一种地震子波提取的高阶累积量方法

提出1种在频率域实现地震子波提取的高阶累积量方法.其是先提取子波的相位谱再求解时间域的子波.理论上可适用于提取除零相位子波以外的任何形式的子波,但应用不同长度的时窗提取子波的效果会有很大的差别,实际应用时可利用时窗长度扫描的方法,以不同的子波相位谱对地震记录进行子波零相位化处理,最后根据最大方差模准则确定最佳子波.理论模型实验和实际资料处理实验均表明了该方法对最小相位及混合相位子波都有较好的处理效果.     

基于倒双谱的地震子波估计方法

根据倒双谱兼有倒谱和双谱优势的特点,利用地震记录的倒双谱估计地震子波。首先采用基于二维傅里叶变换的倒双谱计算方法,求取地震记录的倒双谱系数,再利用倒双谱系数分别得到地震子波的最大和最小相位分量,进而重构出地震子波。该方法避免了双谱法提取地震子波过程中的相位计算。合成数据实验和实际地震资料处理结果表明倒双谱法能较准确的估计地震子波,效果优于双谱法。     

基于改进广义S变换的时变反射系数反演

由于地层吸收衰减等因素的影响,实际地震子波会随传播时间及空间发生变化,因此,若采用统一子波对非平稳地震记录进行反演将导致所求反射系数的不准确。本文利用改进广义S变换对地震资料进行时频分析,据此提取时变地震子波,重新构建时变子波褶积模型并求解相应的L1范数稀疏约束正则化问题,实现了基于改进广义S变换的时变反射系数反演,由此可获得与常规方法相比具有更高精度的反演结果。     

高精度合成地震记录制作及层位精细标定

地震资料精细解释和储层预测需要对地质层位和砂体进行准确标定,合成地震记录的精度直接影响到地质层位的准确标定.在保证合理的时深关系、准确的反射系数前提下,利用测井资料得到确定性子波为提高合成地震记录精度的有效途径,理想化的雷克子波为判别地震资料品质的有效手段,二者结合提高了合成地震记录层位精细标定的精度.以南海北部珠江口...     

莱州湾某区块浅部地层地震反射异常原因探讨

渤海莱州湾某区块采集的三维地震资料出现反射特征杂乱、同相轴连续性差等现象,对该区块浅部地层进行了电火花物探调查,并在地震资料异常区和非异常区分别选取1个位置进行钻孔,同时对海底面以下150 m范围内的土层进行连续的地质取样。通过对物探和地质资料的综合对比分析,判断造成研究区浅层地震资料反射异常与下述几个方面因素有关:(1)研究区处于莱州湾凹陷东部走滑断裂带内,浅部地层受深部断裂系统影响发育许多小断裂;(2)研究地层中富含大量的浅层气;(3)与邻近区块对比,所揭示浅部地层的土质性质十分异常,土层强度和剪切波速等均明显偏大。     

合成地震记录制作在油气勘探中的应用

合成地震记录的制作是油气勘探的基础,它是连接地质、测井和地震资料的桥梁。从合成地震记录的基本原理出发,结合油气勘探过程中的具体研究实例,分析了VSP资料与合成地震记录时深关系的差异性、地震资料对合成记录的影响和子波的选择;最后,利用勘探实例着重用阐述合成地震记录在油气勘探中的应用,主要包括把握区域速度、明确储层地震响应特征、识别地震资料的多次波和剔除地震资料的地质＂假象＂。     

拖缆式浅地层剖面采集系统改进方法

传统拖缆式浅地层剖面地震资料采集系统中往往采用检波点组合的方式进行资料采集,当海水深度较深时,可以忽略组内距对地震资料的影响,当海水深度较浅时,这种采集方式容易导致波形畸变和高频信息丢失。利用多道地震的思想,对传统拖缆式浅地层剖面采集系统进行改进。新的浅地层剖面采集系统采用拖缆式施工、多道、无组合单点接收方式进行采集,即可以获得各检波点采集到的数据,同时改进数据记录的方式。新的采集系统中可以同时监控原始单炮记录、直接叠加后单道记录、时差校正后叠加单道记录、时差校正后地震剖面。     

基于伪单输入多输出系统的子波提取研究

单输入多输出系统提取地震子波的方法存在要求地震道之间的反射系数相同,子波多个且相异(即假设地震记录的差异全部由子波造成,与反射系数无关),以及对噪声敏感等缺陷。为了克服这种假设,本文利用地震数据的频率特征,运用二进正交小波变换Mallat算法的思想,讨论了两种构建伪单输入多输出系统的方法,推导了该系统下噪声子空间提取地震子波的算法,并进行了模型测试和实际资料验证工作。测试和验证结果显示该方法具有较强的抗噪能力。     

