长江口外近海表层沉积物粒度的级配特性及其意义

依据采自长江口外近海的22个表层沉积物样品的粒度分析资料,运用多元统计分析以及粒级对比等方法对沉积物的级配特性及意义进行了研究。结果表明研究区沉积物粒度数据中>6Φ,4~6Φ,<4Φ粒级分别具有不同的特征,因子得分区分别对应长江口泥质区、浙闽沿岸泥质区和粉砂-砂质区。从长江口向南至闽浙泥质带,表层沉积物中值粒径从6.9Ф变为7.2Ф,逐渐变细,符合沉积物“机械分异”规律,并呈连续分布,中间并无明显的间断。通过对粒度分布曲线的对比研究认为:>5Φ(<32μm)粒级沉积物主要是现代陆源沉积物,其中>6Φ(<16μm)粒级相对含量与离物源区距离有很好的相关关系,可能是示踪长江入海沉积物的良好粒级区间;<4Φ(>63μm)粒级沉积物在河口区以外的近海主要来源于陆架残留沉积的改造和再搬运。     

苏北废黄河口表层沉积物分布特征及其控制因素

基于苏北废黄河口附近海域表层沉积物粒度分析结果,分析研究了废黄河口表层沉积物分布特征及其控制因素。研究结果表明:废黄河口表层沉积物类型主要有粉砂质砂、砂质粉砂、粉砂和泥等4种,其中粉砂为分布最广的沉积物类型,分布面积在50%以上;粉砂粒级为研究区最主要的粒级组分,平均含量高达66.3%;表层沉积物优势粒径高度集中,从泥-粉砂-砂质粉砂-粉砂质砂,主峰Φ值不断变小,在细颗粒一侧的低频率尾部逐渐变长。研究区沉积环境可分为高能量区和低能量区,低能量区又可细分为浅水亚区和深水亚区;研究区水动力主要以波浪和潮流作用为主,其中港池南侧近岸主要受波浪作用控制,水动力条件最强,砂质粉砂覆盖区受波浪和潮流作用的双重影响,粉砂覆盖区主要受潮流作用影响。     

碳酸盐含量对莱州湾南岸钻孔沉积物粒度测试结果的影响

采用2种不同的前处理方法对莱州湾南岸钻孔沉积物样品进行粒度测量。通过比较沉积物粒度的粒级组成发现,未去除碳酸盐颗粒的测量结果,黏土粒级含量显著增加,粉砂粒级的变化主要受到黏土粒级含量增加的影响而降低,砂粒级未见明显的变化规律。应用2参数Weibull分布,对沉积物粒度分布进行拟合,发现测量样品的粒度分布以3峰态和4峰态为主,是否去除碳酸盐不改变粒度分布的基本形态,但对各组分的相对含量影响明显。通过实验对比,我们认为,粒度测量的前处理过程中去除碳酸盐是必要的。     

黄河利津水文站不同粒径悬浮颗粒物中有机碳含量的研究

估算不同粒径TSS中POC的入海日通量,对黄河利津水文站悬浮颗粒物(total suspended solid,TSS)样品,采用基于stokes原理的沉降法分为Ⅴ级,对分级后的样品测其有机碳(particulate organic carbon,POC)含量和粒度组成。在此基础上,用多元线性回归法对数据进一步处理,准确得到样品中不同粒径TSS中POC的含量。研究表明,黄河口淡水端水体TSS,<8μm的粘土和极细粉砂、8~16μm的细粉砂中,POC的含量为0.600%和0.400%左右;16~32μm的中粉砂中,POC的含量不足0.200%;而32~63μm的粗粉砂和>63μm砂中POC含量仅为0.050%和0.004%左右,80%以上的POC主要集中在<16μm的TSS中,而<32μm的TSS承载了95%以上的POC。     

山东半岛东北部滨浅海区表层沉积物粒度及矿物成分

对山东半岛东北部滨浅海区海底表层沉积物的粒度和矿物组分进行了分析,探讨了其物源及其粒度分布特征与沉积动力条件的关系。结果表明,本区表层沉积物主要来源于现代黄河物质,底质类型主要有黏土质粉砂、砂质粉砂和粉砂质砂3种类型,其中黏土质粉砂约占该区沉积物分布面积的60%以上,呈“Y”形由西北向东南展布。研究区沉积作用的主控因素是黄海沿岸流,各粒级组分的分布和粒度参数特征与海流的方向和强弱有明显的相关性。     

南海神狐海域含水合物层粒度变化及与水合物饱和度的关系

为探讨沉积物粒度与水合物饱和度的关系,对南海神狐海域水合物钻探区2个获取水合物的钻孔岩心沉积物进行了粒度分析及粒度与水合物饱和度对比分析.结果表明,含水合物沉积物具有粉砂含量72％～82％、黏土含量小于30％、砂含量一般小于10％的基本特征,其中粉砂中以8～32和32～63 μm粒级的中细一粗粉砂占优势;该特征与上下不...     

