.,Margarophylliacf.capitata,和Craspedophylliasp.,指示地层时代为中三叠世拉丁期—晚三叠世诺利期。通过对羌塘盆地中—上三叠统的对比,发现北羌塘地体、中央增生杂岩带和南羌塘地体分别发育不同的沉积体系。构造接触关系及地层特征综合显示蓝岭北侧的中上三叠统代表北羌塘活动大陆边缘的弧前沉积,具体类型为增生楔上叠盆地。结合区域内中上三叠统的产出背景和生物化石时代,推测古特提斯洋闭合于晚三叠世诺利期中期。     

晚三叠世—中侏罗世羌塘盆地的形成与演化

晚三叠世-侏罗纪是羌塘盆地大型海相沉积盆地形成时期,是研究羌塘盆地形成过程、判别盆地性质的重要时期.本文通过区域构造、盆地充填建造和岩相古地理分析,提出了该时期的羌塘盆地并非晚三叠世前陆盆地(或弧后盆地)和侏罗纪弧后盆地(前陆盆地),而是晚三叠世早期(肖茶卡期)的陆表海盆地和晚三叠世诺利期-中侏罗世巴柔期(那底岗日期-雀莫错期)的坳陷-裂陷盆.肖茶卡期内陆盆地主要受可可西里-金沙江活动带的控制,沉积期后出现的海退事件可能与冈瓦纳大陆与欧亚大陆的碰撞作用有关;那底岗日期-索瓦期羌塘盆地的强烈拉张断陷可能反映冈瓦纳大陆边缘的总体构造背景.     

川西松潘-甘孜弧前盆地的形成及演化

地处柴南缘昆中蛇绿杂岩带与羌塘地块北缘可可西里—金沙江古缝合线之间的松潘—甘孜褶皱带(包括东昆仑构造带)，其主体应属古特提斯洋晚石炭世一晚三叠世时期向其北侧的柴达木古陆南缘俯冲过程中在活动陆缘弧—沟间隙之间增生形成的一个大型弧前构造带。具有由弧前盆地沉积楔和基底增生杂岩构成的双重结构特点，其形成与冈瓦纳大陆北缘若尔盖“三角”地块的楔入及俯冲带向南迁移有关。大致经历了晚石炭世一早三叠世狭窄弧前盆地和中晚三叠世宽阔弧前盆地两个主要演化阶段。     

滇西古特提斯多岛洋的结构及其南北延伸

在深化滇西古特提斯构造古地理格局研究基础上 ,提出了区分多岛洋与多岛海的时、空尺度标准。根据藏北羌塘、泰国北部与滇西古特提斯沉积地质学的比较研究 ,论证了滇西昌宁—孟连带北延连接冈玛错缝合带 ,南延与泰国北部隐蔽缝合带相接。泰国东北部著名的难河—程逸缝合带北延很可能潜伏于思茅盆地中新生代红层之下 ,因此古特提斯阶段并不存在稳定的“思茅地块”。泰国西北部湄萨良带存在洋盆硅质岩、海山碳酸盐岩和被动陆缘碎屑岩的构造混杂沉积组合 ,原属“泥盆系”的硅质岩中已发现早石炭世和晚三叠世卡尼期放射虫动物群 ,启示了古特提斯东段存在双子星座式主支洋盆的构造古地理格局。湄萨良带北延最可能与保山地块、腾冲地块之间的潞西三台山蛇绿混杂带相连。滇西北地区原属晚三叠世哈工组内侏罗纪放射虫化石的发现等 ,启示了青藏高原三江带在古、新特提斯转折期古地理演化的复杂性     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.