晚第四纪黄土古温度定量重建研究进展

中国黄土是古气候研究的重要陆相沉积载体。定量重建黄土记录的古温度变化信息对于理解气候变化的机制具有十分关键的作用。过去主要借助磁化率、植硅体、游离铁与全铁、甘油二烷基甘油四醚(GDGT)等代用指标对黄土高原地区黄土记录的古温度变化进行定量研究。在简述晚第四纪黄土古温度定量重建常用方法的基础上,对各种指标的局限性进行了分析。准确定量重建黄土记录的古温度序列需要开展多指标、多方法的交叉检验。     

西北干旱区石羊河流域末次冰期晚期气候不稳定性记录

通过对我国西北干旱区石羊河流域三角城末次冰期最盛期晚期-晚冰期地层剖面沉积物中有机质碳同位素分析,表明在季风边缘带的沉积地层中较详细地记录了这一时期气候快速颤动,发生千年至百年尺度的冷干-温湿变化,高分辨的有机质碳同位素组成与GRIP氧同位素组成有较好的可比性,表明与全球古气候变化有明显的联系,也反映在末次冰期最盛期与晚冰期过渡期气候温湿,陆地植被比较发育,可能与东亚季风有关。有机质碳同位素这一指标对气候记录较敏感,是重建干旱区高分辨古气候演化模式十分有效的手段,在季风交汇带能灵敏地记录到气候快速变化。     

中国第四纪黄土环境磁学研究进展

中国黄土分布广泛、沉积连续性好,是进行磁性地层研究和重建古环境、恢复古气候的理想材料。中国黄土高原黄土—古土壤序列的环境岩石磁学性质详细地记录了2.5 Ma BP以来古气候和古环境变化的信息,尤其是黄土和古土壤的磁化率作为很好的气候代用指标已得到广泛应用。古土壤磁化率增强成因机制一直在争论中,其中,与气候变化关系密切的成壤作用对古土壤磁化率增强起主导作用的观点已被普遍接受,目前利用不同方法建立了磁化率气候转换函数,从而使重建古降水量和古温度成为可能。     

黄土高原朝那剖面风尘堆积序列磁化率的古环境意义

黄土高原中部连续的风尘堆积黄土-红粘土序列,蕴含着东亚季风演化与高原隆升等重要的古气候与构造信息.结合已有的古地磁年代,根据磁化率的变化特征对黄土高原中部朝那黄土-红粘土剖面记录的古环境变化进行了划分,共划分I(8.1～5.6 MaBP)东亚季风的初显期、Ⅱ(5.6～4.8 MaBP)东亚夏季风开始增强期、Ⅲ(4.8～2.8 MaBP)青藏高原隆升和东亚季风波动增强期、Ⅳ(2.8～2.6 MaBP)气候转型期、V(2.6～1.2 MaBP)弱季风期、Ⅵ(1.2～0.62 MaBP)季风增强期和Ⅶ(＜0.62 MaBP)季风鼎盛期等7个阶段.并将其与全球冰量、太阳辐射进行对比,初步讨论各阶段演化的可能机制.     

黔西高原末次冰期晚期古植被及西南季风演变

黔西高原的长时间序列孢粉记录比较少,限制了对该地区末次冰期晚期古植被及西南季风演化过程和机制的认识。本研究通过对黔西高原一个连续的古湖泊沉积物孢粉记录的分析,并结合AMS14C测年,重建黔西高原末次冰期晚期古植被及西南季风演化。结果表明:轨道尺度上,MIS3 (氧同位素3阶段)中晚期,黔西高原主要为木本、草本植物,喜湿的针叶树种较多,西南季风较强。MIS2 (氧同位素2阶段)期间,喜湿的针叶树种减少,而草本、蕨类植物增多,指示气候冷干,西南季风减弱。千年尺度上,黔西高原西南季风响应于北大西洋冰漂碎屑事件及H3 (Heninrich 3)、H2 (Heninrich 2)和LGM (Last Glacial Maximum)事件,导致西南季风减弱,喜湿的针叶树种减少。通过对比发现,东亚夏季风和西南季风在轨道及千年尺度上协同演化,二者均响应于北半球高纬度太阳辐射变化及北大西洋冰漂碎屑事件。在19～18 cal ka BP,黔西高原经历最冷干气候,西南季风减弱,木本、草本植物近乎消失,而同期东亚夏季风增强,说明西南季风和东亚夏季风在冰后期上存在反相位关系。     

