Three-dimensional active earth pressure from cohesive backfills with tensile strength cutoff

Most of previous analyses on the active earth pressure were performed in two-dimensional cases using the Mohr-Coulomb (M-C) failure function to describe the soil strength. However, all failures of retained slopes indicate a somewhat three-dimensional (3D) feature, and the M-C function is found to overestimate the tensile strength of cohesive soil. In this work, a kinematic limit analysis–based approach is developed for computing the 3D active earth pressure resulting from cohesive backfills. The concept of tensile strength cutoff is adopted to implement the reduction or elimination of tensile strength from the strength envelope. An extended 3D horn failure mechanism that is associated with the modified strength envelope is developed to characterize the collapse of retained slopes. The resultant of active earth pressure is evaluated from the work rate balance equation and expressed as an unfactored coefficient. The obtained results indicate that less support provided by the wall is required when allowing the existence of soil cohesion and 3D effects and that eliminating the tensile strength can observably increase the active earth pressure, especially for the backfill with a great level of cohesion.     

Analysis and design charts for 3D active earth pressure in cohesive soils with cracks

The prediction of active earth pressure was generally implemented under the assumptions of two-dimensional conditions and cohesionless soils. However, in practice, the soils usually display a considerable level of cohesion, and the collapse of retained slopes exhibits a three-dimensional (3D) nature. Considering this fact, this paper intends to predict the 3D active earth pressure in cohesive soils based on the kinematic limit-analysis method and a 3D rotational collapse mechanism. The influence of cracks is considered, including a crack forming before the failure of retained soil masses (open crack) and a crack forming simultaneously with the failure (formation crack). The active earth pressure coefficient is estimated based on the work-energy balance principle. In order to facilitate direct application, several design charts are provided. It is shown that accounting for soil cohesion and 3D effects results in a notable decrease in the active earth pressure, whereas considering the existence of cracks would increase the pressure value. This paper develops the studies on active earth pressure, which considers the presence of cohesion, cracks, and 3D effects together for the first time. The results of this paper can offer references in designs of retaining structures for cohesive slopes.

     

均布荷载作用下挡土墙后粘性填土的土压力计算

基于极限分析下限定理,导出了均布荷载作用下倾斜坡面挡土墙后粘性填土的侧向土压力的解析解,并通过具体数值计算以图表的形式给出了填土摩擦角、无量纲粘结力cγz、无量纲荷载强度qγz及填土表面倾角α等参数不同组合情况下的综合主动和被动土压力系数值,可供工程实践直接采用。在此基础上,就各参数对综合主动和被动土压力系数的影响进行了有意义的探讨     

地震条件下黏性土挡土墙土压力分析

Mononobe-Okabe理论是现阶段计算地震土压力的常用方法,但Mononobe-Okabe理论的诸多假设使其具有一定的局限性。针对Mononobe-Okabe理论的不足,考虑到地震作用下挡土墙偏转对土压力的影响,采用斜向条分法推导了复杂条件下黏性土地震土压力强度分布、土压力合力及其作用点位置公式,并利用图解法给出了临界破裂角的解析解。研究表明：填土黏聚力和地震系数对土压力影响显著;忽略黏性填土表面开裂与地震作用对均布超载及开裂填土等效超载的影响将使主动土压力计算结果偏小,其误差随着填土黏聚力和均布超载的增大而增大;在不同水平地震系数下土压力沿墙高呈非线性分布;所提公式适用范围更广,有效完善了Mononobe-Okabe理论。     

植被作用下土壤抗剪强度和径流侵蚀力的耦合效应

利用野外径流小区动态监测和人工模拟降雨试验,阐明了草被和灌木的减流减沙效应,从力学层面揭示了坡面侵蚀产沙的过程机理。结果表明,与裸地相比,野外坡面草地和灌木地径流量分别减少28.1%~56.5%和85.7%~100%、产沙量分别减少84.9%~90.7%和98.5%~100%;在人工模拟降雨强度下,草地和灌木地径流量分别减少51.9%~90.9%和61.7%~80.6%、产沙量分别减少93.6%~99.2%和95.5%~99.2%;植被具有明显的增强土壤抗剪强度的作用,不同植被坡面抗剪强度与剪切面上的法向压力成正比,且符合库仑定律;不同下垫面条件下土壤黏聚力与坡面径流量和侵蚀产沙量呈显著的负相关关系,随着黏聚力的增大,径流量和侵蚀产沙量呈下降趋势;草地和灌木地坡面侵蚀临界径流切应力分别为裸地的2.64~3.16倍和2.44~3.18倍,建立了不同被覆坡面临界径流切应力与土壤抗剪强度和黏聚力的关系。研究结果对定量评价植被减蚀作用和深化土壤侵蚀力学过程有一定的参考意义。     

