大沽河下游地区地下咸水的水化学特征及成因

大沽河下游地区存在大面积咸水体,为了查明咸水体盐分的来源,揭示地下水咸化机理,于2017年4、8和10月在大沽河下游地区采集地下水样品,对其进行研究。现场原位监测地下水的水位、水温、电导率和总溶解性固体等,并采集水样进行主要水化学离子测定。用数理统计法、吉布斯图解法、主要水化学离子比值法以及卤族元素比值法对地下水样进行综合分析,分析地下水化学分布特征,识别出地下咸水的盐分来源;并结合古地理、地质和水文地质资料,研究其咸水形成机理。结果表明:(1)研究区由西北向东南方向,TDS和Cl浓度均逐渐升高,水质由淡水逐渐向盐水转化,地下水的优势阴离子类型沿着HCO_3型→HCO_3·Cl型→Cl·HCO_3型→Cl型变化,大部分地区的阳离子以Na~+占主导地位。(2)研究区内地下淡水受到岩石风化-溶滤和蒸发浓缩的共同影响,地下咸水的形成主要受到与海水的混合作用控制,还受到阳离子的交换吸附和矿物溶解作用的影响。(3)综合Br/Cl和I含量,证实了研究区存在着海相沉积地层的溶解作用,这是研究区东南部地下咸水的重要盐分来源。     

大沽河地下咸水抽咸注淡原位试验研究

大沽河下游截渗墙的修建有效地阻止了滨海咸水向地下水源地的入侵,但是截渗墙内侧局部滞留的地下咸水仍然影响着地下水的开采。为了进一步修复滞留的地下咸水,本文选取大沽河下游截渗墙以北1.2km2咸水含水层为示范区,通过"抽咸注淡"原位试验,人工修复地下咸水。试验结果表明:抽水井群抽出地下咸水引起地下水的运移;注水井群形成淡水帷幕,阻止东侧高电导率咸水的对流,同时注入的淡水对地下咸水进行驱替与淡化,加速咸水体的排出。"抽咸注淡"技术能够有效修复地下咸水体。     

泥质海岸带咸淡水界面的运动机理

咸淡水界面运动机理是当今国际海岸带水文地质学的热点问题.泥质海岸带中古环境变化(历次海侵)构成了现代咸水入侵发生的背景;围填海等人类工程加剧了现代咸水入侵进程;过量开采地下水(卤水)引起地下水位下降,含水层中淡水水头低于附近咸水水头,破坏淡水与海水之间的水动力平衡是造成咸水入侵的内在原因.综述了海岸带地区咸水入侵研究程度及进展,分析并掌握咸淡水界面运动机理对于泥质海岸水文环境保护和生态修复有重要的意义.     

大沽河流域地下水水化学及同位素特征

大沽河是青岛市重要的供水源之一,了解大沽河流域水循环的过程和机理有助于合理地利用大沽河流域水资源。为了研究大沽河流域地下水循环的规律,在大沽河李哥庄镇至胶东镇段研究区内采集了26个地下水样本和4个地表水样本,测定其氢、氧同位素及水化学成分,通过分析其变化特征初步判定地下水补给来源以及影响因素。对降水和地下水中的稳定同位素组成(δD,δ~(18)O)进行分析,结果表明大气降水是该区域地下水的主要来源。地下水及地表水的水化学结果表明研究区地下水类型多样,主要为HCO_3-Cl-SO_4-Ca-Na,Cl-SO_4-Na,Cl-HCO_3-SO_4-Na,HCO_3-Cl-SO_4-Na-Ca-Mg,Cl-Na五类;地表水受到强烈的蒸发浓缩作用,并在一定程度上补给了地下水。同时,地下水中的氢、氧同位素含量与Cl~-和TDS区域分布特征相互佐证,证明地下水化学成分主要受到海水入侵的影响,其次为围岩矿物的溶解。     

江苏盐城滨海地区浅层地下咸水的水盐来源及咸化成因

江苏盐城滨海地区浅层地下咸水对区域水资源利用和生态环境保护具有重要影响,为了查明浅层地下咸水的水盐来源及咸化成因,于2018—2019年采集了研究区河水、雨水、海水、地下淡水、微咸水及咸水等不同类型水样,对水样的水化学组成、离子比、Piper三线图、氢氧同位素组成及14C测年结果进行了分析,结果表明:(1)潜水与第Ⅰ承压含水层地下水均以咸水为主,潜水含水层上部存在埋深小于10 m的淡化层,向海方向分布有淡水、微咸水、咸水水质类型。(2)潜水与第Ⅰ承压含水层地下水主要来源于全新世暖期降水补给,盐分来源于强烈蒸发浓缩后的古残留海水。(3)潜水淡化层地下水主要来源于现代时期降水补给,盐分来源于岩盐和铝硅酸盐矿物的溶解,废黄河口部分地区地下水咸化主要受海水入侵影响。     

