壳寡糖对海南热带糙海参免疫相关酶的影响

本研究测定了壳寡糖对海南热带糙海参(Holothuria scabra)体腔液和体壁组织中免疫相关因子,酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、溶菌酶(LSZ)和溶血素活性的影响。结果表明,投喂0.5%壳寡糖对糙海参体腔液中AKP、ACP、LSZ和溶血素活性均有明显增强作用(P0.05),其中对ACP和LSZ活力有极显著的影响(P0.01),且投喂6 d内活性均持续增强;0.5%壳寡糖对体壁组织匀浆液中AKP、ACP活性明显增强(P0.05),但随着时间延长,对体壁组织中LSZ和溶血素作用不明显。壳寡糖可以提高海南热带糙海参(Holothuria scabra)的非特异性免疫力。     

泼洒和投喂芽孢杆菌对刺参生长以及消化和免疫相关酶活性的影响

通过拌饵投喂和水体泼洒2种使用方式,研究了不同浓度的蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus,编号BC-01)对刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)幼参的生长、肠道消化酶和体腔液非特异性免疫相关酶活性的影响。其中,水体泼洒实验组芽孢杆菌使用量分别为106、108和1010cfu·m-3(以活菌量计),拌饵投喂实验组芽孢杆菌添加量分别为107、109和1011cfu·kg-1(以活菌量计),以投喂基础饲料且水体无芽孢杆菌泼洒组为对照组,整个实验持续56d。结果表明:(1)水体泼洒106 cfu·m-3和拌饵投喂109 cfu·kg-1的芽孢杆菌可以显著促进刺参的生长,并显著降低刺参体重变异系数(P0.05)。(2)泼洒108 cfu·m-3芽孢杆菌实验组的刺参肠道蛋白酶活性以及泼洒106和108 cfu·m-3芽孢杆菌实验组的脂肪酶活性均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。投喂芽孢杆菌能显著提高刺参肠道蛋白酶活性(P0.05),投喂107 cfu·kg-1芽孢杆菌的实验组刺参肠道脂肪酶活性和投喂109和1011cfu·kg-1芽孢杆菌的实验组淀粉酶活性均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。(3)水体泼洒芽孢杆菌则显著提高刺参体腔液LSZ活性(P0.05),但对SOD活性影响不大(P0.05)。1010cfu·m-3芽孢杆菌泼洒浓度可以显著增强刺参体腔液AKP和ACP活性(P0.05)。而投喂109和1011cfu·kg-1芽孢杆菌可以显著提高刺参体腔液过氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)和溶菌酶(LSZ)活性(P0.05)。可以看出,芽孢杆菌BC-01以饵料添加方式对刺参体腔液免疫酶活性的促进作用优于水体泼洒。综合比较表明,芽孢杆菌BC-01拌饵添加的适宜浓度为109 cfu·kg-1,对刺参的生长、消化功能和非特异性免疫能力均具有显著促进作用。     

氨氮慢性胁迫对刺参免疫酶活性及热休克蛋白表达的影响

以初始体重为(50.50±1.67)g左右的刺参(Apostichopus Japonicus Selenka)为研究对象,研究了不同氨氮浓度对刺参体壁和体腔液中酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及HSP70表达的影响。20d慢性毒性实验研究结果表明:(1)刺参体壁和体腔液ACP、AKP活性在0.51和2.04mg/L氨氮浓度下表现出先上升后降低的趋势,而在5.09、10.19和50.93mg/L下,则表现出降低的趋势;(2)不同浓度氨氮胁迫下,刺参体壁CAT活性均呈现降低趋势,且与氨氮浓度呈现显著的负相关性(P<0.05),而刺参体腔液CAT活性在0.51、5.09、10.19和50.93mg/L浓度下则均随取样时间而降低;(3)在氨氮浓度0.51～5.09mg/L时,刺参体壁和体腔液SOD活性均表现出不同程度的先增高后降低的趋势,而在高浓度下则与氮氮浓度显著负相关;(4)在氨氮胁迫下,刺参体壁、呼吸树、肠道和体腔液中HSP70表达量迅速升高,氨氮胁迫第5天时检测到达到最高;随后各组织HSP70的表达量缓慢降低,但在氨氮胁迫第20天时,各组织HSP70的表达量仍显著高于氨氮胁迫前的水平(P<0.05)。各组织中HSP70最高表达量与氨氮浓度呈现明显的正相关性。综合本研究结果可以看出,随着氨氮胁迫浓度的增加和胁迫时间的延长,刺参免疫酶活性趋于降低,同时机体清除自由基的能力下降,机体非特异性免疫防御系统遭到损伤。而HSP70表达量维持在较高水平,可能对于增强机体的抗逆性具有重要的作用。     