珠江口外潜在强震区海陆地震联测的初步结果

海陆地震联测是研究海陆过渡带深部地壳结构的有效的地球物理方法。为了研究珠江口外潜在强震区的深部发震构造,对比分析了2004年和2010年珠江口外海陆地震联测的数据特征,重点对2010年海陆地震联测实验的OBS2010-1测线进行分析。通过对该测线采集数据的初步分析可知,此次实验数据质量较高且完善性好,多道地震探测获得了清晰的浅部结构,固定地震台、流动地震台和海底地震仪记录的震相信息丰富,固定台接收气枪信号的最远接收距离约为360km,为研究该潜在强震区的深部发震构造打下了良好的基础。     

垦东滩海地区浅部储层精细描述

我国东部滩海地区浅部具有地震采集条件差、资料品质低、储层岩性变化大、砂泥和泥岩难以区分等缺点,导致储层描述较为困难。为了解决这一问题,以垦东滩海地区为例,通过井震结合,形成了"合成地震记录标定、地震反演追踪、属性提取查明"的储层精细描述方法。在具体描述时,先将环境校正后的合成地震记录与井旁地震道相位、能量准确对比,从而标定储层;同时进行测井约束下的地震反演,从而实现砂岩储层的横向追踪;并通过均方根振幅属性提取,明确储层的平面分布。储层描述发现,垦东滩海地区馆陶组IV砂组储层呈SN向条带状分布,显示曲流河沉积特征。     

Lateral continuity of basement seismic reflections in 15 Ma ultrafast-spreading crust at ODP Site 1256

The Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) initiated drilling at Site 1256D in the Guatemala Basin, about 1,000 km off the East Pacific Rise to penetrate plutonic rocks, anticipated to be relatively shallow in this region, formed at an ultra-fast spreading rate. IODP Expedition E312 successfully drilled into gabbros at ~1,150 m in basement. Multi-channel seismic traces show weak laterally coherent sub-basement reflections at borehole depths. Synthetic reflectivity seismograms were computed using a Ricker wavelet and impedance profiles from borehole sonic logs. These seismograms show significant sub-basement amplitude peaks. A zero-offset vertical seismic profile, shot on E312, was processed to investigate the authenticity of these reflections and their relationship to borehole geology. A dual scheme of the median filtering and F–K dip filtering was used. Tests with synthetic seismograms indicate the approach is effective at reasonable SNR levels. Downgoing energy is clearly identified but negligible upgoing energy is visible over random noise. These results indicate that lava flows and igneous contacts in upper ocean crust have significant topography on lateral scales less than the Fresnel Zone (~300 m) due to igneous and tectonic processes.     

Seismic facies analysis of Westphalian sequences of the southern North Sea

Differing seismic facies are observed from within the Westphalian sequences of the southern North Sea. A review of published synthetic seismograms and seismic data from known coal-bearing basins establishes seismic facies types and their relationships. Similar reflection character is recognized from Westphalian sequences in the southern North Sea and lithologies confirmed by borehole information. Probable sand/silt or clastic-prone Upper Coal Measures (Westphalian C/D) stages and coal-prone Lower and Middle Coal Measures (Westphalian A, B and part C) stages can be defined and mapped, providing information on the regional distribution of source and reservoir rocks and stratigraphic plays. It is suggested that sand-prone channel complexes or clastic dominated areas within the mainly A/B stages can be recognized and mapped, providing information on migration pathways and stratigraphic plays.     

Tying seismic data to geologic information from core data: an example from ODP Leg 177

The integration of seismic data with core data should provide ground-truth to a structural interpretation of seismic data. The main difficulty in such an integration effort is the correct translation of physical property measurements on cores to a form which can be used in seismostratigraphic interpretation. In the absence of down-hole well data and check-shots, required knowledge of the velocity structure at the drilling locations can be obtained directly from measurements of the physical properties of core samples. This involves upscaling of the data from physical properties of cores to the sample interval used in the seismic data. In the present study, three of the seven drill-sites of ODP (Ocean Drilling Program) Leg 177 in 1997/1998, located on the Agulhas Ridge in the south-eastern Atlantic (sites 1088–1090), were connected with eight seismic profiles. Physical properties data measured on the cores from the various holes at each site were combined to create a single continuous log and used to construct synthetic seismograms. The synthetics generally show a good agreement with real seismic data in terms of amplitude and waveform. Some reflections in these generated traces may have a time-shift due to sections with incomplete or spurious P-wave velocity measurements in the ODP datasets. The main reflectors identified in the real seismic data correspond to hiatuses or periods of reduced sedimentation rates, and correlate well with density variations. One particular hiatus, clearly observable in the real seismic data, was not unequivocally identifiable in the various types of core data, and tying core data to seismic data can confirm its existence in the core data, showing the benefit of including seismic data in an interpretation of core log data. On the other hand, core data provide a calibration tool for the geological timescale of seismic data and information about the lithology, needed in the interpretation of seismic data.     

