Fractal Character of China Bedrock Coastline

Fractal theory was applied to a preliminary discussion of the fractal character and formation mechanism of the coastline of the bedrock coast of China on the basis of GIS ( Geographical Information System). Some significant conclusions were drawn : ( 1 ) The fractal dimensions of the coastline and linear structures of Liaodong Peninsula are 1.0093 and 1.0246 respectively, those of Shandong Peninsula are 1.019 and 1.021 respectively, etc. (2) The fractal dimensions of coastlines of Liaodong Peninsula, Shandong Peninsula, Zhejiang and Fujian-Guangdong tend to increase with the spatial change from north to south. (3)The regional linear structures( including faults)control the basic trends and fractal dimensions of coastlines as a whole in the regions of the bedrock coast of China : the more the controlling effect of linear structures, the smaller the fractal dimensions of coastlines. (4)The substantial constituents of coast and biologic function both play an important role in affecting the fractal dimensions of coastlines of Liaodong Peninsula,Shandong Peninsula, Zhejiang, Fujian-Guangdong and Taiwan Island.     

INFLUENCE OF SERIES OF SQUARE GRIDS ON FRACTAL DIMENSIONS—A Case Study of Mountains of China＇s Mainland

MANDELBROT enunciated the uncertainty of the length of a coastline in his paper “How long is the coastline of Britain?” published in Science in 1967. The fractal concept was presented for the first time in that paper and has been applied to many fields ever since. Although fractal dimensions of lots of phenomena were calculated by the box-counting method, the quantitative influence of series of square grids on them is ignored. The issue is systematically discussed as a case study of the mountains of China‘s Mainland in this paper. And some significant conclusions are drawn as follows: 1) Although the fractal character objectively exists in the mountains of China‘s Mainland, and it does not vary with the changes of series of square grids, the fractal dimensions of the mountains of China‘s Mainland are different with these changes. 2) The fractal dimensions of the mountains of China‘s Mainlandvary with the average lengths of sides of series of square grids. The fractal dimension of the mountains of China‘s Mainland is the function of the average length of side of square grid. They conform to the formula D=f(r) (where D is the fractal dimension, and r is the average length of side of square grid). 3) Different dots of data collection can affect the fractal dimension of the mountains of China‘s Mainland. 4) The same range of length of side of square grid and dots of data collection can ensure the comparison of fractal dimensions of the mountains of China‘ s Mainland. The research is helpful to get the more understanding of fractal and fractal dimension, and ensure that the fractal studies would be scientific.     

FRACTAL ANALYSIS APPLIED TO SPATIAL STRUCTURE OF CHINA''''S VEGETATION

1INTRODUCTIONMandelbrot stated the uncertainty of the length of a coastline in his paper "How long is the coast of Britain? Statistical self-similarity and fractional dimension" pub- lished in Science in 1967 (MANDELBROT, 1967). The concepts of fractal and fractal dimension were presented for the first time in that paper and have been applied to quantitatively describing the difference of crooked coastlines of British and South Africa. Compared with the Euclidean geometry with more…     

Long-term Trend and Fractal of Annual Runoff Process in Mainstream of Tarim River

Based on the time series data from the Aral hydrological station for the period of 1958-2005, the paper reveals the long-term trend and fractal of the annual runoff process in the mainstream of the Tarim River by using the wavelet analysis method and the fractal theory. The main conclusions are as follows： 1） From a large time scale point of view, i.e. the time scale of 16 （24） years, the annual runoff basically shows a slightly decreasing trend as a whole from 1958 to 2005. If the time scale is reduced to 8 （23） or 4 （22） years, the annual runoff still displays the basic trend as the large time scale, but it has fluctuated more obviously during the period. 2） The correlation dimension for the annual runoff process is 3.4307, non-integral, which indicates that the process has both fractal and chaotic characteristics. The correlation dimension is above 3, which means that at least four independent variables are needed to describe the dynamics of the annual runoff process. 3） The Hurst exponent for the first period （1958-1973） is 0.5036, which equals 0.5 approximately and indicates that the annual runoff process is in chaos. The Hurst exponents for the second （1974-1989） and third （1990-2005） periods are both greater than 0.50, which indicate that the annual runoff process showed a long-enduring characteristic in the two periods. The Hurst exponent for the period from 1990 to 2005 indicates that the annual runoff will show a slightly increasing trend in the 16 years after 2005.     

