一万年以来凉山地区气候变迁

利用地层沉积物孢粉分析成果和相关文献记载复原一万年以来凉山地区的气候状况,并分析了历史时期凉山地区气候变迁的规律:凉山地区一万年以来气候变化大致可分为8个时期,其间气候有冷暖干湿的变化.气温的变化幅度在1℃～2℃,垂直气候带有上升和下降的变化,升降幅度在200～400 m之间.一万年以来凉山地区气候变化的总体趋势与内地大体一致,但在具体时段上有一定差异,气温虽有冷暖的变化,但总体上气温比内地略为温暖.     

明清时期凉山地区水旱灾害时空分布特征

在对四川凉山地区明清时期地方志及四川省志、档案材料、水旱灾害调查材料、今人水旱灾害史料汇编、旱涝分布图集、相关论著等所载水旱灾害史料搜集整理基础上,对四川凉山地区明清时期水灾和旱灾时空分布特征进行了量化统计分析。研究表明:明清时期四川凉山地区水旱灾害频发,而水灾较旱灾更为频繁;水旱灾害发生时间主要集中在春夏季节,其他季节分布较少;水灾与旱灾多隔年发生,较少同年爆发;水旱灾害等级以一般性水旱灾害和大水旱灾害为主,特大水旱灾害相对较少;水旱灾害多发地带集中在金沙江下游一带、安宁河流域一带,其他地域相对较少。明清时期四川凉山地区水旱灾害发生规律对当前凉山地区水旱灾害的防灾减灾具有一定的借鉴意义。     

新疆水文水资源变化及对区域气候变化的响应

基于全疆8条代表性河流近50年的地表径流、气温和降水数据,采用Mann-Kendall趋势检验和突变检测法,对各条河流地表径流、年均气温和年降水进行了长期趋势检验和突变滗分析,同时对径流与气温、降水之间的变化关系以及水文极端事件洪水的发生频次和洪峰流量进行了分析.结果表明,20世纪80年代中期以来伞疆各地气候一致表现为气温升高和降水增多,其中北疆地区变化最为显著,南疆其次,东疆最小.受气温、降水变化影响,河流径流发生年际和年内分布变化.大部分河流自20世纪90年代初水量显著增多,有春汛提前、夏汛推后和洪峰流量增大的现象,其变化特征与河流补给类型密切相关.全疆洪水发生频次增多、洪峰流最增大.气候变暖已对区域水文循环产生重要影响.     

气候变化与人类活动干扰下塔里木盆地南缘地下水的变化及其生态环境效应

地质时期及历史时期以来塔里木盆地南缘气候变化，尤其是温度变化引起水文条件及河流水系变迁是导致地下水变化并由此造成绿洲演化的主导因素。百年尺度的气温波动不足以引起水资源状况明显的变化，人类活动是近几十年导致区域地下水及生态环境变化的主要因素，通过天然河道人工渠系化，平原水库建设以及枢纽工程上移，加速和促进了地表水资源的时空再分配，从而引起了地下水空间补给变化。山前砾石戈壁倾斜平原的补给量不断减少，而人工绿洲区地下水补给量则随地表引水量的提高不断增加。同时以天然河道渗漏补给为主转向以渠系、田间入渗为主。     

中国水文地理研究的回顾与展望

1949年以来中国水文地理研究经历了4个重要的发展阶段,分别为河流水文主导时期、区域水文与实验水文快速发展时期、水资源与水环境主导时期和水系统综合与学科交叉融合研究时期。中国水文地理研究在河流水文与水文区划、水文实验与水文分析、水循环机理与水文模型、水系统和社会经济综合研究等方面取得了系列原创性成果。本文梳理了水文地理学不同发展阶段的研究特点,以在学科发展和服务国家等方面起到重要作用的科研工作和系列成果为例,回顾中国水文地理研究的历程,希望以此启发当代水文地理学研究,促进水文地理青年学者的成长。     