Unique problems associated with seismic analysis of partially gas-saturated unconsolidated sediments

Gas hydrate stability conditions restrict the occurrence of gas hydrate to unconsolidated and high water-content sediments at shallow depths. Because of these host sediments properties, seismic and well log data acquired for the detection of free gas and associated gas hydrate-bearing sediments often require nonconventional analysis. For example, a conventional method of identifying free gas using the compressional/shear-wave velocity (V_p/V_s) ratio at the logging frequency will not work, unless the free-gas saturations are more than about 40%. The P-wave velocity dispersion of partially gas-saturated sediments causes a problem in interpreting well log velocities and seismic data. Using the White, J.E. [1975. Computed seismic speeds and attenuation in rocks with partial gas saturation. Geophysics 40, 224–232] model for partially gas-saturated sediments, the difference between well log and seismic velocities can be reconciled. The inclusion of P-wave velocity dispersion in interpreting well log data is, therefore, essential to identify free gas and to tie surface seismic data to synthetic seismograms.     

Signal enhancement and multiple suppression using Radon transform: an application to marine multichannel seismic data

Radon filters are often used for removal of multiple reflections from normal move-out-corrected seismic reflection data. In the conventional Radon transform, integration surfaces are hyperbolic rather than linear. This specific hyperbolic surface is equivalent to a parabola in terms of computational expense, but more accurately distinguishes multiples from primary reflections. The forward transform separates seismic arrivals by their differences in travel time move-out. Multiples can be suppressed by an inverse transform of the seismic data. Examples show that multiples are effectively attenuated in pre-stack and stacked seismograms. Based on the parabolic Radon transform, a new method is utilized for missing offset restoration, resampling and regularization of pre-stack individual common depth point (CDP) gathers. The method is also valid for resampling spatially aliased seismic data. Restoration of missing offsets and trace interpolation is an interesting and important problem in seismic data processing. Here we present an application of Radon transform on a multichannel seismic data set from the western continental margin of India (WCMI), which shows remarkable signal enhancement.     

Crustal seismic structure beneath the West Philippine Sea, 17°–18° North

Crustal seismic structures beneath the West Philippine Sea are determined by using explosive sources (0.5–108.6 kg) and ocean bottom seismometers to measure refracted compressional waves. Total crustal thicknesses are shown to be thinner in the eastern part of the ocean basin, approaching only 3.5 km. Crustal thinning toward the east is consistent with the Palau Kyushu Ridge being a remnant transform fault connecting the Central Basin Ridge and the Kula Pacific Ridge in the past. A velocity-depth inversion from the westernmost refraction profile indicates the upper transitional crust layer to have strong velocity gradients which gradually decrease with depth; the lower crust is characterized by a nearly constant velocity gradient. The western part of the ocean basin is also shown to have more typical oceanic thicknesses, as is found in deep ocean basins of the Pacific. Spectral energy models using WKBJ synthetic seismograms suggest that there is a sharp seismic discontinuity between the crust and moho in the western part of the basin. Predicted water depths for the West Philippine Basin using an age-depth relation and corrected for an isostatic response to the measured crustal thicknesses, are still 300 meters shallower than observed depths. The depth anomaly can not be fully reconciled by thinner crust in the eastern part of the basin. This observation implies that a deeper seated anomaly is present beneath the West Philippine Basin.     

