尺寸和加载速率对冻结水泥土单轴压缩影响

为揭示尺寸效应和加载速率效应对冻结改良土力学特性的影响规律,以冻结水泥改良土为研究对象,开展了不同尺寸与加载速率条件下的单轴压缩试验,通过分析试验数据,讨论了高径比和加载速率对试样强度与变形特性的影响。研究结果表明,高径比影响试样的应力-应变曲线类型及峰值后的变形特性。高径比增加,应力-应变曲线出现明显弹性屈服点,峰后脆性增强,试样破坏形式由劈裂破坏变为单一剪切破坏。试样的抗压强度、切线模量、起始屈服模量、破坏应变随高径比变化均可用抛物线进行拟合,综合考虑,推荐试验宜采用高径比为1.62~2.02的试件。在试验设定的温度和加载速率条件下冻结水泥土的单轴压缩应力-应变关系均为应变软化型。与冻土类似,冻结水泥土的抗压强度与起始屈服强度同样随温度的降低和加载速率的增加而增大。不同温度下冻结水泥土抗压强度与加载速率的关系可用幂函数表示。温度越低,起始屈服强度受加载速率影响越大。温度和加载速率对冻结水泥土切线模量也有较大影响,不同加载速率条件下切线模量与温度呈线性关系。冻结水泥土的破坏应变随温度的降低和加载速率的增加而增大,在1.94%~6.94%之间变化,不同加载速率条件下破坏应变与温度呈幂函数关系。     

低温含水砂岩动态压缩力学性能试验研究

为研究砂岩动态压缩力学性能,采用SHPB装置对低温含水砂岩试样进行6种不同加载速率的冲击压缩试验。结果表明：-10℃时砂岩动态抗压强度和弹性模量明显大于-15℃时,动态抗压强度与应变率均呈乘幂关系增长;动态弹性模量与应变率呈正相关性,-10℃和-15℃时均呈多项式关系;动态应力-应变曲线分为4个阶段,应变软化阶段的应变范围随应变率的增加而增大;砂岩试样破坏模式随着应变率的增加,由块状劈裂结构、片状层裂结构的拉伸破坏,转变为锥形体结构的剪切破坏,最终呈现颗粒状粉碎破坏。     

冻土的单轴抗压、抗拉强度特性试验研究

在寒区工程建筑物设计中,冻土的抗压、抗拉强度是两个重要的力学指标.在负温条件下,对粉质黏土、黄土和砂土进行单轴抗压和劈裂抗拉试验,研究冻土破坏时的破坏形态、破坏机理、应力-应变曲线和拉应力与径向位移关系曲线的形式,分析单轴抗压强度和劈裂抗拉强度的差异以及这两种强度随土质特性和温度的变化规律.试验结果表明：单轴载荷作用下试样破坏后呈鼓状,且表现为应变软化型塑性破坏特征;劈裂作用下产生沿直径向试样两侧延伸的裂缝,不同土质破坏后裂缝扩展的宽度和深度不同;冻土的抗压强度与抗拉强度均与负温存在很好的线性相关性,随温度的降低而增大;在相同温度条件下,冻土的抗压强度大于其抗拉强度;对于同一种冻土,其抗压强度的温度效应比抗拉强度的温度效应显著.本试验分析结果可为寒区工程的实际应用提供参考.     

冻结和林黄土力学性质的试验研究

对饱和冻结和林黄土在-2℃的温度条件下进行了单轴压缩试验和围压范围为1~5MPa的三轴压缩试验。试验结果表明：单轴压缩的应力应变曲线为应变软化型曲线,而三轴压缩试验中各围压下的应力应变曲线均为应变硬化型曲线,围压主要影响冻结和林黄土的初始变形行为,而对后期的变形影响不大;各围压下冻结黄土的体积应变都呈现出先体缩后体胀的特征,总体变均较小;围压对冻结和林黄土的屈服极限和强度影响不大;研究了初始切线模量的确定方法,用修正的Duncan-Chang模型对不同应变范围内的试验数据进行拟合,并由此确定了相应的初始切线模量,发现在0~4%应变范围拟合试验数据确定初始切线模量最为合理。     

