电磁勘探中各向异性研究现状和展望

电各向异性广泛存在于自然界中,已成为电磁勘探资料解释中不可忽视的因素.特别是在一些沉积岩地区,由于层理发育导致地下介质电阻率随电流方向发生变化,表现出很强的各向异性导电性.此时,利用各向同性模型进行电磁数据解释将引起很大的误差.本文回顾了电磁勘探中电各向异性研究的历史,简要介绍电各向异性成因、数值模拟中的数学描述及电各向异性介质中电磁场正反演模拟方法等研究现状,总结电各向异性在大地电磁、可控源电磁、航空电磁和感应测井等方面的最新研究进展及未来的挑战.随着多维电磁数据采集及正反演模拟技术的进步和计算能力的提高,给电各向异性信息提取和应用带来了新的契机.电各向异性研究将在矿产资源勘查、油气存储与运移特征分析、地下水和地热、环境工程地质调查、大地构造及地质灾害预测等方面发挥积极作用.     

时间域航空电磁各向异性大地三维自适应有限元正演研究

各向异性介质模型电性结构复杂,如何进行合理的网格剖分成为获得高精度正演结果的关键,为此本文开展时间域航空电磁各向异性大地三维自适应有限元正演算法研究.通过结合非结构时间域有限元算法和自适应网格优化技术,实现各向异性介质条件下三维时间域航空电磁自适应正演.考虑到时间域航空电磁响应随时间的衰减特性,为了综合评价不同时刻的后验误差,本文将时间作为加权因子,调整各个时刻后验误差的相对权重,进而实现对浅部和深部网格的同步优化.通过与一维解析结果进行对比验证了本文算法的可靠性.数值实验结果显示电导率各向异性对自适应网格影响严重,其最大主轴电导率的数值及其分布特征直接决定了网格加密效果.此外,各向异性对时间域航空电磁三分量响应的分布形态和异常幅值也会产生严重影响,利用全域视电阻率极性图,可以很好地识别各向异性主轴方向.     

面向目标自适应有限元法的带地形三维大地电磁各向异性正演模拟

传统三维大地电磁各向异性模拟均是基于规则六面体网格,计算精度有限且较难拟合复杂地质条件.本文采用面向目标自适应非结构矢量有限元法,对三维大地电磁各向异性介质进行模拟.首先从电场双旋度方程出发,利用伽辽金方法建立变分方程;然后利用电流密度连续性条件构建适合大地电磁各向异性问题的加权后验误差估计方法,实现面向目标的网格自适应正演;最后通过典型算例分析各向异性对网格自适应和大地电磁响应的影响特征以及各向异性的识别方法.本文算法能够高精度地拟合起伏地表和任意各向异性介质,适用于分析复杂地电条件大地电磁响应特征,为提高大地电磁资料解释水平提供了理论基础.     

基于交叉梯度结构约束的大地电磁主轴各向异性并行三维反演

各向异性介质对大地电磁观测数据的影响往往不可忽略,因此需要提高大地电磁各向异性三维反演的可靠性和有效性.为了满足大地电磁各向异性三维反演的需求,本文研究了一种基于交叉梯度结构约束的大地电磁主轴各向异性并行三维反演算法.根据大地电磁平面波理论假设,正演方程采用背景场与二次场分离的计算方式,二次场利用交错网格有限差分法求解.由于各向异性反演的多解性,本文将各向异性介质简化为主轴各向异性,并在此基础上进一步采用有限内存拟牛顿LBFGS法实现三维各向异性反演.为了提高各向异性反演的分辨率,反演目标函数中引入交叉梯度项,利用先验的结构信息,对三个方向的电阻率参数进行结构约束,最终的反演进一步利用MPI(Message Passing Interface,消息传递接口)技术实现分频并行计算,测试结果显示并行接近线性加速比.     

基于第三类边界条件的大地电磁三维矢量有限元任意各向异性正演

地球内部介质的各向异性对地球物理场解译有很大影响,研究各向异性介质中大地电磁响应具有重要的意义.边界条件是影响电磁场正演精度的一个关键因素,其中第一类边界条件需要将底面边界设置在离异常体足够远的地方,面临着计算规模大、求解速度慢的问题.相比第一类边界条件,第三类边界条件具有计算规模更小、计算精度更高的优点,在三维各向同性正演中被广泛使用.然而,各向异性使得第三类边界条件理论变得更为复杂,目前尚未见到采用第三类边界条件的大地电磁三维各向异性正演.本文推导出各向异性介质中三维矢量有限元底界面的第三类边界条件,通过模型计算对算法的可靠性和精度进行了验证.结果表明,当精度相同时,第三类边界条件的计算规模可以更小;而当底界面离异常体较近时,第三类边界条件有着更高的精度.     