山东半岛泥质区沉积物敏感粒级分析及其环境意义

基于山东半岛泥质区附近四根岩芯沉积物样品的高分辨率取样(1cm)粒度测试分析资料,分析了粒度频率曲线、粒度参数及其粒度组成特点,采用粒级-标准偏差法提取了沉积物的敏感性粒级,并探讨了研究区沉积物的搬运机制及对东亚冬季风强度的响应。结果表明:山东半岛泥质区沉积物以粉砂为主,砂和粘土的含量变化差异较大,粉砂含量变化较小,主要以跃移加悬浮组分为主。发育了大致相同的三个粒级组分,分别是粒组1(1.24μm)、粒组2(1.24~20.45μm)和粒组3(28.84~136.47μm),同时提取出粒组3(28.84~136.47μm)为研究区岩芯的敏感粒级,可以作为山东半岛泥质区的环境替代指标。测年数据和环境代用指标分析表明,敏感粒级平均粒径波动的程度可以反映东亚季风强弱变化,同时百年尺度中,北太平洋涛动和东亚冬季风与研究区沉积环境存在着紧密的联系,东亚冬季风较强时,岩心敏感粒级平均粒径呈现粗化趋势,同时与NPO指数呈现相反趋势,应用敏感粒级粒径波动来指示气候变化具有极其重要的意义。     

中国渤黄海的沉积物源及输运路径研究

基于中国渤黄海120个表层沉积物粒度分析,研究了其表层沉积物分布特征与物源和水动力的关系。结果表明,研究区底质类型主要有黏土质粉砂、粉砂、砂质粉砂、粉砂质砂、砂和砂-粉砂-黏土6种类型,以砂质粉砂和黏土质粉砂为主,整体粒度较细、分选较差,在老铁山水道、莱州湾、北黄海北部等水动力较强区域分选相对较好且沉积物粒径相对偏粗。根据沉积物粒度参数、物源、输运路径将研究区划为5个沉积区,分别为渤海湾、滦河口粉砂沉积区,黄河口、莱州湾砂质沉积区,渤海中部粉砂质沉积区,北黄海西部黏土质粉砂沉积区,北黄海北部砂质沉积区。物源和水动力条件控制了研究区沉积物粒度分布。     

南黄海中西部表层沉积物粒度特征分析

对南黄海中西部海域316个表层沉积物进行了粒度分析、粒度参数计算和多元统计分析,探讨了沉积物的粒度分布特征、搬运方式和沉积环境。结果表明,粉砂是南黄海中西部海域表层沉积物的优势粒级,含量高达47%,主要粒级范围是1.14~10.13Ф,核心粒级范围是3.92~7.44Ф,底质类型主要是砂质粉砂、粉砂质砂、砂质泥和粉砂。粒度R型聚类分析得出4类,第1类由5.5~10.5Ф粒级组成,第2类由-0.84~-3.2Ф粒级组成,即粗、细两端元粒级组分,第3类是3.5~4.5Ф,第4类为1.5~2.5Ф,分别对应于粉砂质砂(或泥质砂)和砂;Q型聚类分析根据不同的阈值可分为4类、6类或8类,各类归类良好,图形清晰。典型站位的分析表明,研究区的主控因素是黄海沿岸流、潮流沙脊区往复流及苏北沿岸流,各粒级组分的分布、粒度参数特征、搬运方式与海流的强弱和方向有着密切的相关性。     

舟山群岛表层沉积物粒度和黏土矿物分布特征与物源指示

通过对舟山群岛表层沉积物样品的粒度分析和黏土矿物含量测定,研究了表层沉积物的粒度分布特征及黏土矿物组成。利用Flemming三角图示法分析了研究区域的沉积动力环境,并探讨了沉积物的物质来源。结果表明,舟山群岛表层沉积物共有5种类型,其中粉砂含量最高,呈片状广泛分布于舟山群岛东部宽阔海域;研究区表层沉积物分选性较差,以正偏为主;沉积物样品在Flemming三角图上投影显示,粉砂沉积物集中在D-Ⅱ,E-Ⅱ,E-Ⅲ区,砂质粉砂等沉积物零星分布在D-Ⅱ,C-Ⅱ及S区,表明研究区沉积物整体粒径较细、岛屿间水动力较强,开阔水域水动力较弱。研究区黏土矿物中伊利石为优势矿物,质量分数均值为61.5%;其次为绿泥石,质量分数均值为15.0%;高岭石和蒙脱石含量较少,质量分数均值分别为12.7%和10.9%。黏土矿物组合类型以伊利石-绿泥石-高岭石-蒙脱石为主,伊利石-绿泥石-蒙脱石-高岭石次之,具有类长江型沉积物特征。舟山群岛表层沉积物以陆源成因为主,物质来源以长江为主、浙江河流入海输沙以及舟山群岛岩石风化产物为补充。     