壳寡糖对刺参生长、免疫反应和抗病力的影响

以初始质量(5.28±0.03)g的仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicas Selenka)为实验对象,进行为期56d的摄食生长实验。在基础饲料中分别添加0、0.25%、0.50%、1.00%和2.00%的壳寡糖(Chitosan oligosaccharide,COS),配制成5种实验饲料,研究壳寡糖对仿刺参生长、免疫反应和抗病力的影响。结果表明:饲料中添加了壳寡糖后,刺参的特定生长率呈上升趋势,但与对照组无显著性差异(P0.05)。饲料中添加壳寡糖对刺参体腔细胞吞噬活性的影响不显著(P0.05),而显著提高了刺参体腔细胞的呼吸爆发活力(P0.05)。饲料中添加0.50%的壳寡糖可显著提高刺参体腔细胞的一氧化氮合酶活性(P0.05)。刺参体腔细胞内酸性磷酸酶活性呈下降趋势,其中0.50%壳寡糖添加组显著低于对照组(P0.05)。攻毒实验表明,饲料中添加壳寡糖对提高抵抗灿烂弧菌的能力无明显作用(P0.05)。综合比较表明,饲料中添加壳寡糖,对刺参的生长和抵抗灿烂弧菌的能力有一定的促进作用。     

温度变化对刺参免疫防御和抗氧化指标的影响

本文研究了温度变化对刺参(Apostichopusjaponicus)免疫和抗氧化指标的影响,实验设置为:对照组(CT,14℃)、慢速升温组(ST,14~20℃)和快速升温组(LT,14~26℃),取样时间为0、3、6、9、12、15、20d,分别取刺参体腔液、体壁和呼吸树测定免疫防御和抗氧化指标。结果表明:温度变化对刺参免疫防御和抗氧化指标影响显著(P0.05)。各处理组总体腔细胞数量、吞噬率以及体腔液溶菌活力在3~12d内呈峰值变化,于第9d时达到最大值,至12d分别恢复至或显著低于对照组水平。而ST和LT抗菌活力、凝集活性分别在15、12d后显著低于对照组水平。各处理组体腔液总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性在15d内显著下降,而后维持稳定;各处理组体壁T-AOC活力、SOD活性、谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量和谷胱甘肽/氧化性谷胱甘肽(GSH/GSSG)在15d内逐渐上升,而后恢复至对照组水平;各处理组呼吸树T-AOC能力、SOD活性、GSH含量和GSH/GSSG逐渐上升,并于15d后维持稳定。由此可见,温度变化会在一定时间内引起刺参免疫应激反应,而随着温度的升高刺参免疫防御功能受到明显抑制,并且刺参不同组织应对温度变化的抗氧化响应机制不同,抗氧化水平为呼吸树体壁体腔液,随着温度的升高刺参整体抗氧化水平受到抑制。     

芽孢杆菌不同使用方式对刺参生长、消化和免疫防御因子的影响

研究了1株芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus,BC-02)不同使用方式(活菌、灭活菌和芽孢)对刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)生长、消化和非特异性免疫相关酶活性的影响。实验分低、中、高3个添加梯度,其芽孢杆菌的添加量分别为107、109和1011cfu·kg-1(以活菌量计),以投喂基础饲料组作为对照,实验时间为58d。结果表明:添加中浓度和高浓度的活菌和芽孢粉,不仅能促进刺参生长,还能显著的提高刺参肠道蛋白酶、脂肪酶和淀粉酶的活性,刺参体腔液中的AKP、ACP、T-SOD以及LSZ活性也显著提高(P0.05),而添加灭活后的芽孢杆菌,对刺参的促生长作用不大,在刺参消化酶和体腔液非特异性免疫相关酶活性方面的作用也不及活菌和芽孢粉状态显著,因此综合比较表明,芽孢杆菌BC-02对刺参的适宜使用方式为活菌和芽孢,适宜浓度为(109-1011)cfu·kg-1,可以有效提高刺参的生长、消化酶活性和非特异免疫力。     