带地形的大地电磁各向异性二维模拟及实例对比分析

带地形的大地电磁二维正演数值模拟多数基于电性各向同性理论,由于地球内部电性各向异性现象的普遍存在,基于电性各向异性理论研究地形起伏情况下大地电磁二维正演数值模拟就显得非常迫切.本文首先由麦克斯韦方程出发,引入张量电导率,求得一组关于平行走向的电场分量Ex和磁场分量Hx的二阶偏微分方程,使用有限差分法求解出Ex和Hx的近似解,并以此求得其他场分量;其次,引入地形因素,改变变量在网格节点中的排列方式,选择交错排列方式从而给有限差分系数矩阵的最大带宽分配合理的存储空间;最后,使用Weaver的方法解决TM模式下,在地-空分界面垂直于构造走向的一些区域存在不同电导率的问题.通过对带地形的二维电性各向异性结构做正演模拟,研究地形因素对大地电磁响应的影响;以电性各向异性理论为基础,将地形因素引入对实测大地电磁资料的处理中,通过做二维正演拟合和未引入地形因素的结果做对比,说明电性各向异性现象的普遍存在,认识地形因素对观测大地电磁场的影响,为今后分析解释实测大地电磁资料包含地形因素和电性各向异性情况提供理论基础和技术指导.     

基于多重网格有限元法的大地电磁二维正演计算研究

为提高大地电磁正演计算速度,开展了基于多重网格有限元法的大地电磁二维正演模拟计算研究.将稳定双共轭梯度算法作为多重网格法的细网格松弛迭代算法,插值算子采用完全加权算子,限制算子设计基于网格单元面积率,使多重网格法更适于求解大型复系数方程组.二维均匀半空间模型、低阻体模型和高阻体模型的大地电磁正演模拟结果表明:当计算量较小时(网格剖分数量少),多重网格法在计算效率方面并未有优势,网格剖分数量较大时,多重网格有限元算法在收敛速度方面的优势明显,多重网格有限元法的大地电磁正演精度优于一般数值算法.这为三维多重网格有限元的大地电磁正演研究奠定了基础.     

基于有限体积法的二维大地电磁各向异性数值模拟

为了计算带任意地形的各向异性介质中二维大地电磁响应,本文在非结构化网格的基础上,采用有限体积法,开发了二维大地电磁各向异性正演模拟的新算法.首先,从Maxwell方程出发,推导二维各向异性介质中大地电磁场的边值问题;然后,采用三角网格自动生成技术对求解区域进行非结构化网格剖分,进而构建节点中心控制体积单元,利用有限体积方法,得到求解边值问题的大型稀疏线性方程组;最后,利用Pardiso精确地计算了大地电磁响应值.三个各向异性模型的计算结果表明,本文开发的有限体积算法,不仅能够高精度求解带任意地形的大地电磁电导率各向异性问题,而且对于同一模型,该方法的计算消耗和精度都与有限单元法相当.因此,有限体积法是处理电磁法各向异性问题的一种有效方法.     

航空瞬变电磁法三维各向异性数值模拟和响应特征研究

随着瞬变电磁法的快速发展,三维任意各向异性介质的数值模拟成为研究热点.本文从时间域的麦克斯韦方程组出发,采用时域交错采样有限差分法,推导了时域电磁场的时间分步迭代公式,实现了任意各向异性介质的航空瞬变电磁三维正演.设计地电模型,与已有的软件计算结果进行对比,检验了三维正演算法的计算精度.设计了典型的三维各向异性地电模型,改变各向异性参数计算了航空瞬变电磁响应,分析了各向异性参数对航空瞬变电磁响应的影响.开发的正演算法为研究瞬变电磁法各向异性响应特征和三维反演提供了重要技术支撑.     

耦合PML边界条件的三维大地电磁二次场有限差分法

本文将大地电磁场分解为一次场和二次场,应用交错网格有限差分法模拟计算大地电磁二次场,并引入各向异性最佳匹配层(PML)吸收边界条件作为二次场边界条件,实现了耦合PML吸收边界条件的三维大地电磁二次场有限差分正演模拟.为了确保正演的稳定性和效率,QMR求解器和磁感应矢量散度校正技术被用于PML吸收边界条件下系数矩阵的快速求解.三维模型正演响应表明,基于二次场的三维大地电磁有限差分算法具有较高的计算精度和可靠性.通过计算分析不同PML吸收因子条件的大地电磁正演结果,显示在适当的吸收因子下,PML吸收边界条件可较大幅度的减小外边界距离,从而有效的压缩模型求解空间,最终提高三维大地电磁正演模拟的效率.     

Contribution to the knowledge of the magmatic evolution by the study of the variation of the coefficient of viscosity

The determination of the coefficient of viscosity of eruptive products gives useful elements to the knowledge of possible variations of composition and physical conditions of the magmas.     

