中、上扬子白垩纪以来的剥蚀过程及构造意义——低温年代学数据约束

通过对磷灰石裂变径迹（AFT）数据系统的对比,本文从整体上分析了中、上扬子区块各地质单元在晚中生代、新生带抬升冷却特征,并初步构建了区域上中-新生代构造活动与内陆变形的时空关系.它们的构造活动在空间上具有分区性和连续性特征,在时间上具有幕式性特征.空间上的分区性与连续性主要表现在各地质单元隆升特征的差异性,即中扬子北缘江汉盆地、黄陵隆起最早开始冷却到大巴山逆冲带、米仓山-汉南隆起晚侏罗世自北（东）向南（西）的隆升与江南-雪峰山隆起、湘鄂西褶皱带、川东褶皱带及川东北地区自南东向北西依次递进逆冲褶皱变形的差异;构造活动时间上的幕式特征主要表现在阶段性的快速冷却及其相间的缓慢冷却过程.中、上扬子北缘大巴山逆冲带、米仓山-汉南隆起磷灰石裂变径迹年龄从北（东）向南（西）逐渐变小,它们在晚中生代、新生代处于秦岭-大别造山带向扬子地块逆冲挤压变形的动力学背景;而湘鄂西褶皱带、川东褶皱带及川东北地区磷灰石裂变径迹年龄自南东向北西方向减小的趋势主要受控于太平洋板块的俯冲挤压效应.中、上扬子喜山晚期的快速冷却主要是青藏高原隆升及其向东与南东方向构造逃逸挤压作用及亚洲季风等气候变化的响应.磷灰石裂变径迹的系统分析为中、上扬子递进扩展构造变形提供了年代学约束.     

鄂尔多斯盆地东南缘白垩纪以来构造演化的裂变径迹证据

鄂尔多斯盆地东南缘处于渭北隆起、晋西挠褶带和东秦岭造山带的转折地带,构造位置独特,演化历史复杂.本文选取东缘韩城地区和南缘东秦岭洛南地区上三叠统延长组为研究对象,采集6件砂岩样品进行锆石、磷灰石裂变径迹分析,对关键构造-热事件提供热年代学约束,恢复盆地东南缘不同构造带的热演化史,深化对盆地东南部油气资源赋存条件的认识,以期实现油气勘探的新突破.研究表明韩城和洛南地区的抬升冷却史存在明显差异.磷灰石裂变径迹年龄表现为从南到北减小的趋势.东缘韩城剖面磷灰石裂变径迹记录51.6~66.3 Ma、33 Ma两次抬升冷却的峰值年龄.南缘洛南剖面锆石裂变径迹年龄和磷灰石裂变径迹年龄分别记录89~106 Ma和59~66 Ma的冷却抬升年龄.洛南地区抬升冷却时间较早,剥蚀速率(106m/Ma)大于韩城地区(68m/Ma),且持续时间长.磷灰石裂变径迹(Apatite Fission Track,AFT)热史模拟显示,晚中生代,受燕山运动的影响,东秦岭地区发生强烈的构造岩浆事件,洛南地区热演化程度明显高于韩城地区.洛南剖面的热演化主要受岩浆活动的控制,韩城剖面为埋藏增温型.鄂尔多斯盆地东南缘的裂变径迹年龄格局基本受控于白垩纪以来的抬升冷却事件.     

川西坳陷鸭子河地区基于多种古温标的钻井热史恢复

利用镜质体反射率(Ro)、磷灰石裂变径迹(AFT)和伊利石结晶度(IC指数)等古温标恢复了四川盆地川西坳陷的钻井热史,对比了不同温标最高古地温的恢复结果.研究表明,研究区晚白垩世至今总体表现为冷却及抬升剥蚀的过程,地温梯度由约26℃·km-1降低至约22℃·km-1,剥蚀量约1.3~1.9km.约80 Ma以来开始抬升剥蚀,40—2.5 Ma经历了一个热平静期,第四纪存在一定的增温,地温梯度增高约5℃·km-1.三种古地温恢复结果具有较高的一致性,相对于镜质体反射率(Ro)和磷灰石裂变径迹(AFT)等成熟古温标,伊利石结晶度作为有机质成熟度指标和沉积岩古温标的应用处于定性分析阶段,该指标的热演化模型仍需进一步探索.     

