裂谷地层的气候和构造控制:Zscape模型分析与在松辽盆地北安断陷的应用

气候和构造是裂谷盆地地层形成的两个重要控制因素。Zscape数字陆地景观演化模型通过对裂谷盆地汇水扇体系的模拟揭示出一些与裂谷盆地地层形成相关的气候及构造过程。Zscape模型的相关实验结果与层序地层结构的分析认为:(1)扇面积与断层滑动速率成反比;(2)高水位期大量沉积物进积是断层滑动速率减小所引发的;(3)层序界面的形成与低水位和水进沉积是降水速率变化所致。这些认识用于分析北安断陷沙河子期大量扇体沉积的发育和层序结构的形成。沙河子组下部层序发育时期构造活动剧烈,上部层序发育时期构造活动相对趋于稳定,断裂活动和降水速率的变化控制了层序发育。Zscape模型及其实验结果的地质分析,以及在北安断陷的应用显示,构造和气候的单因素分析对一些地质认识,特别是沉积作用对于断裂活动的滞后性的理论解释起到了推动作用。     

Sequence stratigraphy of the Upper Oligocene–Lower Miocene of eastern Jylland, Denmark: role of structural relief and variable sediment supply in controlling sequence development

The Upper Oligocene–Lower Miocene succession in eastern Jylland can be subdivided into three sequences (A–C from older to younger) deposited on and around the Ringkøbing-Fyn High. The development of the sequences reflects a complex interaction between eustatic sea-level changes, physiography and variable sediment supply. Superimposed on this, frequent storms promoted longshore sediment transport and the development of spit systems adjacent to structural highs. As a consequence, sequence boundaries and flooding surfaces are not always expressed as portrayed in conventional sequence models; sequence boundaries or flooding surfaces may only be marked by subtle changes in depositional environment that can only be revealed by careful integration of sedimentological observations with palynological data. The influence of the topography resulted in the development of brackish water basins that were sufficiently large to permit the deposition of hummocky cross-stratified sands with muds. These deposits are overlain by clean hummocky and swaley cross-stratified sands that were deposited in a fully marine, high-energy environment. This evolution from mud-rich, storm-influenced sediments to sand-dominated shoreface sediments resulted from a rise in sea level and was not the result of shoreface progradation and downstepping during a sea level fall. In addition to the topographic control on sequence development, sediment supply to the study area changed significantly during the deposition of the three sequences. Initially the basin was sediment-starved, favouring the formation of glaucony-rich sediments. The sediment input gradually increased and the influence of structural highs and lows became less significant with time. Consequently, both sequence boundaries and flooding surfaces are characterized by more conventional features in the younger part of the succession, where a basinward displacement of the shoreline resulted in thick lowstand delta deposits.     

箕状断陷盆地缓坡带层序格架特征与演化--以济阳坳陷为例

依据缓坡带对层序类型、地层结构特征的控制及地貌特征、成因将济阳坳陷缓坡带分为单断-沉积坡折型、单断-斜坡型和双断-构造坡折型三种类型.三种缓坡类型构造-沉积演化背景不同,形成了不同的层序格架特征.济阳断陷盆地的构造演化史决定了较完整的缓坡带层序演化由双断-构造坡折型向单断-沉积坡折型再向单断-斜坡型演化.     

车镇凹陷古近系层序地层格架及发育模式

本文将车镇凹陷古近系划分为1个一级层序（构造层序组）,3个二级层序（构造层序）和9个三级层序,从而建立起该区层序地层格架。整个古近系跨时约40Ma,构成1个一级层序,可分为4个二级层序,孔店组不发育而只剩下3个,对应时间跨度度分别约7.5Ma,4Ma和13.4Ma,进一步可识别出9个三级层序,时间跨度差别较大,以层序3~5最小,约1.0~1.5Ma,层序6最大,约5.2Ma。从构造演化上,在车镇凹陷可划分为孔店一沙四期伸展半地堑充填的初期断陷阶段、沙三一沙二下期断块强烈活动的强烈断陷阶段和沙二上—东营期断块活动复杂化的断陷萎缩阶段。根据构造演化及沉积充填特征,可将古近系层序划分出初陷期干旱蒸发构造坡折型、深陷期深水沉积坡折型和萎缩期浅水斜坡型3种模式,各种层序模式中体系域构成、沉积充填和砂体发育存在较大差异,这对油气勘探目标的选择具有重要指导意义。     

