广西钦州湾-防城港潮间带表层沉积物重金属生态风险评价

对广西钦州湾-防城港潮间带表层沉积物中的重金属元素Hg,Cd,As,Pb,Cu,Cr和Zn的质量分数和空间分布特征及其潜在生态危害进行了分析和评价。钦州湾潮间带表层沉积物中的重金属元素的质量分数相对较低,均在国家一级标准之内。空间分布上,从防城港-企沙-鸡墩头-三娘湾-沙角,重金属元素含量有逐渐增加的趋势,尤其在企沙QZ-07、三娘湾QZ-09和沙角地区的QZ-08剖面的质量分数最高。其中Cd,Cu和Zn的最高值出现在沙角地区QZ-08剖面,其平均质量分数分别达到了0.14,29.15和64.56μg/g;Hg,As,Cr和Pb的最高值出现在企沙地区QZ-07剖面,其平均质量分数分别达到了0.11,11.29,88.23和26.47μg/g。选用Hakanson的潜在生态风险指数法对沉积物的环境质量进行了评价。结果表明,钦州湾潮间带表层沉积物重金属元素的潜在生态风险参数均小于40,而风险指数均小于150,显示其潜在生态风险为低风险级别。但部分调查剖面如沙角QZ-08剖面的生态危害风险指数接近临界值140,所以该污染的风险是存在的。在空间分布上,从防城港-企沙-鸡墩头-三娘湾-沙角,重金属元素的污染生态危害指数有逐渐增加的趋势,尤其在企沙QZ-07、三娘湾QZ-09和沙角地区的QZ-08剖面的危害指数最高。     

桑沟湾海域表层沉积物重金属含量和污染评价

分析了山东省荣成市东部桑沟湾及邻近海域200个站位的表层沉积物样品重金属元素（As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Pb、Zn）含量分布特征，采用不同的评价方法，研究了重金属元素对环境的污染情况。结果表明，桑沟湾及邻近海域表层沉积物中多数重金属元素含量由湾内向周围降低，As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Pb、Zn平均含量分别为6.51、0.11、64.86、18.05、0.015、27.74、75.21μg/g。海底表层沉积物整体质量较好，重金属污染程度低，潜在生态风险程度低。     

安海湾表层沉积物重金属含量分布特征

根据2014年8月福建安海湾9个站位表层沉积物中6种重金属的含量调查,探讨它们的分布趋势,对重金属含量进行单因子指数评价,同时对该海域污染程度进行潜在生态危害评价.结果表明,该海域表层沉积物中重金属Cu含量范围11.4~123.0μg/g,平均值55.3μg/g;Pb含量范围18.4~39.8μg/g,平均值34.7μg/g;Zn含量范围31.8~173.0μg/g,平均值100.0μg/g;Cd含量范围0.06~0.36μg/g,平均值0.14μg/g;As含量范围4.01~9.60μg/g,平均值6.67μg/g;Hg含量范围0.005~0.115μg/g,平均值0.036μg/g.含量分布呈现从湾顶向湾内及湾口逐渐降低,以AH1站和AH5站为最高值;Pb、Cd、As、Hg含量均符合海洋沉积物质量标准的第一类要求,Cu、Zn含量符合沉积物质量标准第一类要求的站位各占了44.4%和77.8%,各元素之间呈明显正相关.单项潜在生态危害系数CdHgAsCuPbZn,潜在生态危害指数评价AH1站属于强生态危害,AH5站为中等生态危害,余下各站点为轻微生态危害,重金属Cd的潜在生态危害最大.AH1站靠近湾顶陆源排污口,AH5站靠近东石陆源排污口,污染强度较其他站位大很多.安海湾表层沉积环境已受到不同程度的重金属污染,近海工业活动和陆源污染物排放是安海湾重金属污染的主要来源.因而,严格控制入海河流和近海经济活动的重金属污染排放,对保障安海湾沉积物的生态环境至关重要.     

厦门典型养殖海域沉积物中重金属及其环境质量评价

根据2005年8月对厦门典型养殖海域——同安湾及大嶝海域表层沉积物的调查资料,分析了表层沉积物中重金属的质量分数,研究了表层沉积物中有机质以及与重金属的相关性,并运用单因子评价法评估了沉积环境质量。结果表明:同安湾和大嶝海域表层沉积物中Hg,Cd,Pb,Cu,As的平均质量比分别为0.060,0.057,31.8,20.4,7.27mg/kg和0.047,0.096,26.6,25.2,6.65mg/kg;各重金属元素之间(除Cd外)呈显著的正相关,与有机质也呈很好的正相关关系;各要素均未对研究海域表层沉积物构成污染,表层沉积物质量符合国家一类沉积物标准。     