裂变径迹年龄在断裂构造形迹中的应用

本文通过对苏州金山浜花岗岩岩体中北北东向断裂带取样,选矿及对其重矿物——磷灰石分别进行化学蚀刻和热中子辐射,采用白云母外探测器法分别进行自发裂变径迹与诱发裂变径迹的观察、统计及裂变径迹年龄的计算。认为该岩体形成年代是侏罗-白垩纪,而断层破裂形迹的地质事件是晚第三纪中新世。说明运用裂变径迹的方法来研究活断层的测年工作是可取的     

贺兰山隆升时限及其演化

贺兰山横亘于鄂尔多斯盆地西北缘,其隆升时限与盆地的构造属性和发展演化密切相关.对其隆起的时间前人有晚三叠世、晚侏罗世等多种认识.对贺兰山现存地层的分布和岩浆及热液活动等资料分析,认为晚三叠世-中侏罗世贺兰山并未隆升,其隆起时间应在中侏罗世之后.通过对与贺兰山相邻的银川地堑沉积地层及沉降速率的研究,指出贺兰山大规模隆升时间为始新世,在上新世以来发生了快速隆升.根据对不同时代样品磷灰石和锆石裂变径迹测试结果的分析,精细刻画了贺兰山的隆升-冷却过程,指出其隆升至少经历了晚侏罗世—早白垩世初、早白垩世中晚期、晚白垩世和始新世以来4个阶段.其中,晚白垩世和始新世以来的隆升最为明显.早白垩世中晚期为区域冷却过程.综合分析和总结各方面研究结果,认为贺兰山隆升的最早时间在晚侏罗世,此时隆升规模较为局限;晚白垩世的隆升与鄂尔多斯盆地整体的抬升相对应;始新世开始发生大规模的隆升,上新世隆升速率进一步加快.     

西藏甲马多金属矿区热历史的裂变径迹证据

用裂变径迹法测试了甲马矿区矽卡岩矿石和外围砂岩总计5个磷灰石和锆石样品, 其中磷灰石裂变径迹年龄为(16.1±0.9)和(18.8±1.1) Ma, 代表成矿热液后期活动的时代; 砂岩磷灰石裂变径迹年龄为(22.0±4.3) Ma, 锆石裂变径迹年龄为(20.9±2.0) Ma, 代表早期成矿时代; 另一个砂岩锆石年龄为(341.6±79.1) Ma, 与成矿作用关系不大, 是矿物源区特征的反映. 热历史分析表明, 成矿作用开始时间应早于25～22 Ma. 矿区平均冷却速率为5～6℃/Ma, 其中在90～80℃期间降温缓慢; 矿区剥蚀程度约为2.7 km, 剥蚀速率大于抬升速率.     

基于磷灰石裂变径迹约束的北黄海盆地热演化研究

热演化历史的研究对于盆地分析和油气勘探具有重要意义.北黄海盆地是中国近海海域油气勘探程度较低的盆地之一,迄今未见专门的热演化研究报道.笔者利用北黄海盆地中生代砂岩的磷灰石裂变径迹分析结果,结合地质条件约束,模拟获得了中生代以来盆地的热演化史.结果表明,北黄海盆地经历了两次增温和两次冷却的热演化过程,并在100-80 Ma时盆地的热历史出现明显变化,表明在晚白垩世北黄海盆地发生过一次较大的构造-热事件.磷灰石裂变径迹分析所表明的北黄海盆地的热历史与盆地原型演化阶段相对应,而这种热历史和盆地的演化过程与区域构造背景相关.磷灰石裂变径迹所揭示的热演化史对于深化认识北黄海盆地的地质演化过程和油气勘探潜力具有重要意义.     

日喀则弧前盆地的埋藏和剥蚀历史——来自低温热年代学的约束

日喀则弧前盆地紧邻印度板块与欧亚大陆碰撞带,研究其剥蚀历史对理解印度板块与欧亚大陆碰撞对造山带剥蚀的影响具有重要意义。文中利用磷灰石裂变径迹(AFT)及锆石和磷灰石的(U-Th)/He(ZHe和AHe)年龄数据,结合已发表的低温热年代数据探讨日喀则弧前盆地的热演化和剥露历史。日喀则弧前盆地磷灰石裂变径迹年龄存在明显的南北差异,南部磷灰石裂变径迹年龄为74～44Ma,对应的剥蚀速率为0. 03～0. 1km/Ma,剥蚀量≤2km;北部磷灰石裂变径迹年龄为27～15Ma,剥蚀速率为0. 09～0. 29km/Ma,但缺失早新生代的热演化历史。而磷灰石的(U-Th)/He年龄表明15Ma BP之后日喀则弧前盆地整体呈现一致的剥露历史。低温热年代数据表明日喀则弧前盆地南部自新生代以来尽管受到印度板块与欧亚大陆碰撞及后期断层活动的影响,海拔由海平面抬升至4. 2km,但一直保持缓慢的剥蚀,表明高原隆升并未直接促使该地区的岩石剥蚀速率加快,这与快速剥蚀即代表造山带开始隆升的假设不相符。此外,日喀则弧前盆地北部的低温热年代学研究表明晚渐新世—早中新世Kailas盆地仅发育于日喀则弧前盆地与冈底斯造山带之间的狭长地带,并在短期内经历了快速的埋藏和剥露。     