Evaluation of Three-dimensional Urban Expansion: A Case Study of Yangzhou City,Jiangsu Province,China

With rapid urban development in China in the last two decades, the three-dimensional(3D) characteristic has been the main feature of urban morphology. However, the vast majority of researches of urban growth have focused on the planar area(two-dimensional(2D)) expansion. Few studies have been conducted from a 3D perspective. In this paper, the 3D urban expansion of the Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China from 2003 to 2012 was evaluated based on Geographical Information System(GIS) tools and high-resolution remote sensing images. Four indices, namely weighted average height of buildings, volume of buildings, 3D expansion intensity and 3D fractal dimension are used to quantify the 3D urban expansion. The weighted average height of buildings and the volume of buildings are used to illustrate the temporal change of the 3D urban morphology, while the other two indices are used to calculate the expansion intensity and the fractal dimension of the 3D urban morphology. The results show that the spatial distribution of the high-rise buildings in Yangzhou has significantly spread and the utilization of the 3D space of Yangzhou has become more efficient and intensive. The methods proposed in this paper laid a foundation for a wide range of study of 3D urban morphology changes.     

The Effects of Reclamation Activity and Yellow River Runoff on Coastline and Area of the Laizhou Bay,China

Study on morphological changes of a bay can help to identify the effects of anthropogenic activities on coastal environment and guide the exploration of marine resources. In this paper, morphological data including coastline and water areas in five discrete years between 1968 and 2015 were selected and extracted from the remote sensing images and historical marine charts to study the morphological changes in Laizhou Bay(LZB), one of the bays in the southwest of the Bohai Sea. A systematic analysis on spatial variations of the coastline and the surface areas of different types of waters in LZB was conducted. The results showed that the surface area of LZB was decreased by 1253.2 km~2 in the last half century, which is 17.4% of the total in the 1970 s. The areas of the natural wetland and the intertidal zone were decreased by 17.2% and 56.1%, respectively, and the average water depth varied from 9.05 m to 8.16 m at low tide level from 1968 to 2015. The coastline and shape variations of the bay turned to be complex after the 1980 s, and the shape index of LZB showed an increasing trend in more recent years. The centroid of the bay generally migrated to the northeast direction, i.e., the direction of the center of the Bohai Sea, and the shrinking direction of the bay was consistent with the migration direction of the coastline. The reclamation area during 1968–2015 in LZB was 1201.7 km2, and 94.1% was in the intertidal zone. The overall morphological change of the bay during the last half century was mainly controlled by the coastal reclamation activities, and the Yellow River runoff including the river course change and sediment load variation was also an important controlling factor.     

Characteristics and Driving Forces of Spatial Expansion of Oasis Cities and Towns in Hexi Corridor,Gansu Province,China

This paper presents an integrated study of urban spatial expansion in the Hexi Corridor, Gansu Province, China based on TM, ETM remote sensing data in 1987, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2006 and 2011. The study explores the characteristics of urban spatial expansion and dynamic mechanism by using expansion speed index, expansion intensity index, compact index, fractal dimension, and extended flexibility index. We built the index system of influencing factors of urban spatial expansion by using the grey incidence model. The results showed that urban spatial expansion rate in the Hexi Corridor has been on the upward trend since 1987. Expansion intensity showed an obvious upward trend, however, the upward trend varied in different urban areas. In addition, the urban structure was loose relatively, but the urban compactness was more obvious. The urban spatial form tended to be simple, and the urban land use tended to become more intensive. Urban spatial expansion experienced several stages: padding internally, external expansion and padding internally. The main driving factors of urban spatial expansion are not the urban water resources and the oasis scale, but one or several factors such as economy, traffic, population, resource and national policy.     