The uniaxial compressive and tensile tests of frozen saturated clay in Shanghai area

The compressive and tensile strengths of frozen clay are important parameters for frozen wall design in artificial freezing excavation of tunnels and foundation pits. Up to now, nobody has conducted the compressive and tensile test of frozen clays in Shanghai area. In this paper, the unconfined compressive and tensile tests of frozen clay specimens drilled from the soil horizons 3–5 in Shanghai area were conducted in Zwick-Z020kN High-low Temperature Materials Testing Machine and Frozen Soil Triaxial Testing Machine, the corresponding constitutive equations were suggested; the temperature-unconfined uniaxial compressive strength relation was discussed; the strain rate–unconfined uniaxial compressive strength and strain rate–uniaxial tensile strength relations were studied. The relation between moisture content, dry density and unconfined uniaxial compressive strength was analyzed, too. In addition, the uniaxial compressive elastic modulus of Shanghai frozen clays and its influence factors were discussed. The research work of the current paper is very helpful for the design and theoretical studies of artificial freezing excavation in soft soil areas.     

初始含冰量对冻结粉质砂土变形与强度的影响

基于一系列同一温度、不同初始含冰量和应变率条件下的高含冰冻结粉质砂土的单轴压缩试验,开展了高含冰量对冻结粉质砂土变形行为和强度特性的初步研究。结果表明：随着试样中初始含冰量的增加,冻结粉质砂土的塑性增强,当初始含冰量超过210.1%后,应力-应变曲线趋近于冰的特性,可用修正的Duncan-Chang双曲线模型较好地描述其单轴压缩应力-应变关系;当应变率为0.083×10-3 s-1和0.467×10-3 s-1时,其初始切线模量呈非线性增大,但当应变率为0.667×10-3 s-1时,初始切线模量增大到一最大值之后转而减小,并且影响程度与应变率大小有关;当初始含冰量从32.9%增加到304.0%,冻结粉质砂土强度也是先非线性增大,然后逐渐趋于稳定,两者可用对数函数关系很好地描述。其研究结果可为开展高含冰冻土区路基的稳定性评价提供基础。     

试件形状对冻结粉土抗压强度影响的试验研究

在不同温度和应变率条件下,分别对圆柱体和正方体冻结粉土进行了单轴抗压强度试验,分析比较了二者的应力-应变关系、抗压强度及破坏应变.结果发现:单轴压缩下正方体与圆柱体冻结粉土的力学性质存在差异.正方体冻结粉土的应力-应变曲线有明显的弹性屈服点,屈服点后曲线呈线性硬化,而圆柱体冻结粉土的应力-应变曲线无明显弹性屈服,全应力-应变曲线呈抛物线型.相同温度和应变率条件下,圆柱体试样的应变软化程度比正方体试样大.相同试验条件下正方体冻结粉土的抗压强度及破坏应变大于圆柱体的抗压强度和破坏应变,二者抗压强度及破坏应变的差异程度与温度和应变率无关.研究结果可为冻结壁的设计提供重要依据和参考.     

冻结盐渍砂土单轴强度特性研究

通过对兰州盐渍砂土重塑土添加不同量的盐分来模拟不同含盐量的盐渍土, 并对其进行单轴抗压试验, 分析其在不同含盐量、不同温度及不同速率的应变加载情况下, 冻结盐渍砂土的单轴抗压强度的变化规律, 重点讨论了盐分对土体力学参数的影响以及弹性模量与含盐量、温度的关系. 结果表明: 易溶盐含量的增加会导致单轴抗压强度逐渐降低, 试验温度越低抗压强度会越大; 应变加载速率的增加会增大土体的单轴抗压强度, 同时会缩短土体达到应力峰值的时间; 土体含盐量越大弹性模量越小, 温度越低弹性模量越大.     