四川盆地南部地区新生代隆升剥露研究——低温热年代学证据

本文通过背斜褶皱变形与低温热年代学年龄(磷灰石和锆石(U-Th)/He、磷灰石裂变径迹)端元模型研究,约束低起伏度、低斜率地貌特征的四川盆地南部地区新生代隆升剥露过程.四川盆地南部沐川和桑木场背斜地区新生代渐新世-中新世发生了相似的快速隆升剥露过程(速率为~0.1 mm/a、现今地表剥蚀厚度1.0~2.0 km),反映出盆地克拉通基底对区域均一性快速抬升冷却过程的控制作用.川南沐川地区磷灰石(U-Th)/He年龄值为~10-28.6 Ma, 样品年龄与古深度具有明显的线性关系,揭示新生代~10-30 Ma以速率为0.12±0.02 mm/a的稳态隆升剥露过程.桑木场背斜地区磷灰石裂变径迹年龄为~36-52 Ma,古深度空间上样品AFT年龄变化不明显(~50 Ma)、且具有相似的径迹长度(~12.0 μm).磷灰石裂变径迹热演化史模拟表明桑木场地区经历三个阶段热演化过程:埋深增温阶段(~80 Ma以前)、缓慢抬升冷却阶段(80-20 Ma)和快速隆升剥露阶段(~20 Ma-现今),新生代隆升剥露速率大致分别为~0.025 mm/a和~0.1 mm/a.新生代青藏高原大规模地壳物质东向运动与四川盆地克拉通基底挤压,受板缘边界主断裂带差异性构造特征控制造就了青藏高原东缘不同的边界地貌特征.     

用裂变径迹法研究断层活动年龄的初步探讨

裂变径迹年代测定是研究断层活动年龄的新方法,它基于磷灰石中裂变径迹的退火效应。本文报导了取自郯庐断裂带等地区12个磷灰石和一个榍石的裂变径迹年龄,结果表明,在断裂带中磷灰石裂变径迹的退火效应非常明显,效应随离断层带的距离增加而减弱。结合断层带的活动特点和原岩的年龄,对断层带中磷灰石裂变径迹年龄的解释及今后的研究方向作了探讨     

Changes in sediment transport in the Kuye River in the Loess Plateau in China

In this paper, the changes in sediment transport over 51 years from 1955 to 2006 in the Kuye River in the Loess Plateau in China are assessed. Key factors affecting sediment yield and sediment transport, such as precipitation depth, discharge, and human activities are studied. To investigate the changes in sediment yield in this watershed, a trend analysis on sediment concentration, precipitation depth, and discharge is conducted. Precipitation depths at 2 Climate Stations （CSs）, as well as discharge and sediment transport at 3 Gauging Stations （GSs） are used to assess the features of sediment transport in the Kuye River. The rtmoff modulus （defined as the annual average discharge per unit area, L/（s·km^2）） and the sediment transport modulus （defined as the annual suspended sediment transport per unit area, t/（yr km^2）） are introduced in this study to assess the changes in runoff and sediment yield for this watershed. The results show that the highest average monthly discharge during the study period in the Kuye River is 66.23 m^3/s in August with an average monthly sediment concentration of 88.9 kg/m^3. However, the highest average monthly sediment concentration during the study period in the Kuye River is 125.34 kg/m^3 and occurs in July, which has an average discharge of 42.6 m^3/s that is much less than the average monthly discharge in August. It is found that both the runoff modulus and sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS on the Kuye River has a clear downward trend. During the summer season from July to August, the sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS is much higher than those at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs on the Yellow River. The easily erodible loess in the Kuye River watershed and the sparse vegetation are responsible for the extremely high sediment yield from the Kuye River watershed. The analyses of the grain size distribution of suspended load in the Kuye River are presented. The average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Kuye River is largest in February and then decreases until June. In July, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load approaches another peak and decreases until September. Then, the median grain size of suspended load starts to increase until February of the following year. However, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Yellow River at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs is the smallest between early summer and late fall The median grain size in the Yellow River starts to increase in November and approaches the largest size in January.     

