Repeated load tests on geosynthetic reinforced unpaved road sections

This paper presents the experimental results from laboratory repeated plate load tests on unreinforced and reinforced model sections of unpaved road constructed in a steel test tank. Different types of geosynthetics, namely, geotextile, two types of biaxial geogrids and geocells were used to reinforce the road sections in different tests. The effect of type and form of reinforcement on the stress-strain hysteresis of unpaved road sections is discussed in the light of experimental results. Model tests were also conducted with varying heights and positions of geocell layer to study the effect of these parameters on deformations and surface profiles. It was observed that at higher settlements, the reinforced systems developed less permanent settlements and more elastic settlements compared to unreinforced systems. Increasing the height of the geocell layer resulted in improved performance up to a certain height, beyond which, further increase in the height reduced the load resistance because of the inadequate granular overlay thickness.     

土工合成材料在沥青路面的应用及其设计

随着交通量和轴载的增加,对路面使用性能的要求越来越高,这也促进了路用土工合成材料产品的不断发展。国内外对土工合成材料应用于沥青路面进行了大量的室内与现场试验及理论分析工作。结果表明,土工合成材料能有效防止各种病害,改善路面的使用性能。对目前土工合成材料在沥青路面结构应用的几种设计方法进行了分析和评价,并根据美国地沥青协会（AI）所提出沥青路面罩面的设计程序,介绍了土工合成材料用于沥青罩面加筋,以减薄罩面厚度的设计方法。     

Experimental analysis of the influence of crumb rubber addition on the short-term aging of Syrian asphalt

The use of rubber pavement technology, also known as ecological pavement, offers a solution to a problem of worldwide dimensions. The rubber-modified asphalt becomes an excellent alternative compared to conventional asphalt. A series of laboratory tests was conducted to evaluate the effect of tire rubber addition on the performance of asphalt and asphalt concrete produced in Syria. The paper is composed of three parts: the first part includes a literature review on asphalt aging and the use of modified rubber asphalt in pavement road applications. The second part emphasizes rheological properties of two types of Syrian asphalt hard and soft and analyzes the influence of short-term aging on each type of asphalt. The last part presents a comparison of properties obtained for both cases of nonmodified asphalt and crumb rubber-modified asphalt that have been subjected to short-term aging. Results show an improvement of the resistance to short-term aging for the crumb rubber-modified asphalt. It also demonstrates that adding tire rubber to asphalt improves the performance of asphalt concrete by increasing its stability and reducing permanent deformations.     

Laboratory Comparison of Crushed Aggregate and Recycled Pavement Material With and Without High Carbon Fly Ash

In-place recycling of asphalt pavement materials is a sustainable rehabilitation method. Existing hot-mix asphalt (HMA) layer is pulverized and blended with some or the entire base course and possibly some subgrade to form a broadly graded material referred to as recycled pavement material (RPM). The RPM is then compacted as the new base course and overlaid by a new layer of HMA. In some occasions, additives are added to increase the strength of RPM base course, such as cement, emulsion, fly ash. It is plausible to utilize high calcium high carbon fly ash, as the high level of carbon prevents fly ash from being used in concrete. A series of laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the performance of these materials, including crushed aggregate, untreated RPM, and treated RPM with high carbon fly ash. The tests included compaction, California Bearing Ratio, resilient modulus, and unconfined compressive strength for treated RPM. The engineering properties of these materials were compared.     

Inverse analysis of viscoelastic pavement properties using data from embedded instrumentation

The paper deals with inferring the mechanical layer properties of pavement systems by way of inverse analysis. The proposed scheme is based on the availability of sensory gear embedded within the system ‐ collecting different types of response traces resulting from moving wheel loads. The inverse analysis task simultaneously exploits the readings from all available sensors and therefore formulated as a multicriterion optimization problem. Data from an experimental asphalt pavement are employed to demonstrate the scheme. A versatile and computationally efficient layered viscoelastic pavement model is offered and implemented as a forward solver. Recoverable layer properties, elastic and viscoelastic, are derived and also compared with laboratory values. Results and possible future uses of the work are discussed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