Analytical solutions for the earth pressure of narrow cohesive backfill with retaining walls rotating about the top

Currently, knowledge of the failure mechanisms of narrow backfills with retaining walls rotating about the top (RT mode) is still lacking which leads to inaccurate estimations of the earth pressure. Numerical simulations using finite element limit analysis find that under the effects of backfill geometries, interface strengths, and soil properties, the upper soil layer supported by soil arching retains its integrity and the lower soil layer is sheared by multiple curved sliding surfaces in the limit state. Based on the failure mechanisms of narrow backfills, a calculation model is established which considers the soil arching effect, curved sliding surface, and cohesive soils. Analytical solutions for the earth pressure of narrow cohesive backfills with retaining walls rotating about the top are derived by using the limit equilibrium horizontal slice method. Compared with previous studies, the present method predicts the earth pressure distribution with higher accuracy. Several extensive parametric studies have also been conducted. Thus, decreasing the aspect ratio of backfills, increasing the inclined angle of natural slopes, interface strengths, and soil cohesion are beneficial for maintaining backfill integrity and reducing earth pressure against retaining walls.

     

鹰厦铁路典型顺层岩质边坡稳定性分析

影响顺层岩质边坡稳定性的主要因素有岩体的粘聚力和节理裂隙面的粘聚力,与一般边坡不同,节理面粘聚力大小决定了顺层边坡的稳定性。选取鹰厦铁路典型顺层边坡进行分析,采用数值模拟方法,比较不同节理面粘聚力下的边坡应力应变规律,得出在岩体粘聚力比较大而节理面粘聚力较小的情况下,顺层边坡会由于节理面产生拉应力而破坏。对于节理面可能出现的破坏形式提出了加固预应力锚固措施,进行加固措施后用数值模拟分析,对边坡的受力特征进行分析,得出预应力锚固方法促进节理边坡的稳定性。     

地震条件下挡墙后黏性土主动土压力研究

采用水平层分析法,得到了地震条件下挡墙后黏性土主动土压力合力和作用点位置、土压力强度分布以及临界破裂角的解析解。公式考虑了水平和垂直地震加速度、挡墙墙背倾角、填料黏聚力和内摩擦角、填料与墙背的黏结力和外摩擦角、均布超载等因素,并分析了这些因素对主动土压力的影响。结果表明,朗肯和库伦理论下的主动土压力公式以及Mononobe-Okabe主动土压力公式与地震条件下的主动土压力公式完全一致。地震条件下的主动土压力强度沿墙高呈非线性分布。水平地震加速度增大了主动土压力,垂直地震加速度使得主动土压力有所减小     

基于太沙基土拱效应考虑基质吸力影响的松动土压力计算模型

传统的土拱效应理论是基于上覆土体为无黏性土或饱和黏性土建立的,但非饱和状态是实际土体的常见情形,其力学特性受自然环境变化的影响。针对这一问题,基于太沙基（Terzaghi）平面土拱效应分析模型和土体单元主应力轴旋转理论,建立了考虑基质吸力的土拱效应松动土压力分析模型。依次给出了基质吸力在上覆土体内呈均匀分布、梯形分布、正三角分布和倒三角分布时的松动土压力和侧压力系数表达式。为验证该分析模型的正确性,采用FLAC建立了Trapdoor数值模型,理论计算与FLAC模拟结果非常吻合。最后,着重分析了上覆土体的饱和度、厚度、Trapdoor宽度、地下水上升和降雨等因素对松动土压力的影响。研究发现,松动土压力随土体饱和度先减小后增大,当达到进气值所对应的饱和度时松动土压力最小。     