北黄海表层沉积物中重金属含量及其污染评价

于2007年秋季对我国北黄海海域进行调查,采用原子吸收和原子荧光分光光度法对表层沉积物中的Cu,Pb,Zn,Cd,Hg,As进行了分析,并采用单因子指数法和Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法评价了该区域表层沉积物中重金属的污染程度和潜在生态危害。结果表明,北黄海表层沉积物Cu,Pb,Zn,Cd,Hg,As平均含量分别为(11.6±1.9),(25.2±2.4),(52.7±5.4),(0.22±0.02),(0.07±0.01),(13.3±1.3)μg/g;单因子指数法评价结果表明调查海域表层沉积物未受Cu,Pb,Zn,Cd,Hg污染,但部分站位As已处于中度污染水平;潜在生态危害指数法评价结果表明调查区域重金属元素的潜在危害程度顺序是HgCdAsPbCuZn,采样区域重金属的潜在生态危害轻微。     

钦州湾沉积物中重金属的多元统计分析：空间关系、生态风险和来源识别

海湾是海洋和陆地相互作用和人类活动最强烈的区域,沉积物中重金属的含量和分布都受到人类活动的影响。为了探究钦州湾沉积物中重金属的含量水平、污染程度和可能来源,本研究分析了钦州湾表层沉积物中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Hg和As的含量及空间分布,采用地质累计指数（Igeo）和潜在生态风险指数（PERI）定量分析了重金属的污染程度和生态风险,并利用自组织映射(SOM)和正定矩阵因子分解法(PMF)模型评估了重金属的可能来源。结果表明：钦州湾表层沉积物重金属中Zn的平均含量最高,Hg平均含量最低;除个别站位的Pb含量符合海洋沉积物质量第二类标准外,其他重金属含量均符合海洋沉积物质量第一类标准;Igeo结果表明钦州湾表层沉积物主要的污染元素为Pb、Hg和Cu;PERI结果表明Hg是钦州湾表层沉积物主要的生态风险元素。SOM和PMF模型结果表明钦州湾表层沉积物重金属主要受自然来源、农业活动、工业生产活动的共同影响,各来源的相对贡献率分别为39.65%、29.15%和31.20%。     

东营近岸海域重金属元素分布特征与环境质量评价

根据在东营近岸海域采集的表层沉积物测试结果,系统研究了该区沉积物类型和重金属元素分布特征,并对其环境质量进行了评价。结果表明:东营近岸海域沉积物类型主要有5种,以砂质粉砂和粉砂为主。表层沉积物中重金属Hg、Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、Cr和As元素的平均含量分别为0.019、0.12、21.53、22.4、73.02、67.02和12.77μg/g。沉积物底质环境综合污染指数为0.27～0.73,平均为0.43,表明东营近岸海域底质环境大部分为清洁和尚清洁状态。研究区内表层沉积物重金属元素生态危害程度较低,污染程度顺序为AsHgCdCuPbCrZn。     

海南岛南部滨海沉积物中重金属分布特征及生态风险评价

通过多种测试手段对海南岛南部滨海地区164个站位表层沉积物样品进行了重金属含量分析,探讨了重金属元素来源及分布特征,并对其生态风险进行了评价,结果表明:研究区Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、As、Hg和Cd等元素含量分别为10.45、22.38、53.72、23.42、4.52、0.09和0.05μg/g。重金属元素主要富集在新村港及榆林湾等地,其Hg元素较同类旅游港湾明显偏高。Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr主要来源为自然风化和侵蚀,其含量与分布受粒度制约;As元素分布主要受人类活动影响;有机质降解过程释放的金属离子以及人为因素是Hg、Cd的主要来源。单一重金属污染物对底质环境影响较小,潜在生态危害指数综合评价结果表明,部分站位表层沉积物已经受到重金属污染,各重金属潜在生态危害等级排序依次为HgAsCdPbCuCrZn,Hg元素是主要潜在的生态风险,应加强对其监控。     

辽东湾北部海域沉积物重金属环境质量和污染演化

基于取自辽东湾北部海域表层沉积物和岩心样品,利用XRF等方法对沉积物中的重金属含量进行系统的测定,结合137 Cs、210Pb年代测定,分析了研究区表层沉积物中重金属分布特征、环境质量状态以及重金属污染历史。结果表明:辽东湾表层沉积物重金属As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn、Hg含量高值区主要分布在葫芦岛附近海域,并且呈现由近岸向远岸递减的趋势;辽东湾海域部分站位表层沉积物已经受到重金属污染,轻度和重度污染率为34.5%,清洁率为65.5%,重度污染站位集中在葫芦岛附近海域;辽东湾沉积物中重金属污染大致出现在1975年,于1997年达到最大,随后,重金属污染开始明显减少。辽东湾沉积物中重金属分布及演化特征与沿海社会经济发展和国家环境保护政策有着密切的联系。     

