建设我国现代大地测量基准的思考

建设现代大地测量基准方面的进展主要表现在IGS服务和ITRF的系列精化 ,ITRF2 0 0 0是ITRF中迄今最为精确、测站最为稠密的地面坐标参考框架 ;2 0 0 1年推出新的WGS84,其成果标以WGS84(G1 1 5 0 )。考虑和顾及现代大地测量的特点 ,结合中国实际 ,我国现代大地测量基准应着重考虑四个方面的基本要素 :高精度、涵盖全部陆海国土、三维、动态。建设我国现代大地测量基准是为用户在我国任何地点、任何时间提供及时、可靠、适用的地理空间基础框架 ,其任务应包括建立我国现代化的平面基准、高程基准和重力基准等。     

相似变换模型在参考框架基准实现中的应用

详细探讨了相似变换在地球参考框架的基准定义实施中的相关模型及方法。利用四种空间大地测量技术（GPS、SLR、DORIS、VLBI）在2000．0历元的站坐标组文件,对ITRF2005的内符精度进行了实验评价。     

面向数字中国建设中国的现代大地测量基准

在回顾我国大地测量基准建设历史的基础上,分析了在当前建设信息化社会,创建数字中国,对现代地理空间基础框架中测绘基准的需求。提出了在我国建设现代大地测量基准的建议。在平面基准方面,建议在国家GPS2000网(三网)的基础上,进一步加密国家GPS网点和永久性追踪站,构建有足够分布密度的三维高精度动态大地坐标框架,为我国今后建立新的大地坐标系统创造条件。在高程基准方面,建议在仪器设备和规范细则方面作好准备工作,依法定期对国家高程控制网进行复测。在重力基准方面,在国家2000重力基准网和国家2000(似)大地水准面的基础上,有步骤的按省或地区推算具有厘米级精度,10km级栅格分辨率的似大地水准面。在条件成熟时,我国应考虑采用三维地心坐标系统。     

基于CORS框架城市三维大地测量基准维护的探讨

介绍了城市三维大地测量基准维护的核心任务是获取基于ITRF框架的精确三维地心坐标,并由此求取到现有城市独立坐标系之间的精确转换参数。以SZ-CORS框架网为例,阐述了基准维护应采用"从框架网到次级网,从相对坐标修正到绝对坐标修正"的思路。利用具体数据验证了城市三维大地测量基准维护方案的可行性。     

广西区似大地水准面精化的研究

广西区似大地水准面精化是以现代卫星大地测量技术为基础，建立与国家空间数据基准框架相一致的广西现代大地测量基础三维坐标框架。主要介绍了利用GPS定位技术、水准测量技术、现代地球重力场确定理论，建立区域综合性的空间地理数据基准框架的方法。     

江苏省现代大地测量基准的建立方案探讨

依靠江苏省全球导航卫星连续运行参考站的建设,实现了江苏省大地测量基准的现代化整合与过渡,进而为完成江苏省高精度、动态、现代3维大地坐标基准的建立奠定了基础。着重探讨江苏省现代大地测量基准的建设方案。     

现代大地测量参考系统

概述现代大地测量参考系统的定义及不同参考系统之间的关系。主要讨论我国当代大地测量界常使用的3种用以表示几何位置的参考系统－1980年国家大地坐标系、全球大地测量系统1984（WGS84）、国际地球参考系统（ITRS），和一种用以表示物理位置，高程的参考系统－1985年国家高程基准。并讨论大地测量中框架和基准的概念。     