新疆极端水文事件年际变化及对气候变化的响应

利用1901~2010年极端水文事件资料,采用Mann-kendall统计检验研究其年际、年代际变化及对气候变化的响应,结果表明:年际变化总体为增加趋势,20世纪70年代以来增加显著;各地区由于主导灾害不同,年代际变化不尽相同, 冰雹为主导灾害的地区80年代的发生频次最多,其它地区呈逐年代平稳增加;各类型极端水文事件年际变化也不尽相同,但于近10 a达最大值;极端水文事件增加趋势与气温、降水一致,不同极端水文事件对气候变化因子响应略有不同。     

疏勒河流域泥沙分布规律及水沙关系研究

泥沙是影响河流健康和水环境的重要因素之一，受气候变化和人类活动的影响，流域水文要素和下垫面条件发生了较大变化，尤其是实施大规模的水土保持措施后，部分河流的泥沙含量大幅减少，但在河西内陆河流域发源于祁连山西端的疏勒河流域，受降水条件和人类活动的影响，河流泥沙呈增加趋势。本文应用疏勒河流域实测长系列水文资料，采用水文统计法、差积曲线法、趋势检验法、突变检验法、非线性复相关模型法等方法，分析了流域泥沙时空分布规律及水沙关系，结果表明：疏勒河干流昌马堡站年输沙量为333.5×104 t，至下游潘家庄站减少到223.5×104 t；党河党城湾站年输沙量为76.56×104 t，至下游沙枣园站增加到121.3×104 t；疏勒河干流输沙量主要集中在汛期7～8月，占全年的81.9 %～84.0 %，党河流域输沙量主要集中在4-8月，占全年的92.3 %；流域泥沙变化总体呈增加趋势，突变点1998年以后，年输沙量增加了86.3 %～148.2 %。建立了潘家庄站降水～泥沙、径流～泥沙以及年输沙量～年径流量～年最大洪峰流量关系模型，相关关系较好，相关系数达到0.717～0.858。流域出山口以上对泥沙的影响因素主要是降水，出山口以下主要是修建水库、水电站、引水工程、河道采砂等人类活动影响。随着国家对内陆河流域祁连山和河西走廊的日益关注，以及全国河长制的推行，河流生态健康已经提上日程，研究疏勒河流域泥沙分布规律及水沙关系，对国家实施西部生态安全战略、区域生态环境修复治理、水资源可持续利用等具有重要意义。     

气候变化对里海水位的影响（英文）

目前,关于里海的两个主要问题是水位变化及其生态条件。历史上,里海的海水入侵和衰退对该区域的生活和生产有很大影响。应用地质数据、历史数据和考古数据,以及观测数据,本文对地质历史时期里海水位的变化、年度和季度变化以及短期的波动进行了研究。文章对解释里海水位波动的两种不同的方法进行了论述,并认为里海水位变化是受地质、水文气候和水量平衡以及人类活动等因素的影响的多级过程,其中主要影响因素为水文气候的变化。     

河流一维水质时空扩散动态模拟

提出了一种有效模拟、可视化河流一维水质时空动态变化趋势的方法:首先将研究区河流分段,根据流域水环境、水动力及排污状况,利用WASP7.4水质模拟模型模拟各河段水质动态变化情况,并将模拟结果输出为水质变化时间序列表,在ArcGIS的追踪分析扩展模块中与空间数据联结,实现了水质等级时空变化状况的动态显示,可为河流水质管理提供决策支持.     

新疆和田河流域土地利用/覆被变化及其驱动力分析

土地利用／覆盖变化及其驱动力分析是土地利用／覆盖研究的一个主要核心内容。利用1990年、1999年和2005年和田河流域3期土地利用数据,对和田河流域1990—2005年土地利用/覆被变化进行了定量的分析研究,同时利用相关分析和主成分分析探讨了土地利用/覆被变化的驱动力。研究结果表明:在15 a尺度上研究区土地利用/覆被变化总特征是耕地、林地、水域和建设用地面积增加,草地和未利用地面积减少;土地利用程度变化量为0.56%,流域土地利用处于发展时期;优势度没有发生明显的变化,未利用地一直最高。研究区土地利用/覆被变化的主要驱动力为人口因素、经济因素、富裕程度、政策因素、技术因素和水文因素等,各驱动因素以合力形式作用于土地利用/覆被使其变化,其中,人口因素在土地利用/覆被变化中起主导作用。     