浙江三门湾表层沉积物重金属含量分布、赋存形态及生态风险评价

以三门湾表层沉积物为研究对象,对5种重金属(Zn、Cr、Cd、Cu、Pb)的含量分布、赋存形态进行分析,并运用潜在生态危害指数法、Risk Assessment Code(RAC)法、次生相与原生相比值法对重金属生态风险进行了评价。结果表明:三门湾表层沉积物重金属的含量分布整体表现为湾内高于湾外海域,人类活动是主要影响因素。运用BCR法对沉积物中重金属进行分级提取,结果显示 Zn、Cd、Cr、Cu均以残渣态为主要赋存形态(Zn:79.20%~84.25%、Cr:93.24%~96.16%、Cd:34.71%~57.58%、Cu:66.06%~79.51%),而Pb以可还原态为主(56.58%~76.44%)。评价结果中,潜在生态危害指数法和次生相与原生相比值法均显示湾内的重金属污染比湾外严重,而RAC法指出Pb污染为湾外高于湾内海域;潜在生态危害指数法和RAC均指出Cd是主要污染元素;在次生相与原生相比值法中Pb则是主要危害元素,Cd次之。     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

双壳贝类血淋巴中儿茶酚胺的检测方法初步研究

研究的目的是探索一种检测双壳贝类血淋巴中儿茶酚胺含量的方法。以栉孔扇贝(Chlamysfarreri)和长牡蛎(Crassostreagigas)为实验对象,研究了取样、抗氧化剂、氧化铝用量以及Tris缓冲液用量等对实验结果的影响。结果表明,高效液相色谱电化学检测器法(HPLC-ECD)可以灵敏高效地对双壳贝类血淋巴中儿茶酚胺进行定性、定量检测。实验表明,取样时间最长不超过1.5min;还原性谷胱甘肽作抗氧化剂效果较好;前处理各试剂与血样量的最适配比为血样量1.5mL,Tris缓冲液(1.5mol/L,pH8.6)1mL和氧化铝25mg;水洗后离心并尽可能吸干氧化铝中的水分。去甲肾上腺素、肾上腺素和多巴胺的回收率分别为53%~69%、47%~73%和48%~56%。     

黄河入海径流对河口海域盐度影响研究

为研究黄河入海径流变化条件下河口附近海域盐度扩散特征,以更好地保护河口海域生物资源多样性,本文以黄河下游利津水文站的长序列实测径流数据资料为基础,利用近海水动力模型FVCOM,分析径流变化对黄河口海域盐度的影响规律。结果表明：黄河口与莱州湾之间存在顺时针的环流系统,在余流作用以及涨落潮方向的影响下,黄河冲淡水长期向莱州湾扩散;丰水期黄河冲淡水几乎影响了整个莱州湾,27盐度锋可以到达莱州湾中部,27等盐线的表层包络面积为2 665.61 km²,占莱州湾的1/4左右,枯水期低盐度水只有向南扩散的趋势,27以下的低盐度水集中分布在黄河口门附近,27等盐线的表层包络面积只有199.65 km²;5月份,随着入海径流量增加,27等盐线扩散的范围、距离、方向都会发生明显变化。在对近海生物资源有迫切保护需求的情景下,适当减少其他用水户供水量以增加入海生态径流量,可以有效改善黄河口海域附近的盐度情况,为生物资源的生长繁殖创造良好条件。     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

The influence of the bottom contour on the deformed state of the ice cover due to the motion of the submarine

The authors have previously determined that the effectiveness and failure pattern of the ice cover caused by flexural-gravity waves generated by a submerged body motion near the bottom ice can greatly depend on the depth of the water area. In its turn, the presence of a ledge on the ice surface may affect a wave propagation pattern. This paper presents an experimental study of the bottom contour influence on the deflection and length of flexural-gravity waves. The authors describe a numerical model for the analysis of the deformed state of ice caused by hydrodynamic loads due to a submarine motion, taking into account the bottom contour. The experiments are carried out in the ice tank. The results of calculations and experiments are compared.     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

北黄海海域大气湍流强度特征及风速标准差相似性分析

根据国家海洋局"908"专项北黄海海区海洋气象观测资料,计算了2007～2008年间该海区4个不同季节的大气湍流强度并与其他海区及陆地下垫面大气湍流值相比较.北黄海海区大气湍流强度量级为10-2,比陆地下垫面大气湍流强度低一个量级.由于海洋的特殊性质,对秋季大气湍流强度日变化的分析发现,在大气湍流强度的影响因素中,海洋的热力作用相对较大.对水平方向风速标准差是否满足Monin-Obukhov相似关系进行了探讨,数据显示,在不稳定层结下冬季水平方向无量纲风速标准差与Z/L的关系,基本满足1/3次方律.秋冬在不稳定层结下垂直方向风速标准差满足Monin-Obukhov相似理论.