Relationship between changes of river-lake networks and water levels in typical regions of Taihu Lake Basin, China

The typical regions of the Taihu Lake Basin,China,were selected to analyze the variation characteristics of river-lake networks under intensive human activities.The characteristics of the fractal dimension of river networks and lakes for different periods were investigated and the influences of river system evolution on water level changes were further explored through the comparison of their fractal characters.The results are as follows:1) River network development of the study area is becoming more monotonous and more simple;the number of lakes is reducing significantly,and the water surface ratio has dropped significantly since the 1980s.2) The box dimension of the river networks in all the cities of the study area decreased slowly from the 1960s to the 1980s,while the decrease was significant from the 1980s to the 2000s.The variations of lake correlation dimension are similar to those of the river network box dimensions.This is unfavorable for the storage capacity of the river networks and lakes.3) The Hurst exponents of water levels were all between 0.5 and 1.0 from the 1960s to the 1980s,while decreased in the 2000s,indicating the decline in persistence and increase in the complexity of water level series.The paper draws a conclusion that the relationship between the fractal dimension of river-lake networks and the Hurst exponents of the water level series can reveal the impacts of river system changes on flood disasters to some extent:the disappearance of river networks and lakes will increase the possibility of flood occurrence.     

Research on three-dimension ocean observation data integration and service technology

Currently,ocean data portals are being developed around the world based on Geographic Information Systems(GIS) as a source of ocean data and information.However,given the relatively high temporal frequency and the intrinsic spatial nature of ocean data and information,no current GIS software is adequate to deal effectively and efficiently with spatiotemporal data.Furthermore,while existing ocean data portals are generally designed to meet the basic needs of a broad range of users,they are sometimes very complicated for general audiences,especially for those without training in GIS.In this paper,a new technical architecture for an ocean data integration and service system is put forward that consists of four layers:the operation layer,the extract,transform,and load(ETL) layer,the data warehouse layer,and the presentation layer.The integration technology based on the XML,ontology,and spatiotemporal data organization scheme for the data warehouse layer is then discussed.In addition,the ocean observing data service technology realized in the presentation layer is also discussed in detail,including the development of the web portal and ocean data sharing platform.The application on the Taiwan Strait shows that the technology studied in this paper can facilitate sharing,access,and use of ocean observation data.The paper is based on an ongoing research project for the development of an ocean observing information system for the Taiwan Strait that will facilitate the prevention of ocean disasters.     

Nonlinear Coupled Analysis of a Single Point Mooring System

Coupled effects on a single point mooring(SPM) system subjected to the combined action of wind,waves and current are studied in this paper. Due to the complicatedness of the sea state and the huge size of the vessel,physical experimental study is both time consuming and uneconomical,whereas the numerical study is cost-effective and DNV software provides powerful SESAM software in solving the issues. This paper focuses on the modeling process of the SPM system,catenary equilibrium calculation,static analysis of the vessel in three different scenarios,and dynamic response simulation of the SPM system under environmental excitations. The three scenarios in study are as follows:the SPM is under the combined function of(a) wind,waves and current,(b) wind and waves,(c) current and waves. They are so set that one can compare the contributions of different types of loads in both static and dynamic studies. Numerical study shows that wind and current are the two major factors contributing to the mooring line tension,and surge and sway are the two dominant motions of the moored vessel subjected to environmental excitations.     

闽台建设用地图像数据空间特征分形对比研究

利用2002年闽、台ASTER影像数据,运用分形几何学理论、数理统计方法,对闽台建设用地分布的空间特征进行分析。研究结果表明,分维值是定量刻画土地利用类型空间格局的重要参数,对遥感影像中直接提取土地利用类型的图形因子进行不同区域土地利用分形结构的差异研究,具有快速、方便、准确的性质。闽、台建设用地斑块的空间分布具有分形特征,其空间形态受自然和人文两方面因素,特别是地形地貌和交通的影响十分明显。同时台湾建设用地的平均斑块面积、分维值和规模大的斑块比重均高于福建,反映了闽、台建设用地空间特征的区域差异,这对闽、台两地,特别是福建省加强建设用地规划,合理配置空间资源,及福建省加强中心城市建设和交通规划等方面具有重要的指导意义。     