基于颗粒离散元模型的不同加载速率下花岗岩数值试验研究

不同加载速率条件下岩石的力学特性,对于其动载下破裂内在机制的研究具有积极的意义。基于颗粒流理论,通过黏结颗粒模型（bonded particle model,简称BPM）虚拟实现不同加载速率0.001～0.500 m/s下花岗岩单轴压缩和巴西劈裂试验,定量分析加载速率对应力-应变、破裂形态、应变能率及声发射的影响。结果表明：单轴抗压强度和抗拉强度及其对应峰值应变随加载速率增加而非线性增长;单轴压缩作用下,随加载速率增加,试样由单一斜截面破坏向多斜截面破坏转变,且主控裂隙带宽度急剧增大,由裂纹数量及水平向高应变率区域变化规律可明显看出,试样破坏程度随着加载速率增加而逐渐加剧;巴西劈裂作用下试样从一条主控裂隙向多条主控裂隙转变,且裂纹向圆盘试样两侧边缘部分延伸,破坏程度加剧;单轴压缩和巴西劈裂作用下,声发射事件及应变能率均随加载速率增加而呈现出非线性增长趋势。     

冻结黄土抗拉强度的试验研究

冻结饱水黄土的拉伸试验表明，拉伸破坏均属脆性破坏类型，拉断面上矿物颗粒剪移错粒，裂隙发育。拉伸的应力－应变过程，视荷载作用的快慢大致可分为粘弹－塑性、粘－弹性有脆性破坏三类，它们可用统一的方程形式加以描述，此外，对饱水冻结黄土的峰值应力、破坏应变和破坏时间等特性进行了分析，对抗拉、抗压强度作分析比较后指出，它们的比值为０．４４－０．６３，与负温和加载速率的关系不大。     

Prediction of Engineering Properties of Basalt Rock in Jordan Using Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test

Basalt is an extrusive igneous rock derived from Lava and spread over different localities in Jordan. It can be used in industrial applications, and as construction materials. Before using basalt, it is essential to determine its dry density, porosity, uniaxial compressive strength, and Brazilian tensile strength. The testing procedure and sample preparation used to determine the engineering properties are time-consuming and need expertise. Hence, the ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) test, a quick and non-destructive evaluation method, was used to determine the engineering properties. Empirical relationships for determination of dry density, porosity, uniaxial compressive strength, Brazilian tensile strength, and tangent modulus of elasticity were deduced. Good correlation coefficients (R²?=?0.832–0.929) were obtained between UPV and dry density, porosity, uniaxial compressive strength, Brazilian tensile strength and modulus of elasticity. These correlations were limited to intact basalt with UPV?≥?4000 m/s.     

Predicting mechanical properties and ultimate shear strength of gypsum,limestone and sandstone rocks using Vipulanandan models

ABSTRACT

In this study, over 1000 data from the literature was used to characterize and compare the density, strengths, modulus, fracture toughness, porosity and the ultimate shear strengths of the gypsum, limestone and sandstone rocks. The compressive modulus and Mode-1 fracture toughness of the gypsum rock, limestone rock and sandstone rocks varied from 0.7 GPa to 70 GPa, and from 0.03 MPa.m^0.5 to 2.6 MPa.m^0.5  respectively. Vipulanandan correlation model was effective in relating the modulus of elasticity, fracture toughness with the relevant strengths of the rocks. A new nonlinear Vipulanandan failure criterion was developed to quantify the tensile strength, pure shear (cohesion) strength and to predict the maximum shear strength limit with applied normal stress on the gypsum, limestone and sandstone rocks. The Vipulanandan failure model predicts the maximum shear strength limit was, as the Mohr-Coulomb failure model does not have a limit on the maximum shear strength. With the Vipulanandan failure model based on the available data, the maximum shear strengths predicted for the gypsum, limestone and sandstone rocks were 64 MPa, 114 MPa and 410 MPa respectively.     

