青藏高原地表净辐射的气候学研究

根据作者提出的地表净辐射各分量的气候学计算方法，计算出青藏高原及其周边地区１７３站的净辐射和其各分量的年，月平均通量密度，并分析其地理分布特征。指出高原主体为总辐射，有效辐射的高值区，地表净辐射场在冬，夏季有较大差异。冬季为一弱正值区，相对低中心呈块状散布在祁连山区等几个地区；夏季因夜雨及地表湿润的缘故，高原大部地区的地表净辐射反有加强。各地净辐射年变化基本形式与总辐射相似。有效辐射年变化一般呈双     

祁连山林区大气降水特征与森林对降水的截留作用

通过对连山寺大隆林区定位站1975－2000年的降水特征与森林对降水的再分配分析，建立了祁连山大隆林区降水与温度，降水与湿度，林冠截留的关系式。该区多年平均降水量为433.5mm，年变幅在326.4-539.7mm;降水量最大出现在夏季，占全年降水量的65．70％；海拔高度每升高100m，年了量平均递增4．55％，林区温度和湿度均与降水有较好的拟合关系。青海云杉林与祁连圆柏林林冠对大气降水的平均截留率分别为37．5％，31．7％，灌木林的截留率平均高达66．5％。青海云杉林林冠层平均截留率随着降雨量的增大逐渐减小，当降雨量为18.67mm时，林冠截留量达到最大，为14.72mm；青海云杉树干径流量占降水量的0．51％，当降雨量超过12.0mm时，才开始产生树干径流。青海云杉林枯枝落叶层对降雨的截留量随降雨量级增加而增大，截留率则随降雨量减小而增大，枯枝落叶层所具有的截留降雨和调蓄降雨作用使祁连山林区基本不发生地表径流。分析结果表明，祁连山林区对水源涵养和水流出山的时间调控有重要意义。     

青藏高原冬小麦田辐射能量收支的初步研究

通过对青藏高原冬小麦田净全辐射各分量的观测资料分析，论述了净全辐射及其各分量的日变化特征；计算得出冬小麦抽穗—乳熟期麦田平均反射率为13.3%，净全辐射占总辐射百分率:白天75%，包括夜间67.4%；指出了净全辐射和总辐射间存在良好的线性关系，给出了由总辐射计算净全辐射的经验公式。     

塔中人工绿地与自然沙面辐射平衡对比研究

使用2014年5—9月塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中大气环境观测实验站地表辐射观测资料,分析了塔中人工绿地与自然沙面在各种典型天气条件下的辐射分量特征差异。结果表明:人工绿地与自然沙面辐射平衡各分量最小值均出现在夜间,最大值出现在中午前后,总辐射和反射辐射日最大值出现在12:00;大气长波辐射日变化振幅较小,地面长波辐射日变化呈现不对称分布。晴天,人工绿地与自然沙面总辐射和净辐射变化幅度较小,自然沙面总辐射高于人工绿地;阴天,地面长波辐射略有减小,绿地大气长波辐射略有增加,总辐射和反射辐射减少,净辐射的变化受总辐射的影响,但减弱幅度小于总辐射;沙尘暴天气下,沙尘对辐射各分量影响明显,辐射各分量日变化不规则,人工绿地与自然沙面总辐射被明显削弱,日变化波动大。     

西双版纳热带次生林林窗辐射特征初步研究

利用西双版纳不同季节热带次生林林窗、林内及旷地不同波长太阳辐射的实测资料,比较分析了热带次生林窗不同波长辐射特征。分析得出：热带次生林窗中央与北侧林冠下的不同波长太阳辐射量值在中午前后迅速达到最大后又急速下降的现象明显;林窗内不同波长太阳辐射日总量值均大于林内,小于旷地;林窗中央和北侧林冠下相比较。一般是北侧林冠下的各辐射要素总量值高于林窗中央;林窗区域的总辐射日总量在干热季最高,雨季和雨季后期次之,雾凉季时最小;林窗中央和北侧林冠下的红外辐射及可见光在总辐射中所占份额随季节的变化而不同,充分显示了林窗辐射环境的异质性;与旷地和林内相比,林窗内各测点的红外辐射在总辐射中所占份额高于旷地却低于林内,而可见光占总辐射的比值情况正好相反。     

中国天山西部森林积雪短波辐射收支特征

本文通过对中国科学院天山积雪与雪崩研究站不同开阔度森林下积雪表面短波辐射的观测研究，分析了森林积雪短波辐射收支特征，短波辐射透射率。结果表明：阴坡林下积雪表面短波辐射小于阳坡，且随森林开阔度的减小而减小；林下雪面短波辐射和净短波辐射随太阳高度角增加而逐渐增加，不同开阔度林下雪面短波辐射和净短波辐射的差异也随太阳高度角的增加而不断增大；阳坡、阴坡林冠上方和80%开阔度林下积雪短波辐射在晴天日变化呈单峰型，林下积雪短波辐射峰值出现时间由林冠上方直接辐射和散射辐射的相对关系决定；多云天气，短波辐射的日变化特征取决于云量的变化；林冠开阔度越大，其短波辐射率越大，日平均短波辐射透射率随太阳高度角的增加而增加，且开阔度越大，其增加速率越快，短波辐射透射率日变化呈“U”型，早晚大于12:00~17:00。     