基于二元水循环的河流生态需水水量与水质综合评价方法——以辽河流域为例

In this article the meaning of the quantity and quality of environmental flows of river in dualistic water cycle is discussed,and compared with the meaning of unitary water cycle. Based on the analysis of the relationship between environmental flows of river re-quirements,the efficiency of water resource usage,the consumption coefficient,and the concentration of waste water elimination,the water quantity and water quality calculation method of the environmental flows of river requirements in dualistic water cycle is developed,and the criteria for environmental flows of river requirements are established,and therefore the water quantity-quality combined evaluation of natural river flows requirements are realized. Taking the Liaohe River as a model,the environmental flows of river requirements for Xiliao River,Dongliao River,mainstream Liaohe River,Huntai River and northeast rivers along the coasts of the Yellow and Bohai seas in unitary water cycle are calculated,each taking up 39.3%,63.0%,43.9%,43.3% and 43.5% of runoff respectively. Evaluated according to Tennant recommended flow,the results show that: except Xiliao River is "median",the rest are all upon "good",the Dongliao River is even "very good". The corresponding results in dualistic water cycle are that,the proportion of natural flows for each river is 57.5%,74.1%,60.8%,60.3% and 60.4%; while the combined evaluation results show that: considering "quantity",except Xiliao River,the rest rivers can all achieve the "quantity" criteria of the en-vironmental flows of river requirements,but if considering the aspect of "quality",only Dongliao River can reach the "quality" standard. By water quantity-quality combined evalua-tion method,only Dongliao River can achieve the criteria. So the water quality is the main factor that determines whether the environmental flows can meet the river ecosystem de-mands.     

"冰臼"是古地貌面上的流水侵蚀遗迹——壶穴——就韩同林《发现冰臼》一书中的资料谈华北北部的"冰臼"

分布在华北北部山顶面上的“冰臼”,无论从地理环境、地貌演化,还是从海拔高度方面分析,都不是第四纪大冰盖的证据,而是古地貌面上流水侵蚀的遗迹。它分布在3个海拔高度不同的山地夷平面上和现代河流谷地内,与当时的地理环境和山地的地貌演化密切相关。未构成山地夷平面前准平原上的河流以河网密集的曲流河为主。随着准平原的抬升,河流也开始下切,下切的河流以溯源侵蚀为主。在源头地区的顺直型谷地中,一是河流流速较急,且挟有数量不多、颗粒较粗的砂砾石;二是源头地区大块石较多,容易形成涡流;三是河水不深,丰水期刚刚没过块石,枯水期块石露出水面。在质地不均的岩体(特别是花岗岩)中,挟带砂砾石的涡流在岩面上形成了壶穴。准平原及壶穴最后被抬升到山地的顶部,构成了山地夷平面。     

基于二元水循环的河流生态需水水量与水质综合评价方法——以辽河流域为例

通过考虑水的自然循环与水在人类活动影响下的循环 (二元水循环),后者包括水资源开发利用率、耗水率、污水排放浓度影响,探讨了二元水循环下河流生态需水“质”与“量”的综合评价,以区别以往仅从自然水循环 (一元) 出发评价河流生态需水的缺陷。建立了二元水循环下的河流生态需水的水量与水质计算方法,并确定了河流生态需水的“质”与“量”的评价标准,实现了河流生态需水水量与水质的综合评价。以辽河流域为例进行实证分析,计算了一元水循环下西辽河、东辽河、辽河干流、浑太河、东北沿黄渤海诸河等水资源分区的河流生态需水,分别占径流的39.3%、63.0%、43.9%、43.3%、43.5%,采用Tennant推荐流量及等级进行评价,结果是：除西辽河属于“中”等级外,东辽河、浑太河、辽河干流、东北沿黄诸河等均在“好”等级以上,东辽河达到“极好”等级。与之对应的二元水循环下的河流生态需水比例分别是57.5%、74.1%、60.8%、60.3%、60.4%,综合评价结果显示：从水量角度评价,西辽河不能达到生态需水“量”的标准,其余能够达标,从水质角度评价,西辽河、浑太河、辽河干流、东北沿黄诸河等均不能够达到“质”的标准,东辽河可以达标。从“量”与“质”相结合的角度评价,仅有东辽河可以达标。因此,水质状况是决定辽河流域河流生态需水是否满足生态系统需求的主要问题。     