一种适用于CGCS2000坐标框架的多源数据融合方法

针对单一的GPS技术并不能准确地确定地球质心,无法真正地实现地心坐标参考框架,为了满足CGCS2000坐标框架对高精度地球质心和高精度尺度基准的需求,未来的CGCS2000坐标框架将是多源空间大地测量技术融合的组合框架,该文提出了一种适用于CGCS2000坐标框架,并基于GPS、VLBI、SLR等大地测量技术的数据融合方法,利用该方法进行多源大地测量观测数据融合得到组合坐标框架,将得到的结果与ITRF综合解进行比较。结果表明:GPS、VLBI、SLR测站各方向坐标平均误差值约20mm,速度场各方向平均误差约1mm/a,水平方向速度场误差小于垂直方向速度场误差,误差较大的测站多居于板块分界带及其边缘。基于实验结果表明,该方法可以满足CGCS2000坐标框架对多源数据融合的要求。     

建设我国现代化测绘基准体系的思考

现代化测绘基准建设要考虑和顾及如三维、高精度、动态、地心等七个方面的特点。在平面基准方面,要采用中国国家2000大地坐标系统,建立国家导航卫星连续运行站网,进一步加密2000国家GPS网,以构建有足够数量和合理分布密度的大地坐标框架点;在高程基准方面,应尽快施测国家三期一等水准网,结合GPS水准和卫星测高技术,精化我国现行CQG2000大地水准面至5′分辨率和厘米量级精度。现代化测绘基准应为用户在我国任何地点、任何时间测定高精度的坐标和高程,提供可靠的地理空间基础框架。     

大角度三维基准转换的解析封闭解

传统大地测量应用中的基准转换往往涉及小角度旋转,可只考虑旋转角的一阶量采用线性化方法求解。现代空间测量技术成果应用的基准转换涉及大角度旋转,通过将旋转矩阵所有元素作为未知数并利用旋转矩阵正交条件采用附约束条件平差法迭代求解。本文以空间三维基准转换为例,采用多元模型的矩阵形式将多点坐标组成矩阵处理,并利用旋转矩阵的正交条件导出了大角度三维基准转换的解析分步解。同时引入两套公共点坐标误差对传统三维基准转换模型扩展,导出了同时顾及两套公共点坐标误差的大角度三维基准转换模型的解析解。试验表明:给出的大角度三维基准转换解析解能在实现与传统迭代解等效转换结果的同时,有效避免复杂耗时的迭代计算,提高计算效果。     

现代大地测量参考系统

概述现代大地测量参考系统的定义及不同参考系统之间的关系.主要讨论我国当代大地测量界常使用的3种用以表示几何位置的参考系统1980年国家大地坐标系、全球大地测量系统 1984 (WGS 84)、国际地球参考系统(ITRS),和一种用以表示物理位置,高程的参考系统1985年国家高程基准.并讨论大地测量中框架和基准的概念.     

Estimability of astronomical longitude and latitude only from theodolite observations within three-dimensional networks of terrestrial type

Summary From a two-dimensional network adjustment it is well understood that the one orientation unknown of a theodolite frame is estimable, once the orientation datum parameter, e.g., one azimuth, is fixed. In three-dimensional networks the problem of estimability of three orientation unknowns inherent in a theodolite frame is more complex. Here we prove that not only the classical horizontal orientation unknown is estimable (up to the datum degrees of freedom), but also astronomical longitude and astronomical latitude which can be considered as two additional orientation unknowns of the theodolite frame moving with respect to an earth-fixed equatorial frame of reference. Thus the theodolite instrument can be considered—at least theoretically—a gradiometer measuring the variation of the directional parameters of the gravity vector from one point to another. Or up to the datum degrees of freedom astronomical longitude and astronomical latitude can be determined from only theodolite observations between exclusively terrestrial points. M?nicke (1982), has shown that despite the refraction problem the method works sufficiently well in practice.     

