加筋土石坝小型振动台模型试验分析

土石坝振动台模型试验是认识坝体地震破坏过程和检验抗震措施效果的重要手段之一。针对2种坝体材料,利用小型振动台,开展了一系列不同加载工况、不同加筋方式的土石坝小型振动台模型试验。试验结果表明：①2种坝体材料的初始破坏都首先从坝顶开始,表明坝顶是抗震的关键部位,与已有研究成果基本一致;②相同加载条件下,级配较差的碎石料模型坝的抗震性能优于砂砾石料,表明相对于级配,堆石料自身的性质对土石坝抗震性能的影响更大;③由细铁丝网和纱布组成并在坝坡采取包裹处理的复合加筋的抗震措施,抗震效果优于平铺纱布、平铺纱布且在坝坡包裹处理、平铺细铁丝网等的抗震措施。研究成果可供进一步开展土石坝大型振动台模型试验的材料选择、抗震措施设计等参考。     

土石坝极限抗震能力的上限有限元法

基于极限分析上限定理,考虑堆石料内摩擦角较大以及抗剪强度具有非线性的特性,提出一个用于求解土石坝极限抗震能力的有限元计算方法。该方法通过功能平衡条件、位移协调条件、边界条件、屈服条件以及所求极限荷载,形成标准的二阶锥规划数学模型,并用内点法进行优化迭代求解,得到土石坝坡极限抗震能力的上限值。运用该方法对一个典型面板堆石坝进行抗震极限分析。结果表明:按规范设计的土石坝具有较强的抗震能力,且竖向地震力对大坝的极限抗震能力存在一定影响;此外上限有限元法具有较高的计算精度及工程实用价值。     

高土石坝地震工况坝坡稳定安全系数研究

现行碾压土石坝设计规范（DL/T5395-2007）明确规定只适用于低于200 m土石坝,随着设计施工技术的发展对于超过200 m的高土石坝坝坡设计安全标准问题亟待解决。相对安全率理论把可靠指标和安全系数置于同一平台进行关联和映射。现行碾压土石坝设计规范规定的低于200 m的土石坝坝坡稳定允许可靠指标4.2。基于风险控制原则提出200~250 m高土石坝坝坡允许可靠指标取4.45,250~300 m高土石坝坝坡允许可靠指标取4.7,相应的地震工况高土石坝坝坡稳定安全系数1.35和1.4,高土石坝工程实例地震工况下坝坡稳定安全系数均满足所提安全系数标准值。     

高土石坝地震工况坝坡稳定安全系数研究

现行碾压土石坝设计规范（DL/T5395-2007）明确规定只适用于低于200 m土石坝,随着设计施工技术的发展对于超过200 m的高土石坝坝坡设计安全标准问题亟待解决。相对安全率理论把可靠指标和安全系数置于同一平台进行关联和映射。现行碾压土石坝设计规范规定的低于200 m的土石坝坝坡稳定允许可靠指标4.2。基于风险控制原则提出200~250 m高土石坝坝坡允许可靠指标取4.45,250~300 m高土石坝坝坡允许可靠指标取4.7,相应的地震工况高土石坝坝坡稳定安全系数1.35和1.4,高土石坝工程实例地震工况下坝坡稳定安全系数均满足所提安全系数标准值。     

基于改进的地震动态分布系数及修正D-P模型的高土石坝坝坡抗震稳定分析

采用有限元法研究高土石坝的地震加速度分布,提出高度为250m级的土石坝建议地震加速度动态分布系数图示。在此基础上,基于修正的Drucker-Prager弹塑性模型,利用强度折减法对高度为250m级的土石坝坝坡抗震稳定性作进一步分析,结果表明随着坝体地震加速度动态分布系数的降低,坝坡的临界安全系数有所提高。     