路面类型对多年冻土区片块石路基热状态的影响

为了研究不同路面类型对高温多年冻土区路基的热稳定性的影响,基于温度监测数据,针对沥青混凝土路面和水泥混凝土路面下片块石路基温度、热流密度、热收支变化、冻融循环过程及冻土上限变化进行了详细的分析。发现沥青混凝土路面和水泥混凝土路面都对片块石路基的温度有较大的影响,但沥青混凝土路面影响程度和深度远比水泥混凝土路面大。片块石路基中心热收支量呈上升趋势,沥青混凝土路面下其上升速率大于水泥混凝土路面,且路基阳坡热收支量大于阴坡。无论路面材料为沥青混凝土路面还是水泥混凝土路面,片块石路基阴阳坡路肩冻土仍处于不断退化阶段,而阳坡冻土上限下降速率明显大于阴坡。与普通路基相比,片块石层的存在能大幅度抬升或减缓路基冻土上限下降,且浅色水泥混凝土路面更有利于路基的热稳定性。     

长寿沥青路面结构的层厚设计与分析

介绍和讨论了一种用于重交通长寿沥青路面的层厚设计方法。该方法基于限制沥青层底的拉应变和路基顶面的压应变,采用两个准则来校核所设计的沥青层厚度的适宜性：一是控制设计荷载作用下的最大路表弯沉;二是控制相邻两个无结合料处治的集料层的模量比。采用“等效模量”概念来考虑路基、路面材料的模量随季节的变化;在预测疲劳（与荷载相关的裂缝）和路基变形时,采用了“累计损伤”的概念。给出了广东-梧州高速试验路段长寿沥青路面结构组合设计实例,最后对与疲劳裂缝有关的两个关键问题进行了讨论。     

高温冻土地区高等级公路片块石路基降温效果分析

基于长期、连续的地温观测数据,对位于共和至玉树高等级公路沿线、平均海拔为4 260 m且处于高温冻土区的片块石路基温度、热状态、冻融循环过程和冻土人为上限及变化速率等进行了分析,研究了沥青混凝土和水泥混凝土路面对片块石路基下伏多年冻土的影响,以期对其适用性进行评价。研究发现,沥青混凝土路面的铺设使路基吸收了较多的热量,促使下伏多年冻土升温,导致多年冻土快速退化。观测期内,高温冻土地区沥青混凝土路面下片块石路基中心冻土退化速率为33.5 cm/a,几乎是天然地基的5倍。而且路基阴阳坡效应严重,阳坡路肩冻土退化速率为33.0 cm/a,明显大于阴坡路肩 （22.0 cm/a）。与沥青混凝土路面相比,水泥混凝土路面较高的热反射率、较小的热辐射吸收率,有利于抬升冻土上限或减缓冻土退化速率。但在观测期间,发现处于高温冻土区的高等级公路片块石路基在沥青混凝土路面下融化盘面积增长速率为12.24 m2/a,而在水泥混凝土路面下为9.28 m2/a,即融化盘面积以不同程度的速率始终在增大。因此,单纯的片块石层的存在和路面类型的改变,并未彻底解决高温冻土区高等级公路路基热平衡问题,建议增加补强措施或采用复合路基结构来应对其热稳定性问题。     

RESPONSE OF A LAYERED ELASTIC MEDIUM TO A MOVING STRIP LOAD

Analytical determination of stresses and deformations caused by moving loads is vital to foundation and pavement designs. In current applications, moving loads are often approximated to be vertical impact loads. In this work, however, a live load is modelled as a uniform distribution of normal or shear stresses in actual motion. Then, a layer stiffness approach utilizing linear elasticity is followed in determining the surface and interior deformations due to the live load. By superimposing the two solutions for normal and shear surface stresses, the new approach can be made to provide an approximate solution to the problem of evaluating stresses and deformations caused by a wide wheel load rolling on a layered elastic system. Although elastic solutions in general are inadequate to explain the more significant consequences of pore pressure generation and dissipation in the soil subgrade, these results can certainly be useful to examine the shearing effects of wide rolling wheels on the asphalt layer and immediate settlement of the subgrade. It is found that the dynamic effects of a smoothly rolling wide load are significant at relatively low wheel velocities compared to those of shear waves in the subgrade and base.     