苏丹Muglad盆地中南部西斜坡沉积层序及有利地层圈闭预测

苏丹Muglad盆地油气资源丰富,是重要的油气探区.盆地中南部西斜坡位于Kaikang坳陷西部斜坡带,是Muglad盆地重要的勘探区之一.研究区在构造转型时期遭受严重剥蚀,目前残余地层厚度约为5 000 m.受区域构造活动的影响,研究区的沉积储层发育演化与构造演化密切相关.随着构造圈闭勘探进入中后期,寻找新的勘探领域和...     

淮北刘店煤矿构造特征及其形成机制分析

刘店煤矿地质构造复杂,严重影响了采区布置和综采块段的选择,制约了煤矿效益的发挥。依据矿井勘查及生产揭露资料系统地分析了矿井构造发育特征,并从矿区所处聚煤盆地构造演化人手,探讨了不同期次构造应力场特征及对研究区的影响,揭示了矿井构造的形成机制。研究结果显示：区内总体构造形态为一倾向北北西的单斜,次级褶皱、断层发育;矿区东部构造简单,西部构造复杂,次级褶皱被一系列断层所切割,早期的东西向褶皱被后期北东向褶皱叠加改造;矿区构造是经历了五期构造变动的结果,矿区西部的构造是影响煤矿生产的主要地质因素。     

大型内陆拗陷湖盆层序结构充填特征及其分布规律——以鄂尔多斯盆地延长组为例

近年来层序地层学的发展为我们进行盆地分析提供了新思路,应用沉积学和高分辨率层序地层研究方法,将盆地晚三叠世延长组划分出4个长期、22个中期基准面旋回。整个盆地在延长期的"沉积-层序-构造"演化史表现为:LSC1构造初始沉降、湖泊形成:LSC2湖盆快速坳陷,晚期湖泊进入鼎盛期;进入LSC3,盆地周缘构造趋于稳定、盆地开始填平补齐期,湖泊开始充填淤浅; LSC4期河流沉积作用增强,盆地进入超补偿沉积阶段,湖泊被淤塞并进入残余湖泊沉积期。提出并定义了层序结构动力学概念,认为层序结构动力学是在研究层序充填过程中由于构造运动、海平面变化、物源供给、气候、沉积作用等因素控制影响层序结构发育特征及其分布规律的一门学科。在对鄂尔多斯盆地延长组层序地层综合划分基础上,根据一个基准面变化周期中所形成的层序结构变化特征,将层序结构划分出5种基本层序结构单元类型,即A型、B1型、B2型、B3型和C型等5种。针对对鄂尔多斯盆地延长组不同地理位置、不同沉积体系单元具体分析了层序充填结构特征、结构类型、层序充填动力学过程,层序结构发育类型及充填过程,探讨了大型内陆拗陷盆地层序结构动力学特征。首次提出了"层序结构分布律",建立了鄂尔多斯盆地延长组大型内陆拗陷湖盆层序结构分布模式,认为在没有重大构造事件、突发沉积事件发生的情况下,只有那些相邻的层序结构类型才能相互重叠地分布。     

山旺盆地山旺组层序地层格架

山旺盆地山旺组沉积发育持续时间大致相当于一个经典三级层序的持续时间。山旺组地层可以划分为一个三级层序 ,这个层序内部又可以划分出低位体系域、湖侵体系域和高位体系域等三个体系域。山旺组层序中不同体系域的发育特征可能受火山活动控制 ,与郯庐断裂活动有关的火山活动决定了层序发育的各个阶段。在相同构造背景下 ,山旺盆地、包家河盆地和青山盆地的中新世对应层位的层序发育特征具有可比性。     

江西省新余太平山铁矿区叠加褶皱构造解析并论恢复复杂褶皱系的包络面的意义

一、概述太平山铁矿区是江西新余铁矿田之一段,整个矿田呈近东西走向展布,东起芳洲,西至枫树下,长约60公里.矿田总体构造为一褶轴向西倾伏,轴面向北倾斜的倒转背斜(神山背斜).该背斜南翼保存完整,而北翼仅在倾伏端处残存.矿田内出露地层主要为震旦系的一套绿片岩相的浅变质岩,铁矿赋存于震旦系上部杨家桥组中.矿石有两种类型,按正常层序上为绿泥磁铁石英岩,下为镜铁磁铁石英岩,顶板为绿泥千枚岩,底板为含磁铁绿泥千枚岩,矿床成因为含铁硅质建造经变质作用而成.矿田以井头东侧断裂为界,分为东西两段,东段地层为倒转层序,西段为正常层序;东段矿层褶皱包络面总体产状倾向北西,而西段则倾向南东.矿田内的岩浆岩,主要有东南侧的城上花岗岩和西南僦的山庄花岗岩,它们同属加里.     