土钉墙地基承载力问题探讨

土钉墙墙底地基土的承载力验算是土钉墙支护设计的一项重要内容。国内的工程实践中,通常将土钉墙地基承载力与坑底土抗隆起验算合并考虑。针对具体案例,通过Plaxis3D有限元数值模拟,分析研究了土钉墙底部土体发生地基承载力失稳的破坏模式、破坏荷载以及土钉墙墙底应力分布特点等,探讨了依据我国相关规程进行土钉墙坑底隆起或地基承载力计算可能存在的问题。借鉴国外加筋土挡墙地基承载力计算的一般方法,将土钉墙作为荷载倾斜、偏心的刚性基础对待,利用荷载倾斜、偏心条件下传统刚性浅基础的地基承载力的Meyerhof解和Vesic解,对土钉墙地基承载力进行了计算和对比,通过对比发现,Meyerhof解更接近实际,据此,提出了土钉墙地基承载力计算的合理模式。     

土钉加固黏性土坡加载的离心模型试验研究

进行了不同坡度土钉加固边坡坡顶加载的离心模型试验,观测了土坡的破坏过程并测量土坡的位移场,研究了土钉加固黏性土坡的承载力、变形和破坏规律以及坡角对其破坏规律的影响。试验结果表明,坡顶荷载的增加引起土坡变形的增加,变形的集中产生和发展导致滑裂面的形成并使土坡发生破坏。土钉变形规律受加载阶段和加载底板的综合影响,坡顶荷载越大,接近坡顶的土钉弯曲挠度越大,钉土间的相互作用越强。土坡的坡角越大,承载力越低,土体呈现出更显著的向坡面位移的趋势。     

条形荷载下黏性土主动土压力计算

依据库仑土压力理论假设,挡土墙土压力由墙后填土在极限平衡状态下出现滑动楔体产生,推导出考虑滑裂面上填土的黏聚力、墙土间黏聚力、黏性土表面出现张拉裂缝、条形荷载下的黏性土主动土压力计算式,并给出临界破裂角的显式解答。当墙后作用有连续均布荷载或不考虑黏性填土表面出现裂缝时,只需取条形荷载到墙顶的距离或计算的裂缝深度为0即可按相同的方法求解。研究表明,由于未考虑条形荷载对临界破裂角的影响,规范方法得到土压力值偏小。该公式适用范围广,尤其对于条形荷载作用墙后任意位置时均可应用,对实际工程中挡土墙的设计计算具有一定应用价值。     

土工织物加筋黏性土坡坡顶加载的离心模型试验研究

土工织物加筋技术在工程中得到了广泛的应用,取得了良好的加固效果。但对于土工织物加筋机制尚缺乏明确和统一地认识,加筋理论研究落后于工程实践。为此,进行了坡顶加载条件下土工织物加固黏性土坡和素土边坡的离心模型试验,记录和再现了素土边坡和加筋土坡在坡顶加载条件下的变形破坏过程。主要基于变形分析探讨了黏性土坡在土工织物简单加固条件下的加固效果和加筋机制。结果表明,土工织物加筋可以有效地提高黏性土坡的极限承载力,加筋带的存在改变了土体的位移场,扩大了坡顶加载的影响区域,加筋后滑裂面明显后移。加筋带对土体的局部作用和作用范围,随着土体变形的增大而增大和扩展     

矩形SMW工法工作井土体反力计算方法的研究

对采用型钢水泥土复合挡土墙(Soil Mixing Wall,SMW)建造的矩形工作井在顶力反力作用下的受力机理进行分析,假定承载后背竖向土体反力呈拟正态分布、水平向土体反力呈均匀分布,求得后背土体所能承受的最大土体反力计算公式。考虑前壁土体达到主动状态,得到工作井最大土体反力和允许顶力的计算公式。算例分析表明：采用梯形分布计算得到的后背最大土体反力值要略大于文中方法计算结果;在黏性土中,文中方法采用水土合算计算得到的允许顶力值与实测值较吻合。     

黏性土的非极限主动土压力计算方法研究

经典土压力理论只能计算挡土墙位移达到极限状态时的土压力。为了更贴近工程实际,需要发展非极性土压力理论,但以往的研究仅限于砂土。对于黏性土的非极限主动土压力,在已有成果的基础上,从黏性土的应力莫尔圆出发,推导了介于初始状态和极限主动状态之间的中间状态时,黏性土的内摩擦角? 随墙体位移变化的关系公式;同时考虑了墙土接触面上外摩擦角? 和黏聚力cw的影响,根据黏性土应力莫尔圆的几何关系得到了土体黏聚力c与墙体位移的关系;最后应用水平分层法求得了非极限状态时黏性土的主动土压力计算公式。与模型试验数据的对比分析表明,理论计算值和试验实测值基本吻合。研究表明,计算方法对于计算黏性土在非极限状态时的主动土压力具有一定的理论意义,在实际工程中也具有相应的实用价值。     

