Port waste reception facilities in UK ports Iwan Ball

The ability to comply fully with the discharge requirements set out in the MARPOL 73/78 Convention depends upon the availability of adequate facilities on land for the reception of shipgenerated waste. This paper considers ways of ensuring adequate provision of reception facilities, and discusses the approach taken by the UK to reduce the amount of pollution entering the marine environment from the deliberate discharge of waste from ships. Arguably, the most significant of the measures adopted by the UK is the requirement for all ports and harbours to prepare port waste management plans. Disincentives to the use of port waste reception facilities are examined, together with the benefits and shortcomings of various financing arrangements, and compulsory discharge of waste in ports. The paper concludes that the statutory approach to improving the provision and use of waste facilities should be supported by an appropriate awareness campaign to educate shipowners about the need to discharge waste legally to port reception facilities.     

Observations of the sea surface temperature variability using daily and nightly IR measurements from the NOAA satellite

We considered the procedure of digital processing of IR data on the Black Sea and Mediterranean Sea obtained at the automated data reception station (ADRS) operated by the Marine Hydrophysical Institute, UkSSR Academy of Sciences during the daily and nightly communication session with the NOAA satellite in the APT regime. Two methods were used: a histogram method (for the daily one-channel measurements) and a spectral-angular one (for the nightly dual-channel measurements). As a result, 117 and 99 digital charts of the sea surface radiation temperatures, respectively, were obtained for these basins, as well as 10-day and monthly combinations of the nightly and partially daily digital images. The compositions derived by these two techniques have been compared with the data set for July, which was statistically most complete.Translated by Mikhail M. Trufanov.     

Improving the accuracy of determination of the arrival of an acoustic signal

A method is suggested for improving the accuracy of determination of the arrival of an acoustic signal emitted by a pinger of a transmitter located 2 km away from the point of signal reception. The potential accuracy of the method is analysed and the technological aspects of its realization are examined. The explanation is provided in the form of a block design, with schematic temporal diagrams being given at the most vital points. Translated by Vladimir A. Puchkin.     

An experimental study of a pulse compression scatterometer system

The ideal scatterometer, operating from either an aircraft or a satellite platform, should be capable of making rapid, accurate estimates of the sea backscatter cross sectionsigmaover as wide a range of grazing anglespsias possible. Efficient operation over a large range of grazing angles is desirable because 1)sigmabehavior for90deg geq psi geq 70degyields rms gravity wave slope information and is an indicator of sea state and 2)sigmabehavior for70deg geq psi geq 0degyields data on surface wind magnitude and direction as well as information about the power spectrum of the sea. A "hybrid" estimation procedure has been developed for pulse compression radars which uses both frequency and spatially decorrelated samples ofsigmato provide an unbiased estimate ofsigmahaving minimum variance over the entire range of grazing angles for which radar reception is not noise-limited.     

地图数据网络隐藏分发关键技术

针对目前地图数据手工分发方式时效性差以及网络分发安全性低的问题,将信息隐藏技术引入到地图数据网络分发过程中,旨在提高地图数据分发的安全性和时效性。在对地图数据网络隐藏分发一般流程进行描述的基础上,重点对地图数据的分发前组织与接收后重组、地图数据隐藏与分析等关键技术进行详细的剖析,为地图数据网络隐藏分发技术的进一步研究奠定基础。     

YZ-l型遥控遥测波浪仪

可以连续进行波浪测量的仪器被通称为“自记波浪仪”。按其测量讯号的传输方式划分,可分为有线传输型自记波浪仪和无线传输型自记波浪仪两类。 使用无线传输型自记波浪仪进行海上波浪测量,具有便于取得大风天气下的波浪资料、可长时间(几天或几十天)在离岸较远的海上连续进行波浪测量和节省调查费用等优点。笔     

Measurement of ocean surface winds using synthetic aperture radars

A methodology for retrieving high-resolution ocean surface wind fields from satellite-borne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data is introduced and validated. The algorithms developed are suited for ocean SAR data, which were acquired at the C band of either vertical (VV) or horizontal (HH) polarization in transmission and reception. Wind directions are extracted from wind-induced streaks that are visible in SAR images of the ocean at horizontal scales greater than 200 m. These wind streaks are very well aligned with the mean surface wind direction. To extract the orientation of these streaks, two algorithms are introduced, which are applied either in the spatial or spectral domain. Ocean surface wind speeds are derived from the normalized radar cross section (NRCS) and image geometry of the calibrated SAR images, together with the local SAR-retrieved wind direction. Therefore, several C-band models (CMOD IFR2, CMOD4, and CMODS) are available, which were developed for VV polarization, and have to be extended for HH polarization. To compare the different algorithms and C-band models as well as demonstrate their applicability, SAR-retrieved wind fields are compared to numerical-model results considering advanced SAR (ASAR) data from Environmental Satellite (ENVISAT), a European satellite.     