Preformed Cd and PO4 and the relationship between the two elements in the northwestern Pacific and the Okhotsk Sea

Preformed Cd and PO₄ were investigated in the northwestern Pacific (Station CM05) and the Okhotsk Sea (Station CM06), and the relationship between the two elements was examined. At CM05, from the apparent oxygen utilization (AOU)–Cd and PO₄ plot, the different molecular ratios of consumed O₂ to regenerated Cd and PO₄ were calculated to be 254,000 (Cd) and 96 (PO₄) for the shallow layer (30–99 m) and 613,000 (Cd) and 170 (PO₄) for the deep layer (below the oxygen minimum layer), which suggested the preferential remineralization of Cd and PO₄ in the shallow layer. At CM06, regeneration ratios of O₂/Cd, PO₄ were obtained only in the shallow layer (29–124 m) as 227,000 (Cd) and 75 (PO₄). The calculated preformed Cd and PO₄ concentrations in the shallow layer were 0.59 nM of Cd and 1.6 μM of PO₄ at CM05 and 0.35 nM of Cd and 0.95 μM of PO₄ at CM06. These concentrations were much higher than those (close to 0) in the low-latitude area, which was attributable to the supply of these constituents from deep water by the strong winter convection. In the deep layer, at CM05, preformed concentrations were 0.64 nM of Cd and 1.4 μM of PO₄. Preformed PO₄ generally agreed with previously reported values in the Pacific, which suggested that the concentrations of the initial PO₄ in the deep water were preserved as preformed through the movement to the northwestern Pacific. On the other hand, obtained preformed Cd in the northwestern Pacific deep water showed a somewhat higher value than that in the southwest Pacific. The possibility of the terrestrial input and remineralization of Cd by CaCO₃ dissolution during the northward movement was considered. A plot of Cd and PO₄ showed a linear relationship with slopes of 0.34 and 0.40 (nM/μM) at CM05 and CM06, respectively, which generally agreed with the reported values in the North Pacific.     

海南省海岸带和海洋资源与环境问题及对策研究

在分析海南省海岸带和海洋资源与环境优势的基础上，指出当前存在的5个主要问题，即海洋资源的综合开发利用缺乏统一的规划、海洋防护林和生物资源破坏严重、水质富营养化、海域污染等，并对存在问题提出今后的对策。     

渤海、黄海、东海冬季海流场温度场数值模拟和同化技术

利用NASA高分辨率的卫星遥感资料SST,采用Nudging同化来模拟渤海、黄海、东海的三维温度场,减小用热通量作上边界条件所带来的误差.结果表明,模拟的海流场能较好地反映渤海、黄海、东海的环流特征.数据同化后的温度场优于未经同化的温度场.3个选择站点的同化值与实测值的均方根误差分别为1.307,0.526,0.744,用热通量资料模拟的水温与实测值的均方根误差分别为2.160,0.979,1.330.尽管只同化了海表温度,但数据同化对三维温度场结构都有影响.     

体现执法威力 维护海上权益

2004年，是我国海洋工作面临历史性机遇和挑战的一年。中国海监总队在国家海洋局的领导和关怀下，在局各有关部门和各分局、各沿海省(自治区、直辖市)海洋厅(局)的大力支持下，坚持以邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想为指导，认真贯彻党的十六大和十六届三中、四中全会精神，全面落实局党组2004年的重点工作，以执法能力建设为重点，以海盾系列专项执法、执法示范工作为主线，上下团结一致，与时俱进，开拓进取，认真履行职能，全力推进全国海监队伍建设和海洋执法监察工作。     

东海黑潮温、盐度与中国东部气温和降水的相互关系

采用东海黑潮主流段长时间序列的实测温盐资料,研究了东海黑潮上层温度、上层盐度的变化及其与中国东部降水和地面气温的关系.结果表明,在过去50 a内,东海黑潮上层海温呈上升趋势,而上层盐度略呈下降趋势.东海黑潮上层海温和我国东部地面气温的关系在冬季十分密切,呈现出大面积显著的正相关,这与冬季南下冷空气的整体降温作用有关.夏季,长江中下游江水的增多致使大量长江冲淡水入海,可能是导致黑潮上层水盐度下降的一个原因,此时东海黑潮上层盐度与我国大陆东部降水呈负相关.     