黏性土填料下考虑土拱效应的挡土墙被动土压力计算

为解释挡土墙后填土被动土压力的非线性分布现象,在考虑土拱形状为圆弧,滑裂面采用朗肯滑裂面的基础上,给出考虑土拱效应的被动土压力系数Kawn,进而基于应力状态法及土楔形体静力平衡两种思想求解了竖向平均应力 公式,在该基础上,给出黏性土填料下的挡土墙被动土压力分布公式、合力公式及作用点高度计算公式。通过与试验与其他方法对比,文中提出的方法得到验证。最后,研究了黏性土填料下的挡土墙被动土压力变化规律,即考虑土拱效应求得的黏性土填料的被动土压力分布呈现上小下大的指数型分布。此外,随着δ/φ（δ为墙土摩擦角,φ为内摩擦角）的增大,土拱效应逐渐增强,土压力合力点逐渐降低。     

Reliability-Based Design of Spatially Random Two-Layered Clayey Slopes

Geotechnical and Geological Engineering - Two-layered cohesive slopes are encountered in geotechnical applications involving embankments, dams, levees, and natural cut slopes. The reliability of...     

黏性土填料下考虑土拱效应的非极限主动土压力计算方法

不论挡土墙填料采用砂性土,还是黏性土,其墙背主动土压力与墙体倾角和位移关系存在较大的联系,因而研究黏性土填料下的非极限主动土压力计算理论具有重要意义。通过应力状态分析给出了非极限状态下考虑土拱效应的侧向主动土压力系数,然后采用水平微分层析法给出了倾斜墙下非极限主动土压力解析解。通过与室内模拟试验及已有理论进行对比,验证了该方法的合理性。最后研究了相关参数包括位移比?,墙土摩擦角与内摩擦角之比? /?,墙体倾角?,黏聚力c等对主动土压力分布及其作用点高度的影响。结果表明：土体由静止状态向极限主动土压力状态发展时,土拱效应的影响会越来越大。随着? /?的不断增大,土压力分布曲线非线性强度会不断增强,土压力合力作用点高度呈上升趋势,并且? /?对土压力的影响会随着位移比? 的增大而增大。随着挡土墙墙背倾斜角度? 的不断增大,土拱效应对非极限主动土压力的影响减小。随着土体填料黏聚力的不断增大,上部张拉裂缝高度也会随之增加,且土压力合力作用点越低。给出的考虑土拱效应的非极限主动土压力计算方法对于丰富挡土墙土压力计算理论具有重要意义。     

Three-dimensional reliability analysis of earth slopes

Reliability of cohesive soil slopes is assessed using a three-dimensional (3D) probabilistic stability analysis algorithm. Spatial variability of soil properties is represented by an anisotropic random field. Parametric studies are performed for a typical earth structure. The influence of the model parameters, including expected value, variance and correlation distance of soil shear strength, on the reliability associated to particular failure mechanisms is evaluated. The effect on reliability of the dimensions and shape of potential slip surfaces for a given random field is also assessed. It is shown that the mechanisms that contribute most significantly to global probability of failure of the slope may be quite different from those identified as critical by standard deterministic evaluations assuming soil homogeneity. Some practical implications of this fact are discussed.     

Cost Optimization of Reinforced Earth Walls

This paper deals with optimum cost (objective function) design of geosynthetic reinforced earth retaining walls subjected to static and dynamic loading. The design restrictions are imposed as design constraints in the analysis. Choice of the initial designed length and strength of the reinforcement, which are the elements of the design vectors are made in a way that it forms an initial feasible design vector. Thus the problem is one of mathematical programming. The constraints and the objective function being nonlinear in nature, the Sequential Unconstrained Minimization Technique (SUMT) has been used in conjunction with conjugate direction and quadratic fit methods for multidimensional and unidirectional minimization to arrive at the optimal (minimum) cost of the reinforced earth wall. Optimal cost tables are presented for different combinations of the loading and the developed procedure is validated by taking up an example problem. It has been found from the typical example problem that saving of the order of 7–8% can be made over the conventional design of mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) walls with the aid of design charts.