镧对刺参生长、免疫反应及抗病力的影响

为研究稀土元素镧对刺参生长、免疫反应及抗病力的影响,本文在基础饲料中添加不同剂量镧,制备了5种实验饲料,饲料中镧的浓度分别为0、10、25、50和75mg/kg。以初始体重(6.72±0.01)g的仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicas Selenka)为研究对象,用制备的饲料在室内进行8周的养殖实验。养殖实验结束后对刺参进行称重,计算特定生长率,随机选取4头解剖取样,测定刺参体腔液的相关免疫酶活性,剩余刺参通过腹腔注射刺参腐皮综合症致病菌灿烂弧菌(Vibrio splendidus)进行14d的攻毒实验。实验表明:与对照组相比,饲料中添加50mg/kg处理组的特定生长率提高了36.92%;当饲料中稀土元素镧添加量为50mg/kg时,刺参体腔细胞吞噬活性、呼吸爆发活力、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性和碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性显著高于对照组;当饲料中镧添加量为10~50mg/kg时,刺参体腔细胞总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活性和总一氧化氮合酶(T-NOS)活性有升高的趋势,但是没有显著性差异;攻毒实验显示,50mg/kg处理组的刺参累计发病率显著低于对照组。研究表明,饲料中添加50mg/kg的稀土元素镧可以促进刺参生长,同时可以提高刺参的非特异性免疫酶活性。     

氨氮胁迫对刺参生理健康指标的影响

研究了氨氮胁迫对刺参(Apostichopus japonicas)免疫和抗氧化指标的影响,氨氮染毒梯度设置为:对照组(自然海水)、0.5、1.25mg/L处理组,取样时间为0、2、6、12、24和48h,分别取刺参体腔液和体壁组织,测定体腔液总体腔细胞数量、凝集活性、溶菌和抗菌活力以及体壁、体腔液总抗氧化活力(TAOC)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量、还原型/氧化型谷胱甘肽含量比值(GSH/GSSG)。结果表明:氨氮胁迫对刺参免疫和抗氧化指标影响显著(P0.05),而对照组无明显变化。各处理组总体腔细胞数量、溶菌活力分别在48、12h内呈峰值变化,分别于12、6h达到最小值和最大值,然后恢复至对照组水平,各处理组抗菌活力、凝集活性随胁迫时间呈下降趋势,1.25mg/L染毒组抗菌活力在12h后明显低于对照组水平。各处理组体壁T-AOC、SOD活力和GSH含量、GSH/GSSG分别在48、12h内呈峰值变化,均于6h时达到最大值,分别于48h时和24h后显著低于或恢复至对照组水平;各处理组体腔液T-AOC、SOD活力和GSH含量实验时间内呈下降趋势,分别在6、12和6h后显著低于对照组水平,然后保持稳定,而GSH/GSSG与对照组无明显差异。由此可见,氨氮对刺参免疫和抗氧化指标具有明显的抑制效应,其中体壁、体腔液T-AOC、SOD活力和体腔液GSH含量表现出显著的时间-剂量效应,可作为刺参在氨氮胁迫下生理健康的评价指标。     

Pb2+对青蛤的急性毒性及对其血淋巴液中免疫相关酶活性的影响

采用静态急性毒性实验研究了重金属Pb~(2+)对青蛤(Cyclina sinensis)的生物急性毒性效应,测定了在96 h Pb~(2+)半致死浓度的1/10(TC组)和1/100(SC组)两个浓度胁迫下,血淋巴液中酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)和溶菌酶(LSZ)活性的变化。结果显示:Pb~(2+)的96 h LC50为7.938 mg/L; SC组ACP活性表现为诱导-抑制趋势,除4 d外均与对照组差异显著(P0.05), TC组为抑制趋势,为3个组中的最低,与对照组差异显著(P0.05);实验组SC组和TC组的AKP、LSZ活性均表现为前期为诱导中后期受抑制的趋势,与对照组差异显著(P0.05),且TC组活性始终低于SC组,表现出Pb~(2+)的胁迫浓度越高酶活性受到的抑制作用越大。以上结果表明,重金属Pb~(2+)对青蛤的毒性级别为高毒级,能造成青蛤免疫相关酶的活性受到抑制,影响青蛤的免疫能力,而且这种抑制作用随着环境中Pb~(2+)浓度增加而增加。     