The extension of the parametrization of the radio source coordinates in geodetic VLBI and its impact on the time series analysis

The radio sources within the most recent celestial reference frame (CRF) catalog ICRF2 are represented by a single, time-invariant coordinate pair. The datum sources were chosen mainly according to certain statistical properties of their position time series. Yet, such statistics are not applicable unconditionally, and also ambiguous. However, ignoring systematics in the source positions of the datum sources inevitably leads to a degradation of the quality of the frame and, therefore, also of the derived quantities such as the Earth orientation parameters. One possible approach to overcome these deficiencies is to extend the parametrization of the source positions, similarly to what is done for the station positions. We decided to use the multivariate adaptive regression splines algorithm to parametrize the source coordinates. It allows a great deal of automation, by combining recursive partitioning and spline fitting in an optimal way. The algorithm finds the ideal knot positions for the splines and, thus, the best number of polynomial pieces to fit the data autonomously. With that we can correct the ICRF2 a priori coordinates for our analysis and eliminate the systematics in the position estimates. This allows us to introduce also special handling sources into the datum definition, leading to on average 30 % more sources in the datum. We find that not only the CPO can be improved by more than 10 % due to the improved geometry, but also the station positions, especially in the early years of VLBI, can benefit greatly.     

Reference frame stability and nonlinear distortion in minimum-constrained network adjustment

The aim of this paper is to investigate the influence of the minimum constraints (MCs) on the reference frame parameters in a free-net solution. The non-estimable part of these parameters (which is not reduced by the available data) is analysed in terms of its stability under a numerical perturbation of the constrained datum functionals. In practice, such a perturbation can be ascribed either to hidden errors in the known coordinates/velocities that participate in the MCs or to a simple change of their a priori values due to a datum switch on a different fiducial dataset. In addition, a perturbation of this type may cause a nonlinear variation to the estimable part of the reference frame parameters, since it theoretically affects the adjusted observations that are implied by the network’s nonlinear observational model. The aforementioned effects have an impact on the quality of a terrestrial reference frame (TRF) that is established via a minimum-constrained adjustment, and our study shows that they are both controlled through a characteristic matrix which is inherently linked to the MC system (the so-called TRF stability matrix). The structure of this matrix depends on the network’s spatial configuration and the ‘geometry’ of the datum constraints, while its main role is the filtering of any MC-related errors into the least-squares adjustment results. A number of examples with different types of geodetic networks are also presented to demonstrate the theoretical findings of our study.     

BDS精密单点定位在海洋石油钻井平台动力定位系统的应用研究

深水动力定位(DP)石油钻井平台依赖于高精度的位置参考基准,精密单点定位(PPP)技术是提供海上高精度位置服务的首选方式。目前海上石油钻井平台DP系统所需的高精度位置参考基准以GPS为主。随着我国北斗卫星导航系统(BDS)的全球组网,BDS实时PPP必将为全海域作业提供自主高精度的位置参考基准。本文就自主研制的BDS实时PPP产品开展实船应用研究,并接入南海作业的某DP系统。结果表明,相比于国外同类产品,收敛后的三维位置差异性小于50 cm,接入DP系统后BDS与GPS信息所占的权值一致,验证了BDS单系统实时PPP在海洋石油钻井平台DP系统应用的可行性。     

区域与全球高程基准差异的确定

全球高程基准统一是继全球大地测量坐标系及其参考基准统一之后,大地测量学科面临和亟待解决的一个重要问题,也是全球空间信息共享与交换的基础。本文针对区域高程基准与全球高程基准间基准差异确定的理论、方法及实际问题开展研究。利用物理大地测量高程系统的经典理论方法,给出了高程基准差异的定义,并推导了计算基准差异的严密公式,该公式可将高程基准差异确定的现有3种方法统一起来。在此基础上,分析顾及了不同椭球参数对于计算基准差异的影响及量级,同时,高程异常差法还需考虑全球高程基准重力位与模型计算大地水准面位值不一致引起的零阶项改正。利用青岛原点附近152个GPS水准点数据,分别选择GRS80、WGS-84、CGCS2000参考椭球以及EGM2008、EIGEN-6C4、SGG-UGM-1模型,采用位差法和高程异常差法,确定了我国1985高程基准与全球高程基准的差异。其中,EIGEN-6C4模型计算的我国高程基准与WGS-84参考椭球正常重力位U0定义的全球高程基准之间的差异约为-23.1cm。也就是说,我国高程基准低于采用WGS-84参考椭球正常重力位U0定义的全球高程基准,当选取基于平均海面确定的Gauss-Listing大地水准面作为全球高程基准时,我国1985高程基准高于全球基准约21.0cm。从计算结果还可看出,当前重力场模型在青岛周边不同GPS/水准点的精度差别依然较大,这会导致选择不同数据对确定我国85国家高程基准与全球基准之间的差异影响较大,因此,若要实现厘米级精度区域高程基准与全球高程基准的统一,全球重力场模型的精度和可靠性还需要进一步提高。     