半填半挖式路基差异沉降对沥青路面结构影响分析

半填半挖式路基的差异沉降将对上承路面结构产生不利的附加力学响应。本文以层状体系为基础，将半填半挖式路基差异沉降变形作为路面结构层底的约束条件，建立沥青混凝土路面结构对半填半挖式路基差异沉降变形力学响应的平面有限元模型。系统分析不均匀沉降量、不均匀沉降长度、路面结构与材料参数等对附加力学响应的影响。通过正交因子分析，研究路面结构层的优化设计以改善路面结构的不利受力状态。最后，建议使用柔性基层或设置级配碎石等松散性材料底基层来削减基层底附加拉应力，在路面结构层的优化设计中应以基层厚度作为控制要素。     

考虑荷载作用的沥青混合料冻融损伤特性研究

针对寒区道路工程中的沥青路面冻融受荷损伤问题,借助细观损伤力学和宏观统计随机损伤模型,建立了冻融与荷载耦合作用下的沥青混合料损伤本构关系和损伤演化方程;探讨了冻融循环次数、应变和油石比影响下的沥青混合料冻融受荷损伤劣化机理。研究表明：冻融循环疲劳损伤累积和荷载作用于带有微缺陷粗集料界面附近产生的应力集中加剧了沥青混合料总损伤劣化程度。冻融循环20次之后,损伤度变化不大,基本趋于恒定;相同损伤程度时,应变值随冻融次数的增加而减小。油石比对总损伤影响显著,当油石比相对较小时,以冻融破坏为主;当油石比较大时,以受荷破损为主。研究成果可为寒区沥青路面抗冻设计、性能评价及养护维修时机选择提供参考。     

Engineering geological characteristics and processes of permafrost along the Qinghai–Xizang (Tibet) Highway

Engineering geological problems of thaw-settlement and frost-heave occur frequently along the Qinghai–Xizang (Tibet) Highway (QXH) line and produce an adverse impact on roadbed stability. Eight monitoring sites were established along the QXH to investigate the engineering geological characteristics and environmental process of permafrost, including the upper and lower boundary of the active layer under the natural surface, the seasonal freeze–thaw depth under the asphalt pavement, the permafrost table temperature and roadbed stability. The investigation results show that the active layer thickness and permafrost table temperature under an asphalt pavement are higher than under a natural surface due to the absorption heat and reduced evaporation capability of the asphalt pavement. The implication for highway design and construction in permafrost areas are discussed.     

青藏公路铺筑沥青路面后路基下多年冻土的变化

由于黑色沥青路面强烈吸热,使多年冻土区内约６０％路段的路基下人为上限逐年下降,造成冻土在垂向上呈不衔接接状,形成融化核,它加剧了路基不均匀沉陷,最后导致路面破坏,一路段路基下冻土类别发生变化或多年冻土层已完全融化。     

Geogrid-reinforced railroad bed settlement due to cyclic load

Results of large-scale laboratory model tests conducted to determine the permanent settlement due to cyclic load of the railroad bed for a proposed high-speed train route extending from Seoul to Pusan in South Korea are reported. The possibility of using geogrid layers as reinforcement to reduce settlement of the subbase layer was investigated. Based on the present model test results, it appears that practically all permanent settlement due to cyclic load is completed after application of 10⁵ cycles of load. The most beneficial effect of reinforcement is derived when one layer of geotextile and one layer of geogrid are placed at the interface of the subgrade soil and subbase course.     

A three-dimensional mechanistic-empirical model for geocell-reinforced unpaved roads

Geocell is a three-dimensional geosynthetic product that was originally developed to confine granular bases and minimize permanent deformation of unpaved roads. Many laboratory and field tests have demonstrated the effectiveness of geocell reinforcement in roadway constructions. However, the lack of a well-established design method that can quantify the benefit of geocell reinforcement has greatly limited the application of geocell in roadways. This paper presents the development of a three-dimensional mechanistic-empirical (M-E) model for geocell-reinforced unpaved roads. The constitutive equation for the tangential resilient modulus of the base material was derived under a general three-dimensional condition. Two analytical models were introduced to estimate the compaction- and repeated load-induced residual stresses in the base layer. These analytical models consider the material properties and construction effects in a rational way thus can be used for various situations. Finally, the proposed M-E model was validated against the test results from four unpaved road sections. Comparisons between the calculated results and the test data show that the three-dimensional M-E model effectively simulated the permanent deformation behavior of geocell-reinforced unpaved roads under a large number of load repetitions, given that the unpaved road was stable under a repeated load.     

