褐藻酸降解菌的产酶条件研究

以海带病烂处分离到的别单胞菌属（Alkteromonas)的褐藻酸降解菌菌株A1为研究对象，在该菌的产酶条件进行了研究。结果表明，产酶的最适温度20℃，褐藻酸钠浓度（质量分数）0．5％－0．6％，pH7.5，盐度15，氮源为（NH4)2SO4，培养时间72h。     

褐藻酸降解菌A7的发酵及产酶条件研究

以海藻废弃物堆肥中分离到的薄壁杆菌属（Gracillibacillus）的褐藻酸降解菌A7为研究对象，对该菌的生长及产酶条件进行了研究。结果表明，该菌的最适产酶条件为：温度30℃，海藻酸钠的质量分数0．5％，pH9．5，NaCl浓度0．5mol／L，以蛋白胨为主要氮源。在最佳条件下培养96h达到最高酶活力12．79U／mL。     

褐藻酸降解菌的发酵培养及褐藻酸酶对褐藻细胞的解离作用

褐藻酸降解菌埃氏交替单胞菌菌株Ａ１０２发酵培养时褐藻酸酶形成条件研究表明，其产酶的培养基最适褐藻酸钠含量为０．３￣０．６％，氮源为０．５％的蛋白胨，ｐＨ７．５，装量是在５００ｍｌ三角瓶中装培养基２００ｍｌ。     

海藻工具酶研究Ⅱ.褐藻酸酶的制备、性质及对裙带菜细胞的解离研究

褐藻酸降解菌埃氏交替单胞菌(Alteromonas espejiana)菌株Al01,通过发酵培养制备褐藻酸酶.该酶作用的最适pH为7.0,最适温度为40℃,最适底物浓度为1%～2%;在离子浓度为0.5mmol/dm3时,Mn2+对酶促反应稍有促进作用,Ca2+、Hg2+则有明显的抑制作用.该酶用于裙带菜单细胞和原生质体解离时,以酶液组成为褐藻酸酶1%、纤维素酶1%,45×10-3的NaC1为渗透剂,酶解温度25℃,pH7.0,酶解3-4h效果最好.     

褐藻酸降解菌的生长条件及其对海带的生理效应

为更好地了解海带病烂的发生机制，针对褐藻酸降解菌埃氏交替单胞菌（Altermonas espejiana）菌株A1的生长及产酶条件进行了初步研究，并用不同浓度的菌液对健康海带进行了感染试验，测定了其体内可溶性蛋白质和可溶性糖含量的变化。结果表明，该菌株生长和产酶的最适条件为：20℃，0．5％～0．6％褐藻酸钠，pH=7，5，氮源为（NH4）2S04，培养时间72h。此外，感染菌株A1后，海带体内可溶性蛋白质和可溶性糖的含量均增加，且随着感染菌液浓度的升高，海带体内可溶性蛋白质含量升高，而可溶性糖含量先升高后降低。     

褐藻酸降解酶特性的初步研究

对从海带(Laminaria japonica)病烂处分离出的2株别单胞菌属的褐藻酸降解菌(简称菌株A1,A2)进行了褐藻酸钠降解能力及胞外产物中褐藻酸酶特性的初步分析。结果表明,2株褐藻酸降解菌中,菌株A2表现出较强的对褐藻酸钠的降解能力;同时菌株A2所分泌的褐藻酸酶在pH 6.0~8.0相对稳定,30℃以下酶不易失活。在较低离子浓度时,Mn2 ,Ba2 对反应有较强的促进作用,Ag 和Pb2 则有明显的抑制作用。     

褐藻酸降解菌感染海带过程中几种酶的作用比较

采用植物单细胞和原生质体游离的方法,研究了5株褐藻酸降解菌感染过程中海带细胞壁的组成成分——褐藻酸的变化。结果表明,海带在5株褐藻酸降解菌感染的初期(前3 d),褐藻酸酶对其单细胞和原生质体的游离率均显著降低,而且随着感染时间的延长,游离率的下降越加明显。3 d过后,随着感染的继续进行,单细胞和原生质体的游离率变化不再明显。表明海带细胞壁组成对褐藻酸降解菌感染发生了响应性变化,而这种变化仅仅发生在褐藻酸降解菌感染的早期阶段。研究结果进一步显示,褐藻酸降解菌感染过程中海带细胞壁组成的变化主要体现在褐藻酸的变化上。     

褐藻酸降解菌侵染海带过程中活性氧及抗氧化系统的变化

本文以褐藻酸降解菌为病原体研究褐藻酸降解菌侵染海带的小孢子体不同时期体内的活性氧——超氧负离子自由基 (O-·2 )、超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)、过氧化氢酶 (CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶 (APX)和抗坏血酸 (ASA)等的变化。实验结果表明 :海带活性氧 (O-·2 )含量在褐藻酸降解菌感染初期表现为升高 ,随后表现为下降。并且 ,随着褐藻酸降解菌侵染浓度的升高 ,活性氧 (O-·2 )含量呈现上升趋势 ,推测活性氧 (O-·2 )是海带抗褐藻酸降解菌感染的有效防御手段之一。SOD,CAT,ASA在感染的初期起着积极的抵抗褐藻酸降解菌感染的作用 ;APX在褐藻酸降解菌感染的前期没有发挥其抗感染的作用 ,而是在后期显示出了一定的抗感染作用。此结果可为海带病害的机理及幼苗集约化培养过程中病害的防治提供科学的依据。     

金属离子和pH值对九孔鲍几种消化酶活力的影响

研究了金属离子对九孔鲍(Haliotis diversicolor supertepla)褐藻酸酶、琼脂酶及纤维素酶活力的影响。结果表明，3种酶的最适pH不同。分别为褐藻酸酶8．8、琼脂酶4．2、纤维素酶4．5-5．0。MgSO4为褐藻酸酶的激活剂、BaCl2为琼脂酶的激活剂、MnCl2是纤维素酶的激活剂。     

刺参消化酶性质与活性分布的研究

以酶学分析法研究了温度和pH对刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)肠道不同部位(前肠、中肠、后肠)4种消化酶活性的影响,并比较了其活性分布.结果表明,各消化酶随温度和pH均呈峰值变化:前肠、中肠和后肠蛋白酶均有2个活性范围,最适pH分别为3、9,脂肪酶活性的最适pH分别为3.5、4.0、4.0,褐藻酸酶活性的最适pH分别为4.0、4.5、4.5,果胶酶活性的最适pH分别为3.5、3.5、4.0;蛋白酶活性的最适温度均为45℃,脂肪酶活性的最适温度均为35℃,褐藻酸酶活性的最适温度分别为45℃、35℃、35℃,果胶酶活性的最适温度则分别为55℃、55℃、45℃;在各自最适温度和pH下,蛋白酶活性表现为后肠＞前肠＞中肠,脂肪酶活性表现为后肠＞中肠＞前肠,而前肠褐藻酸酶活性显著高于中肠、后肠(P＜0.05),果胶酶活性在肠道各部分相差不显著.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,