Global sea-level rise and its relation to the terrestrial reference frame

We examined the sensitivity of estimates of global sea-level rise obtained from GPS-corrected long term tide gauge records to uncertainties in the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF) realization. A useful transfer function was established, linking potential errors in the reference frame datum (origin and scale) to resulting errors in the estimate of global sea level rise. Contrary to scale errors that are propagated by a factor of 100%, the impact of errors in the origin depends on the network geometry. The geometry of the network analyzed here resulted in an error propagation factor of 50% for the Z component of the origin, mainly due to the asymmetry in the distribution of the stations between hemispheres. This factor decreased from 50% to less than 10% as the geometry of the network improved using realistic potential stations that did not yet meet the selection criteria (e.g., record length, data availability). Conversely, we explored new constraints on the reference frame by considering forward calculations involving tide gauge records. A reference frame could be found in which the scatter of the regional sea-level rates was limited. The resulting reference frame drifted by 1.36 ± 0.22? mm/year from the ITRF2000 origin in the Z component and by ?0.44 ± 0.22?mm/year from the ITRF2005 origin. A bound on the rate of global sea level rise of 1.2 to 1.6?mm/year was derived for the past century, depending on the origin of the adopted reference frame. The upper bound is slightly lower than previous estimates of 1.8?mm/year discussed in the IPCC fourth report.     

国家地理空间信息基准框架工程建设

提出了国家地理空间信息基准框架内改进与更新原有的大地坐标基准、高程基准和重力基准的建设道路及解决原则。     

利用卫星激光测距技术研究全球垂直地壳运动的参考基准

当前地震、地质灾害等现象的频繁发生,表明对于地壳运动尤其是垂直方向的研究是迫切而必需的,而研究垂直地壳运动的一个重要前提就是其参考基准的确立。针对目前国内外对于全球垂直地壳运动参考基准不统一的现状,分析了研究全球统一的垂直地壳运动参考基准的必要性,提出将ITRF2008框架下获取的SLR的垂向速度场作为全球垂直地壳运动参考基准的方案,论证了该方案的合理性,并利用GPS和VLBI的观测数据,求取了其速度场与SLR垂直基准之间的系统差,分析了产生不同大小且方向各异系统差的原因,实现了各速度场与全球垂直地壳运动参考基准的统一。由于该基准包含了较为丰富的地球物理信息,具有可发展、可提高以及直接相对于地球质心等特性,因此,我们推荐将ITRF2008框架下SLR技术获取的垂向速度场定义为全球垂直地壳运动的参考基准。     

GPS监测网数据处理方案研究

处理大尺度ＧＰＳ监测网多期复测成果的时期,数据处理方案是一个重要问题。作者在处理首都圈ＧＰＳ地形变监测网数据的过程中,经过长期探索和大量试算,提出了制定数据处理方案的基本原则：要采用一个自洽的地球参考框架和常数系统;要采用精度最高的同一种粗密星历和相应的地球自转参数;要采用最先进的同一种数据处理软件以及采用同一的参考基准和约束条件。由于地壳处于运动之中,大尺度ＧＰＳ监测网的参考基准应是动态基准。研