Structure and formation mechanism of the Nizhny Tagil dunite-clinopyroxenite massif,Central Urals

The results of the structural study of the Nizhny Tagil platiniferous massif in the Central Urals are presented. This is a classic massif of the Ural-Alaskan-type zonal dunite-clinopyroxenite complexes. The massif is characterized by a nearly concentric vertical planar internal structure conformable to petrographic zoning (layering). The primary ultramafic rocks are distinguished by adcumulative protogranular structure with relict euhedral olivine protocrysts and distinct linear orientation of minerals, which was formed as a result of magmatic flow. The deformational linear and planar structures conformable to the early structural elements were formed in the process of subsequent coaxal high-temperature ductile flow. At this stage, dynamometamorphic zoning is formed, expressed in the change of the protogranular microstructure typical of the inner portion of the massif by porphyroclastic and mosaic microstructures in its marginal part. The country rocks underwent conjugate high-temperature metamorphism with the formation of hornfels and kytlymite. The structure of the massif is considered to be a result of dynamic differentiation in the course of magmatic flow followed by high-temperature coaxal flow during intrusive and diapiric ascent of rocks to the crustal level.     

松辽盆地南部西部斜坡区晚白垩世坳陷盆地坡折带研究

通过对晚白垩世松辽盆地南部西部斜坡区的综合研究,从基底构造、古地理位置、地层产状和厚度、钻井和地震资料特征及构造发育情况等方面表明,该区在青山口组-嫩江组坳陷期发育侵蚀坡折带、沉积坡折带和构造坡折带.由于多种类型坡折带的存在,制约着盆地充填可容空间的变化,控制了区内的层序发育、沉积体系展布和非构造圈闭类型.松辽盆地南部西部斜坡区湖盆坡折带附近是非构造油气藏发育的有利部位,可以应用坡折带理论指导本区的隐蔽油气藏勘探.     

新疆克孜勒陶地区构造演化及控煤作用分析

利用遥感卫星图像解译,结合区域地质资料及野外实际调查资料,从构造演化的角度,对新疆克孜勒陶调查区地质构造形态和主要控煤构造的分布及性质进行了综合分析。结果显示:调查区含煤盆地类型为一断陷型内陆盆地,其煤层聚集和赋存与盆地基底构造、区域构造及后期构造活动等综合作用密切相关;控煤构造以褶皱断裂组合为主要特征,喜马拉雅期的构造变形对煤系改造最为剧烈;并圈定了同由路克、昔里必里、阿帕里克及库斯拉普含煤远景区。     

试论构造因素对泌阳断陷陆相层序形成的影响机制

构造作用是控制泌阳断陷湖盆陆相层序发育的关键性因素，它制约着低频层序（盆地充填序列、构造层序、层序组及层序）的发生、发展与形成。区域性构造运动控制着盆地充填序列及构造层序；盆地边界断裂的脉动性控制着层序组及层序。在陆相断陷湖盆中，盆地基底构造沉降是非线性或间断函数；由盆缘控盆边界断裂向盆地中心，沉降速率逐渐减小，呈“反铰链式”沉降。在从假定湖平面变化呈一正弦函数曲线、物源供给速率中等且匀速的条件下，采用计算机分别模拟了加速沉降和减速沉降两种过程的陆相层序响应特征。研究结果表明，一个构造沉降旋回过程控制着一个陆相层序及其体系域的发育和形成。     