中国大气净辐射的气候特征

根据ＥＲＢＥ和ＩＳＣＣＰ资料以及实测和计算和地表净辐射资料进行了计算，并讨论了我国大气净辐射的气候特征；分析了其与各辐射分量及影响因子的关系。结果表明，大气净辐射与大气吸收波辐射有很高的线性关系，并可由此建立起统一的大气净辐射计算式。     

中国地—气系统净辐射的气候特征

根据ＥＲＢＥ和ＩＳＣＣＰ资料讨论了总云量等因子对地－气系统净辐射的影响，分析了地－气系统净辐射与其各分量及地表净辐射的相关联系。发现行星反射率和地－气短波吸收辐射对气－气净辐射的影响最大，而云和纬度的作用主要通过该两因子变化表现出来，ＯＬＲ的作用则相对较弱。地－气净辐射与地表净辐射的相关性也较明显。文中还就地－气净辐射在全国的地理分布作了分析。各地区地－气净辐射的年变曲线均为简单的夏大冬小型，云等     

广州市雷暴日异常的基本气候特征及其与近海海温关系初探

以低纬高原城市昆明为研究对象，利用城市区域内4月、8月、12月的太阳辐射观测资料，对城市区域内不同下垫面性质和位置差异的辐射平衡特征和变化规律进行了研究。结果表明：昆明地区4月的太阳辐射各分量均较高，而多云天气的8月太阳辐射分量较小；屋顶的总辐射量和净辐射量均维持较高的数值，而受周围环境、建筑物遮蔽等影响的草地和球场则数值变化较大；随时间和下垫面的不同，反射辐射呈现较大差异；有效辐射则在多云天的8月呈现较小值(分配率趋于0)。所得结果可为探讨城市气候形成机制及城市气候的深入研究提供依据，并为其它地区的研究提供参考。     

中国地区云对地气系统净辐射强迫的气候研究

本文利用地球辐射平衡试验（ERBE）和国际卫星云气候计划（ISCCP）提供的地气系统行星反射率，长波射出辐射（OLR）和云量资料，计算出中国地区年、月总云量对地气系统净辐射的强迫，分别讨论了其与总云量及地气系统晴天净辐射的关系。结果表明：地气系统净辐射云强迫与总云量有较好的抛线物关系，各月净辐射云强迫与地气系统晴天净辐射的曲线相关也很明显，如以曲线上净辐射云强迫为零时的晴天净辐射值代表各月曲线位置，则该值随天文辐射作规律性季节变化。地气系统净辐射云强迫的地理分布与总云量及地气晴天净辐射分布有关，其在各地的年变化则主要由天文因素及雨季进行退决定。     

EVALUATION OF MODELS FOR ESTIMATION OF NET RADIATION FOR ALPINE SLOPING SURFACES

This paper describes and tests two models for estimating net radiation(or the radiation balance)on sloping surfacesof alpine environments.They are an empirical method based on the linear relationship between net radiation and globalsolar radiation and a flux-by-flux method involving the estimation of all the individual components of radiation budgetindependently.The results show that the empirical method is capable of predicting hourly net radiation on sloping sur-faces to within about±53 W m~(-2) under all sky conditions.During clear sky conditions,it could predict net radiation onslopes to within±58 W m~(-2) or 16% of the measured values.The flux-by-flux method,although it did not perform aswell as the empirical method,performed adequately and could give estimates of net radiation on slopes with root meansquare error of less than 74 W m~(-2)(20%)and a mean bias error of 27 W m~(-2)(7%).     

青藏高原地区大气顶净辐射与地表净辐射的关系

地表净辐射为地气系统净辐射与大气层净辐射之差。对大气层净辐射作不同的假定，可将地表净辐射与大气顶辐射收支之间的关系表示成不同的形式。本文利用１９８２年８月—１９８３年７月青藏高原地区地面辐射收支观测资料及同期ＮＯＡＡ－７辐射收支资料，用统计方法讨论了大气顶净辐射与地表净辐射之间的相关性，建立了两者之间的回归方程，并在此基础上分析了青藏高原地区月平均地表净辐射的时空分布特征。     

五道梁地区的辐射特征

本文分析了1986年中美联合考察期间五道梁站的地面辐射平衡的气候学特征。五道梁地区夏季直接太阳辐射强,空气洁净,大气透明度好。太阳辐射在大气中的削弱以分子散射和臭氧吸收为主。总辐射中以散射为主。光谱反射率中太阳短波反射率为0.13,太阳红外反射率为0.25,雪面上二者接近;反射率受土壤湿度影响明显,在太阳高度角较小时,各波段反射率有不同的变化趋势。地表比辐射率约为0.90。地表净辐射和地面热源强度大。太阳紫外辐射大,占总辐射的比例也大。     