初始含水率对冻结粉质黏土变形和强度的影响规律研究

冻土的变形和强度受温度、水分及压力的影响甚为显著。通过对-6 ℃的冻结粉质黏土在初始含水率为12.5%～20%范围内进行一系列的三轴试验,分析初始含水状态对冻土变形和强度的影响规律。研究发现,当初始含水率较低时,随着围压的增大,冻结粉质黏土相继出现应变软化和应变硬化特征;当初始含水率大于16%时,其应力-应变关系主要呈现出应变软化特征;随着初始含水率的增大,初始切线模量随围压从线性缓慢增大逐渐过渡为抛物线形的分布。同时,根据包络线定理,建立非线性摩尔-库仑强度准则,用以描述初始含水率为12.5%、14%和16%的冻结粉质黏土强度随围压变化的非线性;当初始含水率为18%和20%时,其强度可用线性摩尔-库仑强度准则描述。     

锦屏二级水电站大理岩复杂加卸载应力路径力学特性研究

地下洞室开挖围岩经历典型径向卸载、环向加载应力路径,由此引起的岩体强度、变形特征和破坏机制也不尽相同。针对锦屏二级水电站高地应力赋存环境,对施工排水洞大理岩开展常规单轴全应变、三轴压缩、卸围压、卸围压-加载轴压等4种不同应力路径力学试验,得到应力-应变全过程曲线、变形破坏特征和极限储能变化规律。试验研究结果表明, （1）锦屏二级水电站大理岩破坏时轴向应变一般较小,为硬脆性材料,卸荷应力路径下该脆性特征更为明显;（2）卸围压同时加载轴压试验峰值强度对应轴向应变、环向应变及体积应变值一般高于单纯的卸围压值,而对应峰值强度则一般低于卸围压值;（3）卸荷速率较大时,变形模量越大,大理岩峰值强度越低。加载速率越大,变形模量越小,峰值强度越高。初始围压越高,变形模量值越低,峰值强度越高;（4）无侧限作用时试件主要为张拉破坏,低侧限作用时为剪切破坏为主,局部存在张拉破坏,较高侧限时,剪切面为典型X或Y型;（5）岩石试件具有极限储能值,该值受多种因素的影响。一般情况下试件破坏对应围压越高,极限储能值越高,卸载速率越大,极限储能值越小。研究结果对于岩爆孕育发生机制解释以及工程实际问题的解决均有参考价值。     

干密度和温度对冻结膨胀土单轴压缩特性影响的试验研究北大核心CSCD

膨胀土是一种特殊的黏土,具有明显的胀缩性和多裂隙性,在寒区渠道工程中极易诱发各种冻害。单轴压缩特性是冻土物理力学特性的重要分支,为研究冻结膨胀土的单轴压缩特性,开展了不同干密度和温度下冻结膨胀土单轴压缩试验。试验结果表明:随着干密度的增加,各温度工况下试样的应力-应变关系曲线均由弱应变软化转为应变硬化形态,且试验温度越高,曲线的软化特征越显著。不同温度工况下试样的破坏模式差异明显。当试验温度为-2℃时,试样破坏时其表面出现明显的局部坍塌与剥落,而-5℃、-10℃和-15℃工况下试样的最终破坏形态均为“鼓状”破坏,试样表面无明显的裂缝和剪切面。冻结膨胀土试样的单轴抗压强度随干密度的增加而线性增大,亦随温度的降低而增大,但在不同的温度区间内增幅不同,其变化幅度主要与试样内部含冰量密切相关。此外,试样的弹性模量随着干密度的增大和温度的降低均线性增大。     

冻结砂土体积变形影响因素的敏感性分析

为了分析三轴试验中冻土体积变形影响因素的敏感性,选定包括内因和外因在内的6种影响因素,选用青海省德令哈的砂土按照正交试验方案进行常规三轴试验,并采用灰色关联分析法对试验结果进行分析,给出各影响因素的敏感性排序。结果表明,在选定的6种影响因素中,含水率、加载速率及温度的敏感性超过70%,需重点考虑。在较小含水率条件下,冻结砂土先体缩再体胀,且应力峰值点和应变峰值点所对应的轴向应变基本一致,而在饱和条件下仅发生体积膨胀。加载速率对冻土的影响主要表现为对其力学特性和破坏形态的改变,随着加载速率的增加冻土的体缩量、切线模量和峰值强度增加,但峰值应变却表现为减小趋势,冻结砂土性质趋近脆性。土样温度降低,土颗粒间的黏结力增加,孔隙压力转变为有效应力,从而导致冻结砂土的强度增加、体积膨胀量增加。分析结果可为相关试验及工程优化设计提供一定的参考。     