加筋土桥台承载特性的载荷试验研究

加筋土桥台作为承载结构,其承载力及其影响因素备受关注。以美国鲍曼桥为工程原型,通过大比例缩尺模型的静载试验研究加筋土柔性桥台的承载性能。试验研究中,以有纺土工织物为筋材,共设置3组加筋土柔性桥台模型的载荷试验,主要考察桥梁基座的位置,即桥梁承载区外沿与面板的水平净距对桥台承载力的影响及其变化规律。试验结果表明,水平净距是影响加筋土桥台承载性能的重要因素,承载能力随水平净距的增大而增大,但增幅快速递减;桥台面层水平位移和顶部沉降均随水平净距的逐渐增大而减小,且减小趋势表现出收敛特征;随着水平净距增大,筋材应变极值减小,桥台整体稳定性增强,表现出良好的复合体特性。试验研究结果还表明,美国现行规范关于加筋土桥台承载力计算方法可能仅限于特定的填料和加筋布置方式,因此在工程实践中宜结合工程实际。     

The response of flexible pipes buried in sand to static surface stress

A series of laboratory tests on thin-walled PVC-U (i.e. very flexible) pipes buried in sand is described. The tests were conducted in a glass-fronted test tank, the pipe being positioned up against the glass with its longitudinal axis perpendicular to the glass. This allowed direct observation of the sand–pipe interactions. Photographs were taken through the glass allowing discrete measurement of pipe and soil displacements during pipe installation and subsequent surface loading. This paper discusses the influences on pipe response of installation method, cover depth and pipe stiffness as increasing static surface stress was applied. The results of the laboratory tests indicate very clearly the importance of well-controlled backfilling around flexible buried pipes to ensure their long-term performance. The stiffness of the pipe affects the way it behaves and hence its performance in resisting applied stresses. This is demonstrated by the observed changes in arching effects above pipes of different stiffness. The effect of increasing cover depth is demonstrated and confirms previous research findings regarding the influence of the ground surface on pipe performance. The results clearly demonstrate the valuable insight afforded by direct observation of the soil–pipe interaction during installation and the subsequent loading of flexible pipes.     

含多裂纹沥青路面开裂机制及扩展分析

基于断裂力学基本理论,通过有限元数值模拟方法,研究了同时存在表面裂纹和反射裂纹的沥青路面在交通荷载作用下表面裂纹和反射裂纹开裂机制及扩展路径,深入讨论了路面材料和结构对裂纹扩展路径的影响,分析了表面裂纹的位置对反射裂纹扩展路径的影响,采用多裂纹小梁弯曲试验验证了多裂纹的扩展行为。结果表明：在交通荷载作用下,表面裂纹向着偏离载荷的方向扩展,且扩展路径几乎为直线,反射裂纹则沿着“Z”字形向上扩展;路面结构层模量和厚度的改变能够影响裂纹的扩展路径;反射裂纹总是向着存在表面裂纹的一侧扩展;小梁弯曲试验得到裂纹扩展行为与数值模拟结果一致。     

Surface water flow over a pervious pavement

This work investigates the profiles of surface water flow over a pervious pavement, for example, highway, during a uniform rainfall. The pavement, such as porous asphalt or open‐graded asphalt friction course, is regarded as a porous medium, and the flow inside the layer is porous media flow. At first, the velocity distributions are solved based on the simplified Navier–Stokes equations and Biot's theory of poroelasticity for the water layer and the permeable layer, respectively. Then, the flow profiles can be found via the continuity equation. Because the closed form of the water depth cannot be obtained, a numerical technique is employed to find the flow profiles on the pavement surface. A critical permeability factor related to the material and structure of pavement is illustrated to be η = 1.36 × 10^{? 4}m as the half road width L = 20 m, the cross slope S = 0.02,the pavement thickness H = 0.05 m, and rainfall intensity i = 100 mm/h. The water on the road surface can be drained very fast, whereas the parameter is greater than the critical value. Another illustration of allowable/safety water depth is made for the design of the pavement thickness. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

岩溶突水治理浆材的试验研究

以深部地下工程的加固和高压突水治理为研究对象,对一种新型化学注浆材料的化学反应封堵机制进行了可行性分析,并针对化学浆液的流动性、渗透性、抗冲刷性以及固结体的强度、水质毒理等因素进行了室内试验研究,详细地分析了浆液的物理化学特征,给出了浆液最佳配比值以及相应的性能指标。结合高压突水工程实例,开展现场注浆封堵试验,检验浆材用于突水封堵治理的可行性,并与超细水泥、水泥-水玻璃、尿醛树脂等常见注浆材料的封堵效果进行对比。试验结果表明：该化学浆液具有反应块、强度高、抗冲刷性强、无毒以及良好的渗透性和遇水膨胀功能,在现场应用中表现出良好的可控性和可泵性以及理想的注浆效果,与水泥类和一些常用化学浆材相比,具有运输快捷、配料方便、工艺简单的优点,所得结论对后续研究具有重要借鉴意义。