南海夏季风爆发前后华南地区大气结构和能量收支的变化

本文计算、分析了1981年南海夏季风爆发前后华南地区平均的大气动力学和热力学结构,水汽和能量收支情况。分析表明,在季风爆发前后这些物理量场,特别是垂直运动场,都经历了一次明显的变化。南海夏季风的建立,是以副热带高压从南海东撒,越赤道气流北进为特征。它与以"爆发性涡旋"为开始,降水与西南气流同时开始的印度夏季风有所不同。另外,南海夏季风建立过程,主要变化发生在中、上层大气之中。这说明夏季风的建立,主要是大气环流季节性调整的结果,海陆差异需要有合适的大气环流配合才能产生明显的季风。对大气能量收支的分析表明,夏季风爆发前,华南地区主要是动能向总位能转换。所产生的总位能部分辐散到边界之外,部分消耗在对流层上层非绝热冷却过程之中,因而在对流层下部总位能才有稍明显的增长。夏季风爆发后,整个能量循环几乎相反。总位能大量转换为动能,以维持南海夏季风的增长。而整层大气中的非绝热加热以及总位能的辐合又补充了大气中总位能的损耗。潜热释放是夏季风爆发后大气的主要非绝热加热过程,它是南海夏季风维持,发展的主要能源。      

On the change of the tropical cyclone structure during its passage over islands

The impact is studied of small land areas on the configuration and structure of the tropical cyclone as well as on the variations of different characteristics of hurricanes (wind field, kinetic energy, and vorticity) during their passage over islands. The results of computations based on the regional numerical atmospheric ETA model for the hurricanes of the Caribbean Sea and typhoons of the Northwestern Pacific revealed that the disturbance of the symmetric circulation in the vortex accompanied by significant kinetic energy losses takes place when crossing the archipelagos or separate islands. It is demonstrated that the vortex intensity depends not on the energy loss due to the underlying surface roughness only but on the heat flux from it as well. The kinetic energy generation in the hurricane sharply decreases as a result of the decrease in the pressure gradient over the land that is caused, in turn, by the tropical cyclone moving away from the oceanic heat source. At the recurring appearance of the cyclone over the warm ocean waters, its deepening and intensification recommence.     

东海台风对四川东部暴雨的影响研究

利用NCEP逐6 h的FNL再分析资料、地面气象站逐小时降水资料以及中尺度数值模式WRF对2010年9月5日14时—6日20时发生在四川东部的一次西南涡暴雨天气过程进行诊断分析和数值研究。重点探讨了东海远距离台风对西南涡的移动和维持、水汽输送作用。结果表明:(1)这次川东暴雨是在中纬度30~50 °N的两槽一脊的环流背景下,川西高原的东移低值系统(西南涡)受位于东海的北上台风间接阻挡,及源于南海和孟加拉湾的水汽不断输送等有利条件下形成的;(2)台风“玛瑙”并未向西南涡降雨区直接输送水汽;(3)东海台风“玛瑙”对上游东移的西南涡具有阻挡作用:台风的出现,使西风带上游东移的系统(含西南涡)东移的速度减慢,西南涡因此在四川东部地区滞留时间延长,是造成该地区暴雨天气发生的重要原因。      

季风汇合带与淮河流域的大暴雨

1980年8月23—24日,淮河流域连续两天出现大范围大暴雨。本文指出,由于从孟加拉湾—南海—西太平洋出现大尺度热带季风西南—南—东南气流汇合带,在交汇点下游的北方有西南涡生成,并强烈发展,具有7—8条螺旋状云带。低空西南急流的加强和推进,一方面在江淮之间形成能量锋区,一方面引导西南涡东移。在低涡中心南侧的淮河流域产生了暖区大暴雨。     

INFLUENCE OF THE VERTICAL SHEAR OF ENVIRONMENTAL FLOWS ON TYPHOON MOTION

Typhoon is regarded as a convergent,modified Rankine vortex.Based on the vorticity equations written attwo levels,higher and lower in the troposphere,typhoon motions are discussed in this study.The analyticalexpressions of vortex motion direction and speed have been derived for simple homogeneous basic flows at twolevels.The expressions indicate that in the easterties,vertical wind shear enhances the steering of east flow,causing the vortex moving westward faster,otherwise,in the westerlies,it reduces the steering of the west flow,causing the vortex moving eastward slower.These results explain theoretically that“cyclones in the easterliesmove to the right of,and faster than the basic flow;conversely,cyclones in the westerlies move to the left of,andslower than the basic flow.”     