准噶尔盆地西北缘三叠系层序地层与隐蔽油气藏勘探

层序地层学及层序地层原理指导下的地震资料解释为地层、岩性油气藏勘探提供了理论和技术支持。为配合准噶尔盆地西北缘油气勘探从克乌断裂带上盘向下盘、从构造油气藏向地层、岩性等隐蔽油气藏的转变,利用陆相层序地层学理论和地球物理资料,将三叠系划分为1个二级层序、5个三级层序和8个体系域,进而总结出拗陷完整型和拗陷残缺型两种层序类型。结合测井约束地震反演和井间沉积对比,探讨了三叠系砂体结构和湖侵体系域地层超覆、湖退体系域及最大湖泛面附近小规模滑塌浊积体岩性透镜体等5种圈闭发育模式。油气成藏综合条件分析指出有效圈闭和油源断层的识别是制约斜坡带岩性油气藏勘探的关键。     

泌阳凹陷新生代构造特征与形成机制及其与油气成藏的关系

根据地层层序特征 ,叠加在东秦岭造山带之上的泌阳凹陷伸展作用可以划分出 6个伸展作用幕。核二段沉积前泌阳凹陷以北东—南西向的伸展作用为主 ,构造变形受以正断层为主兼具左旋走滑分量的唐河—栗园断裂控制。核二段沉积期——廖庄组沉积末期构造应力场发生转变 ,以北西—南东向伸展作用为主 ,构造变形主要受以正断层为主兼具右旋走滑分量的泌阳—栗园断裂控制。断裂活动引起上盘构造变形 ,对先成构造进行改造。廖庄组沉积末期发生区域性的隆升作用 ,北西—南东向的伸展作用导致边界断裂上盘发生断块掀斜 ,地层遭受强烈剥蚀。核二段沉积以来尤其是廖庄组沉积末期 ,受北西—南东向不均匀伸展作用的影响 ,北西向走滑断层活动并影响盖层构造样式     

塔里木盆地塔中低凸起古构造演化与变形特征

通过区域地质和构造地震精细研究,提出了塔里木南缘早古生代板块构造控制塔南—塔中从伸展到挤压盆地演化：寒武纪—早奥陶世板缘拉张控制了塔中北斜坡断陷构造;中奥陶世北昆仑洋盆关闭后塔中前缘隆起;晚奥陶世—晚泥盆世塔中前陆冲断与走滑构造变形。晚奥陶世塔南前陆冲断构造由东南向西北方向传播,形成塘北—塔中南—塔中5号断裂带等弧形断裂体系和塔中低凸起中西段与Ⅰ号断裂带小角度斜交的走滑断裂体系。冲断构造位移的传播受控于两个滑脱层：其一是沿寒武系内部膏盐岩的滑脱,形成弧形冲断构造,终止于塔中南缘断裂带;另一个是沿中地壳韧性变形带的滑脱,形成塔中1号断裂带东端的弧形构造带。塔中1号断裂带东段的构造变形方式主要为向北传播水平位移的断层传播褶皱和向南反向冲断的楔形构造。塔中低凸起的中西段右行走滑构造导致了向东收敛的扫帚状走滑断裂体系的形成,剖面发育花状构造。塔中低凸起的古构造演化与变形特征、构造变形样式、构造变形成因和断裂体系,是克拉通盆地内部叠合盆地深层的主要构造地质特征。     

夏甸地区Ⅶ-支脉矿体控矿构造特征

构造复合现象的研究,不仅有助于解决构造运动时期先后的问题,而且在生产实践中有着重要的实际意义[1]。本文以山东夏甸地区Ⅶ—支脉矿体为例,通过区域构造、Ⅶ—支构造断裂特征、闪长玢岩构造特征、矿体构造特征的系统研究,结果表明:Ⅶ—支构造的新老构造体系、同一构造体系复合现象突出,多表现为构造形迹的归并。其中成矿断裂的多期活动、构造性质的多次变化、成矿作用的多次叠加是矿体形成的关键因素;在NEE向Ⅶ—支构造与近SN向脉岩截接部位形成矿体,低级序的NNE、NE、NEE向构造成为主要的容矿构造。     

Segmentation and inversion of the Hangjinqi fault zone,the northern Ordos basin (North China)