咸淡水驱替过程中的水文地球化学作用

在现场水文地质调查的基础上,分别采集大沽河下游地下淡水、海水和含水介质样品,并测定它们的性质和组成,然后用渗流装置模拟海水驱替淡水的过程,测定驱替过程中含水介质渗透性(渗透系数、孔隙度、弥散系数等)和主要离子(Na 、K 、Ca2 、Mg2 )的变化规律,最后,采用数值模拟方法定量研究驱替过程中的水文地球化学作用。研究结果表明,驱替过程中发生了多组分的离子交换作用,Ca2 和Mg2 最大值高于海水和淡水中的离子浓度值,Na —Ca2 、Na —Mg2 发生离子交换;Mg2 达到最大值后有一个降低的"台阶"阶段,此时Mg2 —Ca2 发生离子交换;K 在驱替过程中主要表现为化学吸附。离子交换过程中伴随着矿物溶解-沉淀,海水比例40%后,方解石处于过饱和状态;在驱替过程开始阶段,石膏饱和指数逐渐升高,达到峰值后又开始下降,最后饱和指数又有所升高,但始终处于非饱和状态。     

大沽河泥沙来源的重矿物分析及其环境意义

应用矿物分析的方法研究大沽河下游泥沙的来源,研究表明,大沽河上游和小沽河流域的重矿物特征有很大的不同,大沽河上游段以高的普通角闪石含量为标志,绿帘石、钛铁矿具有较高的含量。小沽河和大沽河下游的重矿物组成以普通角闪石+绿帘石+透闪石+石榴石为主,重矿物特征相似性明显,其重矿物含量和主要重矿物相对含量都比较相似,数值相差不大,而且矿物的形态特征、矿物的种类也一致。这说明大沽河下游的泥沙主要来源于其支流小沽河,因此,小沽河流域的水土保持是大沽河河道以及胶州湾沉积环境整治的关键。     

滨海地区咸淡水界面上含水介质水敏感性的实验

根据野外水文地质调查和研制的实验装置,在大沽河下游采集砂土样品,采用有机玻璃土柱进行咸水和淡水驱替试验,并通过盐浓度的突变和渐变来研究咸水-淡水界面的水敏感性。研究结果表明,当淡水驱替咸水时,含水介质的渗透性降低64%;但是,随着含盐量逐渐降低,渗透性降低缓慢,其降低幅度为50%;盐度降低越快,其渗透性降低的的速率越大。此外,观测到渗透性随着时间明显降低,而且这种降低是不可逆的。由于流入液含盐量的迅速降低,从含水介质释放的黏土颗粒(伊利石、高岭土和绿泥石)产生运移和截获,最后导致渗透性的变化。     

莱州湾东岸海底地下水的水文地球化学特征及其地球化学演化模式

莱州湾东岸的海底地下水主要分布在浅海区的第四纪松散沉积物中,明显有别于海水,目前已被大量开采利用。从内陆向海区分别取地下水样化验分析,其pH值、密度、钠吸附比(SAR)、rCl/rBr等化学特征值呈现出从陆向海逐渐变化的规律,内陆含水层地下水中较高的硝酸盐类污染物,在海底地下水中也有明显的反映,地下水的水化学类型也由ClCa·Na·Mg型转变为ClNa·Mg型和ClNa型。另一方面,海底地下水的主要组分、浓度和矿物相组成也有自己的特点。研究发现,从内陆向海区,地下水的离子强度和矿物质的饱和指数均呈现出一定的变化规律。地下水中的这些离子以及矿物相在空间上的水岩交换变化,使地下水逐渐从淡水演化为微咸水和咸水,构成了海岸带地下水地球化学演化的一般模式。鉴于海底地下水与内陆地下水的紧密联系,今后陆地含水层一旦被污染,地下水向海区的化学输移将带来一定的环境效应。这应当引起我们足够的重视。     

山东北部泥质海岸带白浪河地区地下水水化学演化过程

莱州湾沿岸是中国海(咸)水入侵典型区域之一,受多次海侵海退事件影响,形成了复杂的地下含水系统。为探究其地下水系统水化学特征及演化规律,对比分析白浪河地区内地下水的水化学特征及主要离子的变化规律,研究了不同分区的水化学演化过程。结果表明,内陆的咸水主要由淡水/卤水混合形成,滨海的咸水主要由淡水/海水混合形成。现存卤水在形成过程中发生了淡水的混入,水岩相互作用和阳离子交换在一定程度上改变了卤水的水化学组成。矿物饱和指数结果表明,不同分区的地下水体中,方解石和白云石基本处于饱和状态,岩盐均未达到饱和状态,石膏仅在卤水中达到饱和状态。从陆到海,地下水系统中发生的阳离子交换过程不同,淡水区和微咸水区浅层的地下水主要是水中的Ca²⁺与含水介质吸附的Na⁺交换,而其他分区的阳离子交换过程与之相反。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,