Pictorial Series of the Manifestations of the Dynamics of the Earth

Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica -     

Evolution of the Source of the Active Region of the Sun

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The magnetic evolution of the active region of the Sun at the level of the photosphere has been studied. Magnetic synoptic maps of the 2007 Kitt Peak Observatory were...     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

The effect of the pollution of the ground layer of the atmosphere on the albedo

Summary A simple model is proposed suitable for studying the effect of the ground layer of the atmosphere, polluted by aerosol, on the albedo. This model is founded on solving the equation of transfer of radiative energy. The numerical results are discussed, particular attention being paid to the analysis of errors due to neglecting the multiple reflection of solar radiation on the aerosol particles. A method which would also include the multiple reflection is proposed, and the conditions under which the presence of the aerosol is responsible for an increase or decrease of the solar radiation balance on the Earth's surface, are analysed.     

On the solution of the reverse problem of geodesics with the help of the chord

Резюме Дается вывод формул для вычислений длины хорды, длины и азимутов нормаляных сечений и длины геодезической линии эллипсоида. Применяются тригонометрические функции данных величин и постоянные принятого ргфгргнц-эллипсоида, что является целесообразным при использовании вычислителQjных машин, особенно автоматов. Рабочие формулы рекомендуются в форме (8–11).

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Dedicated to Professor František Fiala on His 85th Birthday

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Address: Veveři 95, Brno.     

On the determination of the non-linearity of the gravimeter scale

Summary The results of two different methods of the determination of the non-linearity of the gravimeter scale are compared; the economy is discussed as well.     

Influence of the topography of the surface of the Earth on vertical sounding of the temperature profile

Atmospheric temperature and humidity fields as well as information on other meteorological parameters are nowadays retrieved from radiance measurements recorded by operational meteorological satellites. Up to now, the inversion procedures used only take into account crude information on the topography of the Earth’s surface. However, the applied radiative transfer codes have to consider the Earth’s surface as the lower boundary of the atmospheric model and, therefore, need a more precise mean elevation and a classification of the roughness of the Earth’s surface. The influence of the topography of the Earth surface on retrieved temperature profiles is studied by using a physico-statistical inversion method. An objective analysis is made of the more precise mean elevation and derivation of roughness parameters using a new high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM) with a resolution of 500 m×500 m. By means of a geomorphological process and a newly developed topography rejection test, areas with a high surface roughness are localized and singled out. The influence of topography on the retrieved temperature profiles is illustrated by case studies. Changes are found predominantly in areas with a high variation of topography. Using the new high-resolution DEM and the topography rejection test, the geographical position of the calculated temperature profiles tends to be shifted towards areas with a small vertical variation of topography. The mean elevation determined by the new elevation model better characterizes the area observed. Hence, the temperature profiles can be calculated down to lower atmospheric levels. Furthermore, a guess profile better describing the atmospheric situation is selected by the more precise elevation. In addition, the temperature profiles obtained near the coast are improved considerably by the more precise determination of the surface property ‘sea’ and ‘land,’ respectively. Integration of an independent physical information such as topography leads, on average, to a slight improvement of the results of the physico-statistical inversion procedure. In some cases, however, significant improvements have been achieved regarding the desired accuracy of temperature profiles of the order of 1 K. In future, the spatial resolution of new high-resolution sounding instrumentation on the next generation of operational meteorological satellites will be increased. To exploit the resolving power of this new instrumentation, the different variation of the topography of the Earth surface, especially in regions with a high variation of topography, can be taken into account more precisely by using a high-resolution DEM.     

On the gravimetric undulations of the geoid and the deflections of the vertical

Summary The author mentions the aims of the World-wide gravity project he established in the Ohio State University in Columbus, in 1950. He outlines the practical procedure of the gravimetric computations of the undulationsN and the vertical deflection components and and emphasizes that only by the global international cooperation and additional gravity observations at sea carried out during the last decade it has been possible to gather to Columbus the needed gravity material. Since there exist still large gravimetrically unsurveyed areas it is of vital significance to study what gravity anomalies are best to be used for these regions. The given figures concerning the accuracy of theN, and , estimated theoretically and obtained in practice, indicate that in the gravimetrically well surveyed parts of the world like in Europe and the United States we can get gravimetrically on basis of existing gravity material theN-values with accuracy of about 5–10 meters, and and with the accuracy of about 1. The geoid undulationsN are already computed in Columbus for more than 6000 points of the northern hemisphere. The sample maps show the interesting geoid of Europe and vicinity between the latitudes 60° and 30° and longitude 5° W and 30° E, drafted on basis of more than 1000N-values computed at the corners of 1°×1° squares. It is interesting to realize that the geoid undulations in all this area are positive, the extreme values being between 40 and 50 meters. The geophysical significance of the geoid maps of this kind is pointed out.