This paper deals with the segmentation and inversion of the Hangjinqi fault zone (HFZ), which is the dominant structure in the northern part of the Ordos basin in North China. HFZ was reactivated during the Late Triassic and obliquely inverted during the Middle Jurassic shortening. Subsurface geological mapping and structural analysis were carried out to determine the segmentation and kinematic history of the deformation. The HFZ was a left-stepping fault zone and was made up of three segments: the Porjianghaizi fault (PF), Wulanjilinmiao fault (WF) and Sanyanjing fault (SF), which are separated by two relay ramps. Two distinct phases can be identified in its structural evolution: (1) during the Late Triassic compressional deformation, the HFZ was characterized by shortening and thrusting to the north; and (2) During the Middle Jurassic phase the HFZ was oblique to the extensional fault trends, the reverse faults were reactivated as dextral strike-slip faults as a result of transtensional inversion. The inversion ratio of the HFZ indicates an increase in deformational degree from east to west over the whole region. The first deformation stage resulted from the N–S compression between the South China and North China plates during the Late Triassic. The second deformation stage of compression was related to the west-northwestward subduction of the paleo-Pacific plate during the Middle Jurassic. In the Jurassic deformation framework, the HFZ may be interpreted as an accommodation structure parallel to the Yanshan–Yinshan orogenic belt developed in the northern Ordos area.     

The seismic property of reef flat in the Changxing-Feixianguan Formation, Northwest Sichuan Province, China

The development of a carbonate reservoir is dominated by its primary sedimentary environment. Generally, a good reservoir must be the oolite of a bank or bioclastics of an organic reef in a marginal mesa, which must deposit on the slope of the mesa. Therefore, the analyses of sequence stratigraphy are the key for predicting the presence of carbonate reservoirs. A typical sequence pattern can be seen in the Puguang gas field. As an independent lithological body, the mechanical property of a reef flat is very different from the surrounding rock, causing stress to concentrate. Stress centralization will, in turn, cause a lot of fractures and faults to develop, and ultimately, result in a gas chimney, which is a seismic smear zone beneath or above the reef flat. Known gas fields, such as the puguang gas field, also possess gas chimneys. Sequence stratigraphy patterns in the marginal mesa and gas chimney near the reservoir are very obvious in all known fields in southeast and east Sichuan Province. By analyzing the seismic features of all known gas fields, a model to predict carbonate reservoirs has been set up. Using this prediction model, we have found that there is a typical reef flat of the marginal mesa in the Malubei structure of Tongnanba structural belts whose sequence stratigraphy pattern is very much like that of the Puguang gas field; and in the Cangxi-Jiulongshan structure, there is another reef flat which is symmetrical to the Malubei reef. The Cangxi reef flat possesses the largest platform edge shallow facies domestically found, and has a typical prograding sequence. Its gas chimney is very obvious too. Because the Cangxi reef flat is in the very vicinity of the hydrocarbon kitchen and the depression is much bigger than that of the Puguang gas fields, we predict that there may be a gigascopic gas field in Cangxi County. There may also be a large gas field in the Malubei structure. Translated from Oil & Gas Geology, 2006, 27(3): 332–339 [译自: 石油与天然气地质]     

Post-Variscan sedimentary record of the SW margin of the Bohemian massif: a review

The late-Palaeozoic to Cenozoic stratigraphic and structural record of the southwestern margin of the Bohemian massif and its extension beneath the southward adjacent Molasse basin shows that it is controlled by a system of basement-involving faults which came into evidence during Stephanian– Autunian times and which were subsequently repeatedly reactivated. Thick Permo-Carboniferous clastics accumulated in fault-bounded transtensional basins aligned with the southwestern Bohemian border zone (SWBBZ). Following late-Autunian deformation of these basins, the SWBBZ was overstepped by late-Permian to Late Jurassic platform sediments, reflecting tectonic stability. During the Early Cretaceous the SWBBZ was strongly reactivated, causing disruption and erosion of its Mesozoic sedimentary cover. Sedimentation resumed in the area of the SWBBZ during late Early and Late Cretaceous with clastic influx from the Bohemian massif reflecting gradually increasing tectonic activity along the SWBBZ. During the Late Senonian and Paleocene transpressional deformations resulted in upthrusting of major basement blocks. In the Molasse basin such structures are sealed by transgressive Late Eocene marine strata. Mio-Pliocene uplift of the Bohemian massif, involving mild reactivation of the SWBBZ, is related to the development of the volcano-tectonic Eger zone. The structural configuration of the SWBBZ is largely the result of Late Senonian–Paleocene compressional intraplate tectonics which play a major role in the structural framework of the northern Alpine and Carpathian foreland.