The Influence of Changes in Vegetation Type on the Surface Energy Budget

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阿尔卑斯山杉林冠层影响辐射传输的个例分析

利用瑞士Alptal观测站杉树林冠层上方、下方的辐射观测资料,分析了冠层对短波辐射的减弱及对长波辐射的增幅作用及其季节变化。结果表明,对比较密集的常绿针叶林,冠层对入射短波辐射的透过率随着太阳高度的降低而减小,春季以后趋于稳定;冠层对长波辐射的增幅作用随天气状况而变化,这种增幅作用在晴空条件下最显著,可达1.5倍。在冬季,因为太阳辐射较弱,冠层对长波辐射的增幅作用超过对短波辐射的减弱从而增加地面净辐射。在其它季节,太阳辐射比较强,冠层对短波辐射的减弱超过对长波辐射的增幅作用而减少地面净辐射。地面净辐射与冠层上方气温的变化趋势虽然在有些时段一致,但在伴随降雪过程的降温时段,地面净辐射与气温的变化趋势近乎反相,在积雪融化时段,地面净辐射的增加比气温升高更显著,尤其是在白天。     

Influence of snow cover changes on surface radiation and heat balance based on the WRF model

The snow cover extent in mid-high latitude areas of the Northern Hemisphere has significantly declined corresponding to the global warming, especially since the 1970s. Snow-climate feedbacks play a critical role in regulating the global radiation balance and influencing surface heat flux exchange. However, the degree to which snow cover changes affect the radiation budget and energy balance on a regional scale and the difference between snow-climate and land use/cover change (LUCC)-climate feedbacks have been rarely studied. In this paper, we selected Heilongjiang Basin, where the snow cover has changed obviously, as our study area and used the WRF model to simulate the influences of snow cover changes on the surface radiation budget and heat balance. In the scenario simulation, the localized surface parameter data improved the accuracy by 10 % compared with the control group. The spatial and temporal analysis of the surface variables showed that the net surface radiation, sensible heat flux, Bowen ratio, temperature and percentage of snow cover were negatively correlated and that the ground heat flux and latent heat flux were positively correlated with the percentage of snow cover. The spatial analysis also showed that a significant relationship existed between the surface variables and land cover types, which was not obviously as that for snow cover changes. Finally, six typical study areas were selected to quantitatively analyse the influence of land cover types beneath the snow cover on heat absorption and transfer, which showed that when the land was snow covered, the conversion of forest to farmland can dramatically influence the net radiation and other surface variables, whereas the snow-free land showed significantly reduced influence. Furthermore, compared with typical land cover changes, e.g., the conversion of forest into farmland, the influence of snow cover changes on net radiation and sensible heat flux were 60 % higher than that of land cover changes, indicating the importance of snow cover changes in the surface-atmospheric feedback system.     

All-Sky Surface Radiation and Clear-Sky Surface Energy Budgets: Summer to Freeze-Up in the Western Maritime Arctic

The 2009 ArcticNet expedition was a field campaign in the Amundsen Gulf–eastern Beaufort Sea region from mid-July to the beginning of November aboard the CCGS Amundsen that provided an opportunity to describe the all-sky surface radiation and the clear-sky surface energy budgets from summer to freeze-up in the data sparse western maritime Arctic. Because the fractional area of open water was generally larger than the fractional area of ice floes, the net radiation at the water surface controlled the radiation budget. Because the water albedo is much less than the albedo of the ice floes, the extent and duration of open water in summer is an important albedo feedback mechanism. From summer to freeze-up, the net all-sky shortwave radiation declined steadily as the solar angle lowered, while coincidently the net all-sky longwave radiation became increasingly negative. The all-sky net surface radiation switched from positive in summer to negative during the freeze-up period. From summer to freeze-up, both upward and downward turbulent heat fluxes occurred. In summer, a positive surface energy budget residual contributed to the melting of ice floes and/or to the warming of the Arctic Ocean's mixed layer. During the freeze-up period, with temperatures below approximately ?5°C, the residuals were mainly negative suggesting that heat loss from the ocean's mixed layer and heat released by the phase change of water were significant components of the energy budget's residual.     

CLIMATOLOGICAL STUDIES ON NET RADIATION IN CHINA

An established climatic calculation scheme for estimating the components of surface radiation budget is conducted at 223 stations throughout the country.The spatial patterns of net radiation (NR) and its components suggest that the high-value belt is steadily situated over the Yarlung Zangbo Basin in the southern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and over the eastern Inner Mongolian Plateau,with the low-value belt over Sichuan-Guizhou mountainous temain.The pattern changes a little with the transition of seasons.Temporally,the NR's annual changes,especially its maximizing month,are closely related to the coming of rainy season.The relative computation emor is 2.7% for global radiation (GR).4.0% for surface albedo(SA),9.4% for effective radiation (ER),and 8.9% for NR.     

青藏高原冬季降雪对地面净辐射的影响

过去的研究结果指出，冬季青藏高原地面净辐射场是一个由地理因子决定的基本场叠加上一个降雪后地面积雪区造成的扰动场组成，为定量研究冬季青藏高原降对地面净辐射的扰动幅度，利用作者已经建立的冬季青藏高原后地面反射率与降雪降雪面无（有）积雪时计算地面净辐射的公式，计算了不同强度降雪后地面净辐射日总量及其变化。