Water quantity-quality combined evaluation method for rivers&rsquo|water requirements of the instream environment in dualistic water cycle: A case study of Liaohe River Basin

In this article the meaning of the quantity and quality of environmental flows of river in dualistic water cycle is discussed, and compared with the meaning of unitary water cycle. Based on the analysis of the relationship between environmental flows of river re-quirements, the efficiency of water resource usage, the consumption coefficient, and the concentration of waste water elimination, the water quantity and water quality calculation method of the environmental flows of river requirements in dualistic water cycle is developed, and the criteria for environmental flows of river requirements are established, and therefore the water quantity-quality combined evaluation of natural river flows requirements are realized. Taking the Liaohe River as a model, the environmental flows of river requirements for Xiliao River, Dongliao River, mainstream Liaohe River, Huntai River and northeast rivers along the coasts of the Yellow and Bohai seas in unitary water cycle are calculated, each taking up 39.3%, 63.0%, 43.9%, 43.3% and 43.5% of runoff respectively. Evaluated according to Tennant recommended flow, the results show that: except Xiliao River is “median”, the rest are all upon “good”, the Dongliao River is even “very good”. The corresponding results in dualistic water cycle are that, the proportion of natural flows for each river is 57.5%, 74.1%, 60.8%, 60.3% and 60.4%; while the combined evaluation results show that: considering “quantity”, except Xiliao River, the rest rivers can all achieve the “quantity” criteria of the en-vironmental flows of river requirements, but if considering the aspect of “quality”, only Dongliao River can reach the “quality” standard. By water quantity-quality combined evalua-tion method, only Dongliao River can achieve the criteria. So the water quality is the main factor that determines whether the environmental flows can meet the river ecosystem de-mands.     

无定河流域不同地貌区水沙过程对比

为了查明人为影响程度较低时期无定河流域内不同地貌区的水沙过程及其变化规律,选取1970年以前一段时期该流域内风沙区和黄土丘陵沟壑区河流的有关水文站的水文泥沙实测数据进行对比分析。结果表明,风沙区河流的流量变率较黄土丘陵沟壑区的小;风沙区河流的含沙量远小于黄土丘陵沟壑区河流的含沙量。黄土丘陵沟壑区河流具有极高的输沙率,而风沙区河流的输沙率微不足道。风沙区和黄土丘陵沟壑区河流的产流模数基本相近,但产沙模数非常悬殊,前者的产沙模数很小,为118.58~725.38t /km² · a,而后者的达到1879.36~25112.15t /km² · a。显然,无定河流域黄土丘陵沟壑区的河流是侵蚀产沙的主要来源区,因而是水土保持工作的重点区域。     

塔里木盆地绿洲形成与演变

塔里木盆地的绿洲按形成历史可划分为古绿洲、旧绿洲和新绿洲,它们分别代表绿洲发展演变的三个阶段。本文对绿洲未来演变趋势作了预测,探讨了盆地古绿洲衰亡原因、认为除了风沙、盐碱及河流改道等自然原因外,人类活动引起的地表水资源时空分配发生变化是主要原因。     

Long-term fluvial archives in NW France: response of the Seine and Somme rivers to tectonic movements, climatic variations and sea-level changes

