北天山中东段活动断层滑动与现代构造应力场

利用北天山中段地区主要活动断裂关键构造部位测得的断层滑动数据,采用断层滑动资料反演构造应力张量的方法,确定了该区现代(最新构造变动时期)构造应力场的基本特征,结果是:应力方向表现为近南北向的挤压;应力结构以逆冲型为主,兼有走滑型。该结果与前人利用震源机制解资料反演得到的区域构造应力场的基本特征一致。两类不同应力资料反演得到的构造应力场特征具有较好的一致性,表明在一个较长的地质时期内研究区的构造应力作用比较稳定。     

北京以西至晋冀蒙交界地区的应力场

本文根据北京以西至晋冀蒙交界地区的地震地质构造条件和地震活动资料,用有限单元法与位错理论分别研究了该地区的构造应力场与地震应力场,结合应力场的分布特征和近期小地震的活动特点,推断该地区存在两个应力相对集中区,即(1)黑山寺断裂以北、牛心川——四回庄断裂以东及梁家庄断裂以南所围成的地区;(2)天镇北断裂与韭菜沟——黄土堌堆断裂和张皋断裂汇交区所围成的长轴呈北西向的区域.其中,第一个应力相对集中区内怀来以西的下花园断裂、浑井东断裂和桑干河断裂的汇而不交处及其附近地区,未来发生强震的      

红河断裂带应力场的分析

本文根据断裂结构面的力学性质和小构造的应力解析,分析了红河断裂带挽近时期的应力活动特征,表明红河断裂大致以元江为界,挽近时期应力场存在着纵向上的差异。北段主压应力为北北西向,南段为北北东向,从而表现在断裂的活动上,北段以顺扭为主,南段以压扭为主。另外,根据弥渡地区部分三角测量资料及红河断裂外围部分震源机制资料,对红河断裂现今的应力场进行了初步探讨,认为红河断裂现今基本继承了挽近时期应力活动特征。最后对红河断裂应力活动与区域应力场的关系行进了讨论,认为红河断裂的活动方式是受区域应力场作用,特别是受“滇中地块”运动的制约。     

海原、六盘山断裂带至银川断陷第四纪构造应力场分析

利用断层滑动资料反演构造应力张量从而确定出海原、六盘山断裂带至银川断陷的第四纪两期构造应力场 :早更新世末期以前 ,为北东—南西挤压型构造应力场 ,由此造成该地区断裂活动主要以逆断为主 ;早更新世末期至中更新世以后 ,构造应力场发生了调整 ,主压应力方向由早期的北东—南西改变为北东东—南西西 ,应力结构由挤压型转变为走滑型 ,并导致断裂活动由早期的逆断为主变为走滑为主 ,这种应力场格局一直持续至今。研究区现代构造应力场可划分为 :海原断裂带走滑应力区、六盘山逆断 -走滑混合应力区和银川断陷拉张应力区     

利用小震和GPS资料分析冷龙岭地区现今变形过程与地震活动

利用小震资料对冷龙岭地区主要断裂的几何结构进行了研究,结合利用震源机制解反演的区域构造应力场和利用GPS资料计算的应变率场,分析探讨冷龙岭地区的地壳变形特征。结果表明：①冷龙岭地区的主压应力方向为NE向,与GPS主压应变率方向一致。应变率场峰值位于冷龙岭断裂以北的民乐一大马营断裂附近,然而该区域小震活动弱。②皇城一双塔...     

中国大陆及邻区现代构造应力场分区

以“中国大陆地壳应力环境基础数据库”资料为基础,总结了中国大陆及邻区现代构造应力场的基本特征,提出了划分构造应力分区的原则,将中国大陆及邻区现代构造应力场划为四级应力区. 指出一级构造应力区主要受板块边界的几何特征和作用在边界上的力所控制,应力作用在大范围和长时间内保持均匀和稳定;二级构造应力区受控于区域块体间的相互作用,在较大区域范围内应力作用具有较强的相关性;三级构造应力区受控于区域内部块体间的相互作用,在一定区域范围内应力结构具有相似性;四级构造应力区受控于块体和断裂相互作用的影响,其应力性状(方向、强度、结构等)一致性较好. 论文还初步分析了控制中国大陆及邻区现代构造应力场分布的动力学环境.     

滇西南地区现代构造应力场分析

利用断层滑动资料反演构造应力张量的方法，获得滇西南地区20个构造应力张量数据，并通过与由震源机制解资料求解该地区平均应力场结果的对比，获得了研究区现代构造应力场特征:镇源——营盘山断裂以西至龙陵断裂带以南地区，最大主压应力方向为北北东，应力结构以走滑型为主；龙陵断裂带及其以北的局部地区，最大主压应力方向为近南北或北北西，应力结构为走滑型．      

1990年共和7.0级地震孕震构造动力学模式探讨

在分析青海共和地区深浅部地质构造、区域应力场等资料的基础上 ,提出了 1 990年共和7.0级地震孕震的构造动力学模式 ,即 :NWW向至 NE向断裂组合孕震 ,NWW向哇玉香卡 -拉干隐伏断裂为发震断裂、NE向隐伏断裂为诱震断裂 ,NE向区域构造应力的增强为孕震和发震的主要力源。     

乌鲁木齐地区活动断层滑动与现代构造应力场

通过对乌鲁木齐地区大量活动断层擦痕的测量，利用由断层滑动资料反演构造应力张量的计算方法，获得研究区5个测点的构造应力张量数据，并通过与由震源机制解资料求得的该地区平均应力场结果的对比，获得了研究区现代构造应力场特征：区域现代构造应力场以水平挤压为主，最大主压应力方向（σ1）为近南北向，应力结构以逆断型为主。     

盈江地区构造应力场和断层识别的联合迭代式反演研究

搜集了盈江及其邻区5组地震序列震源机制解并反演得到该区域的构造应力场。研究结果显示:盈江地区整体主压应力以NNE向为主,主张应力以ESE向为主;但其局部应力场不完全一致,沿苏典断裂分布的主压应力轴走向随着断裂走向由北向南延伸角度逐渐向北偏移,而盈江地区的西南部,其主压应力走向更偏向于东,这可能与大盈江断裂的横向拉伸有关。此外,本研究通过应力场反演识别出了5组地震序列震源机制解的主发震断层节面的走向、倾角、滑动角及发震断层的摩擦系数,为今后该区域的地震研究及地壳动力学变迁提供了参考。      

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.