包膜丁酸钠对凡纳滨对虾生长和血清非特异性免疫酶活性的影响

以初始体重(1.57±0.04)g的凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)为实验对象,研究饲料中添加包膜丁酸钠对凡纳滨对虾的生长性能和血清非特异性免疫酶活性的影响。在对虾配合饲料中分别添加0%(对照组)、0.25%、0.5%、1%、2%和3%的包膜丁酸钠作为6种实验饲料,进行投喂,养殖实验进行42d。研究表明,包膜丁酸钠对凡纳滨对虾的生长具有促进作用,各包膜丁酸钠添加组对虾的增重率和特定生长率均显著高于对照组(P0.05);2%和3%添加组对虾的成活率显著高于对照组(P0.05);0.5%、1%、2%和3%添加组对虾的饵料系数显著低于对照组(P0.05)。对于血清非特异性免疫酶活性,1%、2%和3%添加组对虾血清中酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)和碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性均显著高于对照组(P0.05),血清中超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)活性均与对照组无显著差异(P0.05);0.5%添加组SOD活性最高,显著高于对照组(P0.05),与1%、2%和3%添加组无显著差异(P0.05);0.25%添加组对虾血清中过氧化物酶(POD)活性最高,显著高于对照组和0.5%添加组(P0.05),与1%、2%和3%添加组无显著差异(P0.05);1%添加组对虾血清中溶菌酶(LSZ)活性最高,显著高于对照组(P0.05),与其余添加组无显著差异(P0.05)。综合上述结果,饲料中添加适量的包膜丁酸钠可以促进凡纳滨对虾的生长,提高血清非特异性免疫酶活性。以特定生长率为评价指标,饲料中包膜丁酸钠的适宜添加量为2.08%。     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

A model of the dynamics of the ecosystem of the Sea of Azov

We use many-year archival observations of hydrologic and hydrobiologic state of the Sea of Azov for the identification of the structure of a model of its ecosystem. The ecosystem model, supplemented with expert estimates of bioresource consumption (fish reserve), contamination level, and possible ecologic fines for violation of the sea natural state, is formalized by the method of system dynamics. Hereat, the major part of influence functions is found in terms of observational data with application of self-organization algorithms. We also present the results of simulated experiments with the model of the ecosystem, which enable us to analyse scenarios of its behaviour under the influence of various external factors (wind, river discharge, water exchange with the Black Sea, etc.). Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

On the Relationship between the Characteristics of the Annual Variations of the Virtual Height of the Ionospheric Sporadic E Layer with the Seasonal Rearrangements of the Stratomesospheric Circulation

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - Analysis of the temporal variations of the virtual heights of the sporadic E layer (h?ES) determined from ionograms with increased accuracy (1...     

Parameters of the sediments of the deep-water basin of the Black Sea

The methodology and the first results of the computations of the volumes, masses, and growth rates of the sedimentary body of the buried Black Sea basin are presented. Their temporal evolution reflects the regional paleogeodynamics, in particular, the reorientation of the vector of the relative movement of the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates and the related intensification of their collision in the late Miocene-Pliocene.     

Variability of the nutrient runoff of the rivers of the Arctic Basin

The spatiotemporal variability of the hydrochemical composition of the riverine runoff in nearmouth areas is presented using the example of selected rivers of the Arctic Basin. The temporal dynamics of the riverine nutrient runoff are mainly determined by the seasonal and interseasonal variations in the drainage basins. The spatial variations in the chemical composition of riverine waters in the near-mouth areas are mainly caused by the dynamics of the water flow and the river bed relief and, to a lesser degree, by biochemical processes. It is shown that the variations in the nutrient composition of the waters in near-mouth areas are comparable in magnitude to those at the river-sea geochemical barriers.