The Seine and the Somme are the two main rivers flowing from northwestern France into the Channel. During the Pleistocene cold stages both rivers were tributaries of the River Manche which was exporting sediments into the central deeps of the Channel. The River Seine has a very well developed terrace system recording incision that began at around 1 Ma. The same age is proposed for the beginning of the main incision in the Somme Valley on the basis of morphostratigraphy, pedostratigraphy, palaeontology, palaeomagnetism and ESR datings. The uplift rate deduced from analysis of the Seine and Somme terrace systems is of 55 to 60 m/Ma since the end of the Lower Pleistocene. The response of the two rivers to climatic variations, uplift and sea-level changes is complex and variable in the different parts of the river courses. For example, the evolution of the lower Seine system is influenced by uplift and climate changes but dominated by sea-level changes. In the middle Seine the system is beyond the impact of sea-level variations and shows a very detailed response to climatic variations during the Middle and Upper Pleistocene in a context of uplift. The Somme Valley response appears to be more homogeneous, especially in the middle valley, where the terrace system shows a regular pattern in which incision occurs at the beginning of each glacial period against a general background of uplift. Nevertheless, the lower Somme Valley and the Palaeo-Somme in the Channel area indicate some strong differences compared with the middle valley: influence of sea-level variations and probably differences in rates of tectonic uplift between the Channel and the present continent. The differences in the responses of the two river valleys during the Pleistocene are related to differences in the size of the fluvial basins, to the local tectonic characteristics, to the geometry of the platform connected to the lower parts of the valleys and to the hydrodynamic characteristics of each river. Finally, it is shown from these examples that the multidisciplinary study of Pleistocene rivers is a very efficient tool for the investigation of neotectonic activity.     

Water quantity-quality combined evaluation method for rivers＇ water requirements of the instream environment in dualistic water cycle： A case study of Liaohe River Basin

In this article the meaning of the quantity and quality of environmental flows of river in dualistic water cycle is discussed, and compared with the meaning of unitary water cycle. Based on the analysis of the relationship between environmental flows of river requirements, the efficiency of water resource usage, the consumption coefficient, and the concentration of waste water elimination, the water quantity and water quality calculation method of the environmental flows of river requirements in dualistic water cycle is developed, and the criteria for environmental flows of river requirements are established, and therefore the water quantity-quality combined evaluation of natural river flows requirements are realized Taking the Liaohe River as a model, the environmental flows of river requirements for Xiliao River, Dongliao River, mainstream Liaohe River, Huntai River and northeast rivers along the coasts of the Yellow and Bohai seas in unitary water cycle are calculated, each taking up 39.3%, 63.0%, 43.9%, 43.3% and 43.5% of runoff respectively. Evaluated according to Tennant recommended flow, the results show that： except Xiliao River is ＂median＂, the rest are all upon ＂good＂, the Dongliao River is even ＂very good＂. The corresponding results in dualistic water cycle are that, the proportion of natural flows for each river is 57.5%, 74.1%, 60.8%, 60.3% and 60.4%; while the combined evaluation results show that： considering ＂quantity＂, except Xiliao River, the rest rivers can all achieve the ＂quantity＂ criteria of the en- vironmental flows of river requirements, but if considering the aspect of ＂quality＂, only Dongliao River can reach the ＂quality＂ standard. By water quantity-quality combined evaluation method, only Dongliao River can achieve the criteria. So the water quality is the main factor that determines whether the environmental flows can meet the river ecosystem demands.     

淮河(安徽段)南岸诸河流水质标识指数评价

2010年夏季,对淮河(安徽段)南岸诸河流水质进行调查,共设置采样点160个,选取总氮、总磷、氨氮和化学需氧量4项水质指标,利用综合水质标识指数评价法(WQI)对淮河(安徽段)南岸诸河流水质进行评价。结果表明,淮河(安徽段)南岸诸河流水质达标率77%,超标的评价因子为氮营养盐和化学需氧量。污染物主要来自农业面源和生产、生活废水;水流流速、沉积物性质和周围环境对水质产生一定影响。     

窟野河流域河岸沙丘地貌格局及变化

风水交互作用是黄土高原北部风蚀水蚀交错带特殊的侵蚀营力，并致该区土壤侵蚀强度加重。以毛乌素沙地窟野河流域作为研究区，基于影像解译及数理统计方法，研究河道与沙丘交互地貌过程。结果表明：（1）窟野河“三河夹沙”区沙地以河流为中心呈现出对称条带状格局分布，距离河流，依次呈现出流动沙丘、固定半固定沙丘、丘陵沟壑区的空间格局；（2）典型河段河道与沙丘空间格局呈现出河道穿越流动沙丘、河道两侧斑块状沙丘镶嵌分布、两河交汇处流动沙丘分布等3种格局；（3）河道弯曲系数与河道两侧沙丘活动性的变化之间呈现出一定的对应关系。