Environmental genotoxicity and cytotoxicity in the offshore zones of the Baltic and the North Seas

Micronuclei (MN), nuclear buds (NB) and fragmented-apoptotic cells (FA) were analyzed in mature peripheral blood and immature cephalic kidney erythrocytes of flounder (Platichthys flesus), dab (Limanda limanda) and cod (Gadus morhua) from 12 offshore sites in the Baltic Sea (479 specimens) and 11 sites in the North Sea (291 specimens), which were collected during three research vessel cruises in December 2002, 2003 and in September 2004. The highest levels of environmental genotoxicity (frequencies of MN up to 0.5‰, NB – up to 0.75‰) and cytotoxicity (FA – up to 0.53‰) were observed in flatfishes from areas close to oil and gas platforms in the North Sea and in zones related to the extensive shipping and potentially influenced by contamination from large European Rivers (Elbe, Vistula, Oder). In dab from the offshore zones of the North Sea, the levels of nuclear abnormalities were higher as compared to those in dab from the Baltic Sea. Responses in immature kidney erythrocytes were higher than in mature erythrocytes from peripheral blood. MN frequency lower than 0.05‰ (the Baltic Sea) and lower than 0.1‰ (the North Sea) could be suspected as a reference level in the peripheral blood erythrocytes of flatfish.     

Canada and the law of the sea

This is a historical review of Canadian policy at the Third UN Conference on the Law of the Sea. Canadian objectives with regard to the territorial sea, fisheries, pollution prevention and the continental shelf are outlined and the role played by the Canadian delegation at UNCLOS is described. The article then examines the impact of the Convention on Canada, particular attention being paid to the Canadian Exclusive Economic Zone and the Canadian role in the controversy over seabed mining. The author concludes by arguing that Canada was a major beneficiary of the Convention, but that US opposition has placed the future of the Convention in jeopardy.     

Comparison between the magnetic and petrological characteristics of the peridotites from the gorringe ridge and the peridotites from the mid-ocean ridges

The purpose of our work was to obtain the most possible detailed information about the composition, concentration, and structural features of the magnetic minerals contained in the rock to reveal the differences in the magnetic properties of the peridotites under various circumstances of the mantle magmatism and different conditions of metamorphism. To do this, we examined and analyzed the magnetic and petrographic characteristics of four collections of oceanic and alpinotype spinel peridotites. The main object for comparing the magnetic characteristics was the Gorringe ridge, which lies in the eastern part of the Atlantic Ocean. The peridotite samples from the Gorringe ridge differ from the other collections in many magnetic parameters: I _n , χ, Q, I _rs /I _s , H _c , H _cr , and H _m . The principal question of our work was to clarify the nature of the Earth’s crust where the Gorringe ridge formed. This subject was studied many times in the literature, but the researchers did not reach a common opinion. In accordance with our data, the spinel peridotites from the Gorringe ridge represent a subcontinental lithosphere mantle of the Iberian continental margin. During the metamorphism, the formation of magnetite occurred in the peridotites of the Gorringe ridge in several stages and had a regressive character. Our investigations explain the results of the analysis of the anomalous magnetic field over the Gorringe ridge, which is characterized by sharp roughness and high intensity of the local signchanging anomalies.     

On the large-scale variability of the circulation and heat state of the ocean and atmosphere in the North Atlantic

A conclusion about two extreme regimes existing in the large-scale circulation in the North Atlantic has been drawn based on an analysis of the inter-annual variability of the analogue to the Rossby index, as well as that of the heat and dynamic characteristics in separate areas of the north subtropical circulation. The former is defined by a high level of circulation both in the atmosphere and in the subtropical water circulation. In the current century this regime was realized mainly in the years pertaining to the middle and end of a 22-year solar activity cycle (a 22-year cycle). The relatively low level of atmospheric circulation and the slackened water mass transport are typical of the second regime. It dominated mainly during the years relevant to the beginning and second half of a 22-year solar activity cycle.Translated by Mikhail M. Trufanov.     

Recent changes of the halocline characteristics and warming of the intermediate water in the Kamchatka current and the Oyashio

The upper Oyashio intermediate water, one of the source waters for the Sea of Okhotsk intermediate water, is exhibiting a warming trend. The historical data show that the upper Oyashio temperature increased by 2.4°C during 1953 to 2007 at the potential density of 26.75 at depths of approximately 170 m. This rate of warming is much faster than that of the global ocean and the Sea of Okhotsk. The upper Oyashio warming is likely linked to the penetration of warm water of the Alaskan Stream westward. One mechanism of this warm Alaskan Stream water penetration is associated with large Aleutian eddies.