海底表层沉积物力学特性分析测量系统设计与实现

针对海底水雷埋设、监听器布设、观测网建设及海底作业等任务对海底沉积物力学特性参数的需求,结合现有科考船的实际装备要求,通过对剪切强度和贯入阻力参数测量技术的研究,设计研制了船载海底表层沉积物力学特性分析测量系统,实现了海底表层沉积物剪切强度和贯入阻力特性参数现场分析测量,解决了因样品多次移动或长期保存致使力学特性变化而导致测试结果失真的问题。详细论述了海底表层沉积物力学特性分析测量系统的组成、方案设计及功能。     

Potential of the regional centre for reception and treatment of satellite data

In application to the Crimean regional centre for satellite data reception, treatment, and dissemination, we have identified the earth’s satellite-surveyed areas, with orbital heights (H) ranging from 650 to 750 km. This paper shows that for the Ukrainian territory and the Sea of Azov-Black Sea environment to be monitored, the regional centre’s receiving station must be capable of receiving radar signals from a range of about 1500 km. For typical high-speed radio lines, this may be achieved through the use of a satellite data-receiving station, with the antenna’s diameter being about 3 m. Translated by Vladimir A. Puchkin.     

Modeling optical contrast for thin organic films on the sea surface

A continuation of the work dedicated to the study of slicks and film formations on the sea surface is presented. A vector model for the calculation of reflected radiation by the wavy sea surface with respect to the contribution of upwelling radiation from under the sea surface (the second type of waters) is described briefly in [5]. This work contains an analysis of numerical calculations according to the developed procedure and the search for optimal conditions of slick detection. The best conditions for detecting slicks on the sea surface are reached when a P-polarization component of reflected radiation is recorded. In this case, the value of contrast between a slick and a clean surface is 30% higher on average than in recording a contrast without using a polarization filter and is 50% higher than in the case of recording a contrast with a filter oriented to the maximum transmission of S polarization component of reflected radiation. It is shown that, under clear sky conditions, the optimal condition for recording slicks on a sea surface is videotaping in the plane of solar vertical at viewing angles sliding towards the sea surface and when a polarization filter that identifies the Р polarization component of sea radiation is used. In contrast, under overcast sky conditions, it is best to perform observations in the plane that has a wind velocity vector.     

时间不连续压力序列的傅立叶分析方法

提出了一种用于对不连续压力采样序列的傅立叶分析方法.此方法将周期函数展开成傅立叶级数,但在数值积分时取函数周期内有采样值的区间作为积分域,然后求解线性方程组得到傅立叶级数的系数值.为了检验本方法的有效性,利用此方法对解析函数进行了拟合,当一个周期内的取样时间大于1/2周期时,利用此方法能够得到满意的结果.利用实验方法研究了波浪作用下截断圆柱表面的压力分布.在波浪作用下静水面附近的测点在露出水面时没有压力值.利用所提出的傅立叶分析方法对略低于静水面位置的实测压力进行了分析,拟合结果与实测结果吻合很好,说明此方法在处理物理模型实验中间断采样得到的数据是有效的.利用数值方法对波浪压力进行了计算,并将一阶和二阶波压力的数值结果与实测值进行了比较.     

Statistics of broad-band bottom reverberation predictions in shallow-water waveguides

A new coherent reverberation model developed at the Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, and the Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic Undersea Research Centre, La Spezia, Italy, is exercised in the 17-750-Hz band to estimate the degree of non-Rayleighness of shallow-water reverberation envelopes as a function of waveguide multipath, system bandwidth, directivity, and frequency. Findings suggest that reverberation from diffuse, but non-Gaussian, scatterer distributions is significantly more Rayleigh for multipath environments than for equivalent environments excited by a single or small number of modes or for broadside receiver array processing that extracts narrow angles of reception. These findings suggest that the problem of non-Rayleigh reverberation in shallow-water waveguides can be ameliorated through the use of tuned ensonification and reception schemes, which retain high probabilities of detection while reducing the associated probability of false alarm.     