Determination of sediment volumes, accumulation rates and turbidite emplacement frequencies on the Madeira Abyssal Plain (NE Atlantic): a correlation between seismic and borehole data

The sedimentary infill history of the Madeira Abyssal Plain (MAP) is established from correlation of ODP Leg 157 drillsites (Sites 950–952) with an almost regular grid of 7000 km of intermediate-resolution seismic reflection profiles covering the central part of the abyssal plain. The most conspicuous seismic reflectors bounding the seismostratigraphic units have been identified and mapped. Correlation between seismic and borehole data using synthetic seismograms allows the lithological attribution and dating of the reflectors and seismostratigraphic units. Lateral mapping and correlation of seismic units also allows both the volumes and rates of accumulation of sediments within each seismostratigraphic unit and equivalent time periods of deposition to be determined. These calculations have been corrected for the effect of compaction, calculated at around 40% at the base of the drillholes. Three main turbidite types have been identified at the drillsites and their emplacement frequency has been calculated for each site and time period. Our results show that Cretaceous oceanic crust was draped with red pelagic clays, and the fracture-zone valleys were completely infilled and levelled in a geologically rather short time, probably during the latest Oligocene and Early Miocene, by organic-rich turbidites derived from the NW African continental margin. At 16 Ma, the topography was levelled enough to allow large turbidity current flows to cover the entire plain. During the Middle and Late Miocene (16–5.9 Ma), organic-rich turbidites were emplaced on the abyssal plain at a low rate of accumulation (12 m/my). In the uppermost Miocene–Early Pliocene (5.9–3.6 Ma), turbidite emplacement increased markedly in both frequency and accumulation rate (e.g., 26 m/my for organic-rich turbidites). During this time, period emplacement of volcanic-rich turbidites also increased in volume and frequency, a trend that continued into the Pliocene. Increased volcanic-rich turbidite emplacement correlates well with increased volcanic activity on the Canary Islands, and increased organic-rich turbidite emplacement may correlate with periods of erosion on the NW African continental margin. These erosional periods may be related to global cooling and falling sea level, intensification of bottom-water currents, and enhanced upwelling on the margin.     

Anomalously large seismic amplifications in the seafloor area off the Kii peninsula

Seismic wave amplifications were investigated using strong-motion data obtained from the ground’s surface (K-net) on the Kii peninsula (southwestern Japan) and from the network of twenty seismic stations on the seafloor (DONET) located off the peninsula near the Nankai trough. Observed seismograms show that seismic signals at DONET stations are significantly larger than those at K-net stations, independent of epicentral distances. In order to investigate the cause of such amplifications, seismic wavefields for local events were simulated using the finite-difference method, in which a realistic 3D velocity structure in and around the peninsula was incorporated. Our simulation results demonstrate that seismic waves are significantly amplified at DONET stations in relation to the presence of underlying low-velocity sediment layers with a total thickness of up to 10 km. Our simulations also show considerable variations in the degree of amplification among DONET stations, which is attributed to differences in the thickness of the sediment layers. The degree of amplification is relatively low at stations above thin sediment layers near the trough axis, but seismic signals are much more amplified at stations closer to the Kii peninsula, where sediment layers are thicker than those at the trough axis. Simulation results are consistent with observations. This study, based on seafloor observations and simulations, indicates that because seismic signals are amplified due to the ocean-specific structures, the magnitude of earthquakes would be overestimated if procedures applied to data observed at land stations are used without corrections.     

Gas hydrate identified in sand-rich inferred sedimentary section using downhole logging and seismic data in Shenhu area,South China Sea

Downhole wireline log (DWL) data was acquired from eight drill sites during China's first gas hydrate drilling expedition (GMGS-1) in 2007. Initial analyses of the acquired well log data suggested that there were no significant gas hydrate occurrences at Site SH4. However, the re-examination of the DWL data from Site SH4 indicated that there are two intervals of high resistivity, which could be indicative of gas hydrate. One interval of high resistivity at depth of 171–175 m below seafloor (mbsf) is associated with a high compressional- wave (P-wave) velocities and low gamma ray log values, which suggests the presence of gas hydrate in a potentially sand-rich (low clay content) sedimentary section. The second high resistivity interval at depth of 175–180 mbsf is associated with low P-wave velocities and low gamma values, which suggests the presence of free gas in a potentially sand-rich (low clay content) sedimentary section. Because the occurrence of free gas is much shallower than the expected from the regional depth of the bottom simulating reflector (BSR), the free gas could be from the dissociation of gas hydrate during drilling or there may be a local anomaly in the depth to the base of the gas hydrate stability zone. In order to determine whether the low P-wave velocity with high resistivity is caused by in-situ free gas or dissociated free gas from the gas hydrate, the surface seismic data were also used in this analysis. The log analysis incorporating the surface seismic data through the construction of synthetic seismograms using various models indicated the presence of free gas directly in contact with an overlying gas hydrate-bearing section. The occurrence of the anomalous base of gas hydrate stability at Site SH4 could be caused by a local heat flow conditions. This paper documents the first observation of gas hydrate in what is believed to be a sand-rich sediment in Shenhu area of the South China Sea.