均质土坝非平稳随机地震反应分析

考虑地震荷载的随机性及强度、频率的非平稳性,基于作者提出的适用于非平稳随机过程的一般随机地震动模型,采用虚拟激励法,建立了非平稳随机地震反应分析方法,并将其应用于某实际均质土坝动力分析中。土石坝及坝基体系采用整体有限元离散,坝体和坝基材料的动力非线性性能以等效线性化方法考虑。首先,基于目标加速度时程的强度和能量信息,确定了作为输入的加速度时—频演变功率谱密度;其次,比较了确定性时程动力分析和非平稳随机分析的结果,探讨了频率非平稳随机地震激励下的土石坝地震反应特性;最后,比较了2种不同坝基条件下的土石坝非平稳随机地震反应,探讨了频率非平稳随机激励下的土石—坝基动力相互作用。分析结果表明：地震动的频率非平稳性对土石坝动力反应有一定影响;坝体—坝基动力相互作用在地震过程中的不同阶段表现有所不同,主震阶段的相互作用显著。     

基于有限元法的土石坝除险加固渗流问题分析

土石坝坝体在坝前水位作用下极易产生渗流,为研究坝体加固对渗透水压的影响,针对具体水库实例,采用有限元法对除险加固前/后的坝体进行渗透坡降、单宽渗流量、准流网等计算,分析3种工况下的渗流过程,为土石坝的除险加固设计提供参考。结果表明:加固后上游坡各工况下的安全系数明显提高,其中单宽渗流量最大,可达0.636m~3/d,远大于规范允许值。     

爆炸荷载下土石坝动力响应特征的数值模拟

土石坝在爆炸荷载下的力学响应是一个非常复杂的力学问题,相关研究甚少。在LS-DYNA软件框架内,以两河口土石坝为研究对象,把坝体材料简化为混凝土、心墙、反滤层与堆石体等4种,用500 kg TNT在坝顶接触爆炸时的瞬态荷载作为荷载源,针对不同材料建立适合于爆炸高加载率特征的本构模型,用数值方法分析了土石坝在潜在爆炸荷载下的破坏与损伤演化规律。结果表明,在爆炸荷载作用下,由于土石坝材料组成的多样性,应力波传播规律异常复杂,土石坝的力学响应呈现出显著的分区特征。     

土坡抗震稳定性分析的有限元-滑动面法

提出了一种土坡抗震稳定性分析的新方法，即将有限元法和传统的滑动面法相结合。首先根据有限元法通过求解动力方程，计算出某一时刻土坡内的有效应力，然后根据有效应力计算该时刻的最危险滑动面及对应的安全系数。该方法不仅能够考虑土的应力应变性质，而且能够在任意时刻确定最危险滑动面的位置及安全系数。给出了该方法的详细算法。     

底流尾矿砂的动力特性试验研究

<正>中线法工艺筑坝即通过旋流器将全尾矿进行水力分级,得到底流(也称沉砂)和溢流两种尾矿砂,底流部分作为筑坝材料沿轴线排入下游,经过沉积、修整和压实后形成坝体;溢流部分则排入上游库内沉积。从筑坝方式上来说,普通水工构筑物一般是一次性堆筑完成,而尾矿坝采用分期堆筑。而且不同矿石种类、不同分级效果所得到的尾矿砂的粒径级配差异也很大,从而导致不同矿山、不同工况条件下尾矿砂的动力变形特性有所不同。尾矿库作为大型金属或非金属矿山生产运营中的重要设施,其坝体的稳定性不仅涉及     

强震区高面板堆石坝抗震安全性评价

针对西部强震区高面板堆石坝,在三维非线性动力有限元分析基础上分析评价了面板堆石坝的加速度和应力反应、面板的应力及接缝变形、坝体地震残余变形、坝体单元抗震安全性、坝坡的抗震稳定性,对大坝的抗震安全性进行了综合评价。所提出的抗震安全性评价方法以及有关规律和结论可供工程建设参考。     

Numerical investigation of the response of the Yele rockfill dam during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake

In this paper the seismic response of a well-documented Chinese rockfill dam, Yele dam, is simulated and investigated employing the dynamic hydro-mechanically (HM) coupled finite element (FE) method. The objective of the study is to firstly validate the numerical model for static and dynamic analyses of rockfill dams against the unique monitoring data on the Yele dam recorded before and during the Wenchuan earthquake. The initial stress state of the dynamic analysis is reproduced by simulating the geological history of the dam foundation, the dam construction and the reservoir impounding. Subsequently, the predicted seismic response of the Yele dam is analysed, in terms of the deformed shape, crest settlements and acceleration distribution pattern, in order to understand its seismic behaviour, assess its seismic safety and provide indication for the application of any potential reinforcement measures. The results show that the predicted seismic deformation of the Yele dam is in agreement with field observations that suggested that the dam operated safely during the Wenchuan earthquake. Finally, parametric studies are conducted to explore the impact of two factors on the seismic response of rockfill dams, i.e. the permeability of materials comprising the dam body and the vertical ground motion.     