遥感与GIS的青海湖岸线分维研究

讨论了TM图像以及分形几何学对青海湖岸线问题的求解算法,同时估算了不同像元尺度下,青海湖的岸线长度得出青海湖岸线的分形维数为1.0237,并探讨了其地学意义,研究表明,分形维数不仅是一种可行的表达岸线特征的方法,而且岸线分维数的计算可大大减少工作量和提高工作效率,可见遥感与GIS技术在岸线分维数的计算中,具有十分良好的应用前景。     

地理空间信息的M-R曲线扩展分析

分形理论在地理空间信息的复杂性分析中具有广泛的应用前景,但是强调完全自相似为基础的单一分形维数,难以描述复杂变化的地理目标特征。本文研究表明,与分形维数相比,M-R曲线所包含的更丰富的地理空间特征信息使之成为更值得关注的分形分析对象。在此基础上,本文初步阐述了M-R曲线的性质与地理空间意义,并进一步探讨了M-R曲线的扩展分析方法,包括M-R曲线的函数拟合与分维谱分析。最后以小比例尺地图中河流数据为例,分析了我国长江、黄河两大河流的空间形态特征及其规律。实验表明,在小尺度范围内长江具有更丰富的细节变化,黄河则在更大的尺度上表现出复杂性。     

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Analysis on structure of igneous formation with fractal dimension of logs

Reflecting the structure of igneous formation by calculating fractal dimension of logs, the fractal di- mension of pyroclastic is larger than lava. Structure of pyroclastic is more complicated than that of lava, so reflecting the structure of igneous formation＇s complexity with fractal dimension is feasible. It is feasible to reflect the structure of igneous formation＇s complexity with fractal dimension.     

乌鲁木齐都市圈城镇体系发展的分形特征研究

本文首先用分形理论的集聚维数和关联维数探析了乌鲁木齐都市圈城镇体系发展的空间分形特征;然后,运用2007年和2011年的社会经济统计数据,结合分形理论的齐夫模型,运用等级规模维数并通过与中国其他都市圈的比较,研究了乌鲁木齐都市圈城镇体系发展的等级规模变化分形特征。结果表明,乌鲁木齐都市圈城镇体系集聚维数和关联维数分别为1.060和0.882,说明乌鲁木齐都市圈已经形成了以乌鲁木齐为中心呈凝聚状态分布的空间自组织体系,各城市之间相互联系比较紧密,相互作用较强。2007-2011年间,社会消费品零售总额等级规模维数变小,说明差异呈现扩大趋势,而非农业人口、GDP、一般预算财政收入等级规模维数变大,说明差异呈现缩小趋势。与其他都市圈相比,乌鲁木齐都市圈空间和规模结构还不成熟,中心城市首位性强,对周边城市带动能力弱,等级规模差异大,有待进一步优化。     

Analysis on structure of igneous formation with fractal dimension of logs

Reflecting the structure of igneous formation by calculating fractal dimension of logs, the fractal dimension of pyroclastic is larger than lava. Structure of pyroclastic is more complicated than that of lava, so reflecting the structure of igneous formation's complexity with fractal dimension is feasible. It is feasible to refleet the structure of igneous formation's complexity with fractal dimension.     

地学现象的分维与标度关系——以中国大陆山系为例

分形理论产生以后,已经在许多领域里取得了较为广泛的应用,但是在分形维数的计算方面仍存在一定的问题,最根本的问题之一是大量相关研究往往忽略了标度问题的影响,而将计算出的分维结果随意比较。本文则是以中国大陆山系为例,对地学现象的分维与标度的关系进行了研究,得出:(1)中国大陆山系的分形性质是客观存在的,其分形性质是不以测算标度而出现变化的,是始终存在的;(2)虽然在不同的测算标度下,中国大陆山系的分形性质始终是客观存在的,但是随着测算标度范围的变化,中国大陆山系的分维也会相应地出现一定的变化,即中国大陆山系客观存在的分形性质是绝对的,而分维则是一个相对的值,是随着测算标度而出现变化的;(3)分维不仅随着测算标度的变化而出现一定的变化,而且,分维是测算平均标度的函数,即D=f(r)(式中:r为测算平均标度,D为分维)关系成立;(4)因为分维值会随着不同标度范围的变化而出现相应的变化,所以,如果要进行分维之间的比较,则应选择相同的标度范围和标度值点。