基于支持向量回归的海面高度统计预报方法研究

本文提出一种基于支持向量回归的统计预报方法,通过经验正交分解对原始数据矩阵进行时空分解,提取出空间模态和时间系数。由于海面高度变化具有非线性、大惯性的特点,对时间系数进行小波分析,能有效滤除其中的高频信号,得到表征海面高度变化的低频信号。利用支持向量回归方法对小波分解后的低频信号构建预报模型。最后,进行小波重构,还原时间序列长度,实现未来7天的海面高度预报。通过黑潮附近海域的海面高度预报结果验证,该预报方法的预报效果优于整合滑动平均自回归预报方法。本文通过机器学习的算法实现了海面高度的预报,为海洋预报方法提供了新的思路。     

计算结构可靠度的RBF神经网络响应面法

对功能函数不能明确表达的问题进行可靠度分析,常采用响应面法。其中二次多项式响应面法应用较为广泛,采用与此方法相同的思路,提出了RBF神经网络响应面法,并通过算例与常用的BP神经网络响应面法进行了对比分析,该方法在学习速度、迭代次数等方面均优于BP神经网络响应面法。该方法用于大型复杂结构的可靠性分析,可相应提高工作效率和解题质量,具有一定实际应用价值。     

多波束测深海底混响仿真研究

海底混响是海洋混响的重要组成部分,采用模拟仿真进行验证分析,是仿真技术的一项重要应用。采用单元散射模型,研究在单发射阵元下,分布在同一直线上多个接收阵元接收的海底回波,忽略声波传播的相位起伏,只考虑振幅起伏,将传播损失、声吸收系数、海底反射损失、海底沉积层密度等参数带入海底混响仿真数学模型,仿真海底混响,使其更加接近海底的实际情况。     

海上风的边界层模式

由于航海、海上开发作业等对海洋上风和海浪的预报提出越来越高的要求,而海浪、风暴潮等海洋水文要素的数值计算和预报,迫切需要解决海洋上风场的精确计算。但是,复杂的海面结构,大气稳定度的影响以及风、浪之间动量的交换等,使海上风的理论计算遇到很多困难,至今大部分工作是依靠统计方法。利用天气预报的形势场计算地转风或梯度风,以及它与海面摩擦、大气稳定度的经验订正关系。     

A New Empirical Formula for the Aerodynamic Roughness of Water Surface Waves

A new empirical formula for the aerodynamic roughness of water surface waves has been derived from laboratory experimental results using dimensional analysis. The formula has different forms according to wind speed: at moderate wind speeds the formula is a function of the friction velocity of wind, the surface tension, the water density, the kinematic viscosity of water and the acceleration of gravity; at strong winds the formula is expressed by the Charnock relation. The aerodynamic roughness does not depend on such wave state parameters as the spectral peak frequency or the steepness of waves, unlike almost all parameterizations that have been proposed to date. The drag coefficient at moderate winds depends on the surface tension of water and the water temperature through the temperature dependence of the kinematic viscosity of water.     

A Practical Indirect Back Analysis Approach for Geomechanical Parameters Identification

Back analysis is a powerful tool to determine geomechanical parameters. In this article, a practical approach that employs the response surface method and MS Excel solver for back analysis is presented. The least square support vector machine (LSSVM)-based response surface is utilized to represent the nonlinear relationship between the geomechanical parameters and the monitored information and Excel solver is used to search the geomechanical parameters based on the monitoring information. We analyze the robustness and search ability of the proposed approach. On the other hand, two numerical cases on a circular tunnel and a slope are used to verify the proposed approach. Results clearly indicate that LSSVM-based response surface is effectively able to be used to identify the geomechanical parameters from the monitoring displacements.     

A combined method for the hydrodynamic characteristics of planing crafts

The prediction of the total resistance of planing crafts at high speeds is very important. In this paper, a combined method is investigated for determining the hydrodynamic characteristics of planing crafts in the calm water. The study consists of a potential-based boundary element method (BEM) for the induced pressure resistance, the boundary layer theory for the frictional resistance and practical method for the spray resistance. The planing surface is represented by a number of elements with constant velocity potential at each element. The unknown-induced pressure is obtained by using the free surface elevation condition and the Kutta condition at the transom stern. Hydrodynamic-induced resistance and lift are determined by the calculated dynamic pressure distributions. The boundary layer analysis method is based on calculations of the momentum integral equation applied to obtain the frictional resistance. A particular practical approach is introduced to present the region of the upwash geometry for the spray. A numerical program has been developed for the present research and applied to the hull form of the craft. Four different hull forms of Series 62 model 4666 planing craft are presented. It is shown that the present combined method is efficient and the results are in good agreement with the experimental measurements over a wide range of volumetric Froude numbers.