Seismic stability of concrete gravity dams strengthened by rockfill buttressing

Rockfill buttressing resting on the downstream face of masonry or concrete gravity dam is often considered as a strengthening method to improve the stability of existing dam for hydrostatic and seismic loads. Simplified methods for seismic stability analysis of composite concrete-rockfill dams are discussed. Numerical analyses are performed using a nonlinear rockfill model and nonlinear dam-rockfill interface behavior to investigate the effects of backfill on dynamic response of composite dams. A typical 35 m concrete gravity dam, strengthened by rockfill buttressing is considered. The results of analyses confirm that backfill can improve the seismic stability of gravity dams by exerting pressure on the dam in opposition to hydrostatic loads. According to numerical analyses results, the backfill pressures vary during earthquake base excitations and the inertia forces of the backfill are the main source for those variations. It is also shown that significant passive (or active) pressure cannot develop in composite dams with a finite backfill width. A simplified model is also proposed for dynamic analysis of composite dam by replacing the backfill with by a series of vertical cantilever shear beams connected to each other and to the dam by flexible links.     

Linear and nonlinear response of concrete slab on CFR dam during earthquake

The joint between concrete slab and rockfill is designed as welded contact in the classical modeling of concrete-faced rockfill (CFR) dams and earthquake response of the CFR dams is determined by this method. In this study, linear and nonlinear response of Torul CFR Dam including interface element between concrete slab and rockfill were investigated for the duration of strong seismic excitation. The finite element analyses were performed by employing both cases, empty and full reservoir, to research the effect of the reservoir water on the earthquake response of the dam. The reservoir water was modeled with fluid finite elements by the Lagrangian approach. The Drucker-Prager model was used in nonlinear analyses for concrete slab, rockfill and soil materials. According to finite element analyses, displacement and stress components were increased by hydrodynamic pressure. The nonlinear response of the concrete slab was monitored about the peak ground acceleration (pga). This study reveals that the size of sliding zone increases with increasing acceleration amplitudes.     

Analysis on residual strain of Zipingpu Concrete Faced Rockfill Dam after Wenchuan earthquake

The Zipingpu Concrete Faced Rockfill Dam (CFRD) was subjected to significant local damage in the “5.12” Wenchuan earthquake. It is the first rockfill dam of more than one hundred meters high to encounter a strong earthquake anywhere in the world. Based on the finite element smoothing method, the residual strains at a typical cross-section and a downstream slope of the dam were obtained by processing the dam monitored displacement data. The position of and reason for the dam settlement and deformation of rockfill dilatancy in the earthquake were analyzed according to the section residual strain. The results show that the maximum settlement ratio on the dam body approximately occurs at 2/3 of the dam height; dilatancy occurs from the dam crest to 25–30 m in the upstream and downstream slope; the immediate cause of the face slabs horizontal construction joint dislocation is excessive residual shear strain. Meanwhile, the position of and reason for the dam fissure in the earthquake were analyzed according to the dam slope residual strain.     

Three-dimensional nonlinear seismic analysis of concrete faced rockfill dams subjected to scattered P,SV, and SH waves considering the dam–foundation interaction effects

In this study, the nonlinear seismic analysis of a typical three-dimensional concrete faced rockfill dam is reported. Three components of the Loma Prieta (Gilroy 1 station) earthquake acceleration time history are used as input excitation. The dam under study is considered as if it were located in a prismatic canyon with a trapezoidal cross-section. A nonlinear model for the rockfill material is used, and contact elements with Coulomb friction law are utilized at the slab–rockfill interface. Vertical joints in the face slab are also considered in the finite element model. A substructure method, in which the unbounded soil is modelled by the scaled boundary finite element method (SBFEM), is used to obtain the scattered motion and interaction forces along the canyon. The dam is subjected to spatially variable P, SV, and SH waves, and the effect of dam–foundation interaction and the reservoir water effects are considered. The results are compared with the non-scattered input motion analysis. Results of the analyses indicate that due to applying the scattered motion to the canyon the response of the dam and concrete face slab significantly increases. The reservoir water pressure affects the tensile stresses induced in the face slab by reducing the uplift movement of the concrete panels.Large horizontal axial forces are induced in the face slab due to out-of-phase and out-of-plane motions of the abutments. Although the normal movements of vertical joints are reduced due to the reservoir water confinement, the opening movements are still significant, and the local failure of construction joints is inevitable.     