Variations in trace gas concentrations in different environments in India

Observations of trace gases (SO₂, NH₃, NO₂ and O₃) were made during the period 1981 to 1984 at 6 different locations representative of urban industrial, urban, nonurban, thermal power plant and marine environment. Diurnal variations of the trace gases were studied in an urban environment. Except in the urban industrial environment, the concentration of NH₃ was found in the range of background values. Also, the average concentrations of NO₂ and O₃ at the different environments were in the order of background values. However, the concentrations of SO₂ were substantially higher by about 7 times, in urban industrial and thermal power plant environments. The diurnal variations of SO₂, NH₃ and NO₂ showed anitphase relationship with surface temperature at the urban environment station which is relatively free of industrial pollution. Discussion is centred on trace gas variations in different environments in India together with the values reported for various countries in the world.     

TritiogenicHe in groundwater in Takaoka

³He/⁴He ratios up to 3.5 times the ratio of atmospheric He were found in groundwater samples. The³He enrichment can be attributed to radiogenic³He produced by in-situ beta-decay of³H. This shows that tritiogenic³He is accumulating in confined waters. From tritiogenic³He and³H concentrations, ages of groundwaters can be calculated. Detection of tritiogenic³He gives a tool to trace a tritium contamination which occurred in the past and cannot be assessed only by the³H counting method.     

Projected changes in flood indices in selected catchments in Poland in the 21st century

The aim of this study is to estimate likely changes in flood indices under a future climate and to assess the uncertainty in these estimates for selected catchments in Poland. Precipitation and temperature time series from climate simulations from the EURO-CORDEX initiative for the periods 1971–2000, 2021–2050 and 2071–2100 following the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 emission scenarios have been used to produce hydrological simulations based on the HBV hydrological model. As the climate model outputs for Poland are highly biased, post processing in the form of bias correction was first performed so that the climate time series could be applied in hydrological simulations at a catchment-scale. The results indicate that bias correction significantly improves flow simulations and estimated flood indices based on comparisons with simulations from observed climate data for the control period. The estimated changes in the mean annual flood and in flood quantiles under a future climate indicate a large spread in the estimates both within and between the catchments. An ANOVA analysis was used to assess the relative contributions of the 2 emission scenarios, the 7 climate models and the 4 bias correction methods to the total spread in the projected changes in extreme river flow indices for each catchment. The analysis indicates that the differences between climate models generally make the largest contribution to the spread in the ensemble of the three factors considered. The results for bias corrected data show small differences between the four bias correction methods considered, and, in contrast with the results for uncorrected simulations, project increases in flood indices for most catchments under a future climate.     

Changes in thermal extremes in Poland

Changes in thermal extremes of the climate of Poland in 1951–2010 are examined. Warm extremes have become more frequent, while cold extremes have become less frequent. In the warming climate of Poland, the increase in the number of extremely warm days in a year and the decrease in the number of extremely cold days in a year have been observed. Also the increase of the maximum number of consecutive hot days in a year and the decrease of the maximum number of consecutive very cold and extremely cold days in a year have been observed. However, the trends are not of ubiquitous statistic significance, as the natural variability is strong.     

Copper in natural waters in Transbaikalia

Cu concentrations in surface (river and lake) and subsurface waters are determined. The geographic pattern of Cu distribution in natural water is identified. This pattern is controlled by the difference between its concentrations in drained rocks and soils and the geochemical redox conditions of its migration. Territories with low, medium, and elevated Cu concentrations in natural waters are identified. The concentrations of Cu in natural waters of the region are found to be generally lower than the Clarke values.     

Hydrological changes in the Ganges system in Bangladesh in the post-Farakka period

Abstract

The basin area of the Ganges River in Bangladesh is extremely dependent on a regular water supply from upstream to meet requirements for agriculture, fisheries, navigation, salinity control, and domestic and industrial sectors. In 1975, India commissioned a barrage on the Ganges River at Farakka to divert a significant portion of the dry season flow in order to make the Calcutta Port navigable. Statistical analyses of discharge and water level data have been carried out to determine if significant changes have occurred in the hydrology of the Ganges system in Bangladesh in the post-Farakka period. Siltation of the Gorai River (an offtake of the Ganges River) has also been examined using the stage-discharge relationship and regression analysis. The analyses show that the diversion has caused considerable hydrological changes in the Ganges system in Bangladesh. The water supply in the dry season has been reduced substantially, while siltation of the Gorai River has increased significantly.