饱和冻结粉土在常应变速率下的单轴抗压强度

Uniaxial compressive strength tests were conducted on the saturated frozen Lanzhou silt (loess) at various constant strain rates and at various constant temperatures. It is concluded from the test results that: the compressive strength (σ f) is very sensitive to temperature (θ) and increases with the temperature decreasing as a power law. Compressive strength is sensitive to strain rate () and increases with strain rates increasing within a certain range of strain rates as a power law. Compressive strength decreases when time to failure (tf) increases, also following a power law. Finally, Compressive strength of frozen silt with higher dry density (γd) is higher than that of frozen silt with lower dry density. The difference between them is mainly influenced by strain rate.     

Fracturing and Failure Behavior of Carrara Marble in Quasistatic and Dynamic Brazilian Disc Tests

The tensile strength and fracturing behavior of Carrara marble subjected to the dynamic Brazilian disc test using the split Hopkinson pressure bar technique are determined and compared with those obtained by the conventional quasistatic Brazilian disc test. Detailed observation of the cracking processes is aided by high-speed video footage captured at a frame rate of 100,000 frames per second. The dynamic increase factor is computed, revealing a strong strain rate dependence of the Carrara marble when subjected to strain rates above 1 s^?1. Similar to the quasistatic loading tests, conspicuous white zones/patches commonly appear prior to the initiation of visible cracks in the dynamic loading tests. Identification of the white patch initiation and evolution is aided by image comparison software. Comparing the cracking and failure processes under quasistatic and dynamic loading, some distinct differences in the white patch geometry and initiation load are observed. In addition, the extent of the compressive failure zones around the contact points between the loading platens and specimens is found to increase with the strain rate.     

粉砂质板岩力学特性及各向异性特性

为研究鄂西北地区板岩的力学特性及各向异性特征,开展了志留系粉砂质板岩的单轴压缩和巴西劈裂试验,分析了试样的力学特性和各向异性特征以及在不同荷载作用下的变形破坏模式,揭示了不同破坏模式的力学机制,并通过数值分析研究了不同板理面角度板岩边坡破坏模式及力学机制。研究结果表明,粉砂质板岩中的板理面是影响岩体力学行为的弱面,使得粉砂质板岩表现出明显的各向异性的特征。在单轴压缩条件下,粉砂质板岩在垂直板理面方向比平行板理面方向更易变形,变形量更大;平行板理面方向加载时试样破坏类型为竖向劈裂型张拉破坏,其实质是压杆失稳;垂直板理面加载时试样的破坏类型为穿切板理面的劈裂型剪切破坏;所测得的力学参数各向异性也较明显。在劈裂荷载作用下,粉砂质板岩的破坏模式主要有张拉劈裂破坏和沿板理面剪切破坏两种,所得抗拉强度在平行板理面方向上最大,在垂直板理面方向上最小,两个方向上的抗拉强度均小于抗压强度。由于板理面间的抗拉强度极低,在受到与板理面呈小角度相交的劈裂荷载作用时,容易产生沿板理面的张拉劈裂或拉剪破坏,在实际工程中应尽量避免板理面间的受拉破坏和沿板理面的拉剪破坏。在边坡工程中,板理面倾向、倾角对边坡破坏模式及力学机制有较大影响,边坡防护治理需充分考虑这一影响。上述研究为粉砂质板岩区岩质边坡防护治理以及其他岩石工程设计与施工提供理论依据与技术基础。     

拉压性能不同材料圆环极限压力分析及应用

应用双剪应力强度理论对拉压异性材料制成的圆环进行了弹塑性应力分析, 得到了弹性极限内压力、弹塑性极限内压力与拉压比的关系式, 并举例说明了其在岩土材料抗拉强度测试中的应用。