Seismic stability of earth-rock dams using finite element limit analysis

In this study, a finite element limit analysis method is developed to assess the seismic stability of earth-rock dams. A pseudo-static approach is employed within the limit analysis framework to determine the lower and upper bounds on the critical seismic coefficients of dams. The interlocking force in the soil is considered, and the rockfill material is assumed to follow the Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion and an associated flow rule. Based on the native form of the failure criterion, the lower and upper bound theorems are formulated as second-order cone programming problems. The nonlinear shear strength properties of rockfill materials are also considered. The developed finite element limit analysis is applied to two different types of earth-rock dams. The results indicate that the rigorous lower and upper bounds are very close even for rockfill materials with large internal friction angles. The failure surfaces are easily predicted using the contour of the yield function and the displacement field obtained by the limit analysis method. In addition, the pore water pressures are modelled as external forces in the limit analysis to assess the seismic stability of earth-rock dams in the reservoir filling stage.     

黏性土坡地震失稳机制及其在黄土斜坡地震稳定性分析中的应用

基于地震作用下黏性土坡失稳滑动特点,以土体应力状态及其变化分析边坡失稳过程。通过分析地震作用下边坡不同部位土体应力状态和剪应力变化,结合实际地震边坡失稳破坏特征,提出黏性土坡地震三段式滑动失稳机制。在分析该滑动失稳机制与有限元强度折减法之间应力关联的基础上,将两者结合应用于实际黄土地震滑坡动力稳定性分析。依据此考虑得到的动力安全系数相比较其他方法,与极限平衡法得到的结果更为接近。     

Seismic stability of concrete gravity dams

Linear finite element analyses are commonly used to simulate the behaviour of gravity dam—foundation systems. However, the foundation is generally unable to develop any significant tensile stresses. Therefore any tension occurring in the vicinity of the dam—foundation interface is largely fictitious. Moreover, the traditional overturning and sliding stability criteria have little meaning in the context of the oscillatory response of dams during earthquakes. In this study, time domain analyses using non-linear contact elements located at the dam—foundation interface have been used to determine the dynamic sliding and uplifting response of gravity dam monoliths considering various elastic foundation properties. The magnitudes of the relative interface displacements, of the percentage of base not in contact (PBNC) and of the compressive stresses at the heel or toe of the dam have been used to monitor the seismic stability. The numerical results have shown that the non-linear behaviour of the dam—foundation interface reduces the seismic response of the system, indicating the possibility of more rational and economical designs. The PBNC was identified as the critical seismic stability response parameter for all analyses except for very flexible foundation conditions where the maximum values of relative interface displacements need to be considered.     

Static and dynamic analysis on slope stability using a DFN-DEM approach on the right abutment of the Karun 4 dam

Uncertainty in input fracture geometric parameters during analysis of the stability of jointed rock slopes is inevitable and therefore the stochastic discrete fracture network (DFN) — distinct element method (DEM) is an efficient modeling tool. In this research, potentially unstable conditions are detected in the right abutment of the Karun 4 dam and downstream of the dam body as a case study. Two extreme states with small and relatively large block sizes are selected and a series of numerical DEM models are generated using a number of validated DFN models. Stability of the rock slope is assessed in both static and dynamic loading states. Based on the design basis earthquake (DBE) and maximum credible earthquake (MCE) expected in the dam site, histories of seismic waves are applied to analyze the stability of the slope in dynamic earthquake conditions. The results indicate that a MCE is likely to trigger sliding of rock blocks on the rock slope major joint. Furthermore, the dynamic analysis also shows a local block failure by the DBE, which can consequently lead to slope instability over the long term. According to the seismic behavior of the two models, larger blocks are prone to greater instability and are less safe against earthquakes.