Air–sea interaction and formation of the Asian summer monsoon onset vortex over the Bay of Bengal

In spring over the southern Bay of Bengal (BOB), a vortex commonly develops, followed by the Asian summer monsoon onset. An analysis of relevant data and a case study reveals that the BOB monsoon onset vortex is formed as a consequence of air–sea interaction over BOB, which is modulated by Tibetan Plateau forcing and the land–sea thermal contrast over the South Asian area during the spring season. Tibetan Plateau forcing in spring generates a prevailing cold northwesterly over India in the lower troposphere. Strong surface sensible heating is then released, forming a prominent surface cyclone with a strong southwesterly along the coastal ocean in northwestern BOB. This southwesterly induces a local offshore current and upwelling, resulting in cold sea surface temperatures (SSTs). The southwesterly, together with the near-equatorial westerly, also results in a surface anticyclone with descending air over most of BOB and a cyclone with ascending air over the southern part of BOB. In the eastern part of central BOB, where sky is clear, surface wind is weak, and ocean mixed layer is shallow, intense solar radiation and low energy loss due to weak surface latent and sensible heat fluxes act onto a thin ocean layer, resulting in the development of a unique BOB warm pool in spring. Near the surface, water vapor is transferred from northern BOB and other regions to southeastern BOB, where surface sensible heating is relatively high. The atmospheric available potential energy is generated and converted to kinetic energy, thereby resulting in vortex formation. The vortex then intensifies and moves northward, where SST is higher and surface sensible heating is stronger. Meanwhile, the zonal-mean kinetic energy is converted to eddy kinetic energy in the area east of the vortex, and the vortex turns eastward. Eventually, southwesterly sweeps over eastern BOB and merges with the subtropical westerly, leading to the onset of the Asian summer monsoon.     

夏季西太平洋副高海上主体与大陆脊内动能收支的对比分析

本文计算了一次西太副高进退过程中海上副高主体和大陆副高脊内涡旋动能的收支,并进行了对比分析得到,海上副高主体内的涡旋动能主要来自外部区域的辐合,动力性质明显;陆上副高脊在开始发展时,其涡动能源大部分来自涡能转换项,而在西伸北抬后,与南亚高压上下重迭,逐渐演变为热力性质,转换的涡旋能量不足以弥补辐散损失,最终导致西太副高的撤退。      

The Energy Budget of a Southwest Vortex With Heavy Rainfall over South China

Energy budgets were analyzed to study the development of an eastward propagating southwest vortex (SWV) associated with heavy rainfall over southern China(11-13 June 2008).The results show that kinetic energy(KE) generation and advection were the most important KE sources,while friction and sub-grid processes were the main KE sinks.There was downward conversion from divergent to rotational wind KE consistent with the downward stretching of SWVs.The Coriolis force was important for the formation and maintenance of the SWV.Convergence was also an important factor for maintenance,as was vertical motion during the mature stage of the SWV and the formation stage of a newly formed vortex(vortex B).The conversion from available potential energy(APE) to KE of divergent wind can lead to strong convection.Vertical motion influenced APE by dynamical and thermal processes which had opposite effects. The variation of APE was related to the heavy rainfall and convection;in this case,vertical motion with direct thermal circulation was the most important way in which APE was released,while latent heat release and vertical temperature advection were important for APE generation.     

影响华南地区西南低涡的频数及移动特征分析

利用中国气象局提供的MICAPS观测资料以及空间分辨率为1 °×1 °的ERA-Interim再分析资料,对1991—2010年3—8月影响华南地区的西南低涡的生成和移动进行统计分析。结果表明,影响华南地区的西南低涡在6、7月出现频率较高;随着月份推移其维持时间逐渐增加,3月的维持时间最短（48小时）,8月最长（105小时）;将影响华南地区的西南低涡按不同移动路径分为四类:东移型、东南移型、南移型和停滞型。在频数方面,东移型西南低涡出现次数最多（33个）,东南移型次数最少（12个）;在维持时间方面,停滞型西南低涡的维持时间最短（54小时）,南移型维持时间最长（86小时）。四类移动路径西南低涡所对应的大尺度环流场表明,停滞型西南低涡其对流层中高层槽脊不明显且辐散运动较弱,下游地区对流层低层有冷平流及辐散运动,不利于西南低涡的发展和移出,而其他三类移出型的西南低涡在对流层中高层有明显的槽脊系统及较强的辐散运动,同时在对流层低层,不同移动路径的西南低涡在各自移动方向上均有风场辐合带和暖平流区与之对应,有利于西南低涡的移动和发展。