黔西高原末次冰期晚期古植被及西南季风演变*

黔西高原的长时间序列孢粉记录比较少,限制了对该地区末次冰期晚期古植被及西南季风演化过程和机制的认识。本研究通过对黔西高原一个连续的古湖泊沉积物孢粉记录的分析,并结合AMS¹⁴C测年,重建黔西高原末次冰期晚期古植被及西南季风演化。结果表明: 轨道尺度上,MIS3(氧同位素3阶段)中晚期,黔西高原主要为木本、草本植物,喜湿的针叶树种较多,西南季风较强。MIS2(氧同位素2阶段)期间,喜湿的针叶树种减少,而草本、蕨类植物增多,指示气候冷干,西南季风减弱。千年尺度上,黔西高原西南季风响应于北大西洋冰漂碎屑事件及H3(Heninrich 3)、H2(Heninrich 2)和LGM(Last Glacial Maximum)事件,导致西南季风减弱,喜湿的针叶树种减少。通过对比发现,东亚夏季风和西南季风在轨道及千年尺度上协同演化,二者均响应于北半球高纬度太阳辐射变化及北大西洋冰漂碎屑事件。在19~18 cal ka BP,黔西高原经历最冷干气候,西南季风减弱,木本、草本植物近乎消失,而同期东亚夏季风增强,说明西南季风和东亚夏季风在冰后期上存在反相位关系。     

黄土高原黄土-古土壤序列古气候代用指标综述

黄土高原黄土-古土壤序列是古气候演化在陆相地层中的反映,已经成为认识第四纪地球气候与环境变化的3个重要信息载体之一,可用来探讨东亚季风气候的形成演化和受控机制、气侯突变事件的记录乃至反演我国内陆干早化历史.稳定同位素、磁化率和孢粉等气候代用指标的地球化学、物理学以及生物学分析为提取黄土-古土壤序列中蕴藏的古气候环境信息...     

石笋氧碳同位素古气候代用指标研究进展

洞穴石笋以其独立的绝对年龄和稳定的古气候代用指标而成为很好的陆地古气候研究材料。应用U 系定年,可以获得独立精确的日历年时间序列,结合年纹层统计,可以获得年际甚至是季节性变化古气候记录。作为古气候代用指标,石笋氧同位素具有全球可对比性,现已建立了氧同位素的全球气候变化曲线,显示了比深海氧同位素及极地冰芯氧同位素记录更多的优势。石笋δ18O 的影响因素很多,在东亚季风控制区和其它季风控制区,石笋的δ18O 反映了夏季风的强度或者是季风降雨的变化。这些全球可对比的具有高精度绝对定年的石笋δ18O 记录,突破了早期的单一温度控制机理,不仅为古气候学家提供了坚实的古气候变化时间序列,而且使古气候研究能从机理上探讨其变化规律。δ13C不如δ18O 具有全球可对比性,在同位素平衡的开放体系,石笋δ13C 主要反映了洞穴上覆土壤CO2 的同位素特征。因此,一般认为石笋δ13C可直接反映当地植被的特征,包括植被类型C3/C4 比率的变化及植被的茂盛与衰退,在一些地区也可作为大气降水和温度变化的指标。石笋δ13C 很易受到蒸发作用、滴水的快速去气、动力分馏、碳酸盐的先期沉积等影响而使得其数值偏正,应该予以重视。通过介绍石笋氧碳同位素的研究现状,使得读者对石笋的稳定同位素指标有一个初步认识。同时,对今后的研究方向给与一定的探讨。     

二十二万年以来东亚夏季风的千年尺度变化及其在不同时期的差异

本文采用游离铁和全铁的比值,建立了0．220MaB．P．以来长武黄土-古土壤序列的高分辨率古风化强度序列,揭示出0．220MaB．P．以来黄土高原古环境发生了一系列千年尺度的变化,且多数在同一剖面的磁化率记录上没有明显反映或反映较弱。由于该地区冬季土壤温度低于0℃,化学风化的强度主要受控于夏季的温度和降水。据此我们认为,这种千年尺度的波动是东亚古夏季风强度变化的信号。此指标与格陵兰GRIP冰芯δ¹⁸O记录对比发现,二者在末次冰期有较好的吻合性,而夏季风在末次间冰期(深海氧同位素阶段5e)及以前的变化要平缓得多。因此,本文的结果显示出：0．220MaB．P．以来,东亚夏季风在千年尺度上的大幅度变化在末次冰期最为显著,此前则表现为一种较为稳定的模式。     

黄土与古季风

中国黄土的古季风记录研究，揭示了东亚季风区的环境变迁历史是来自中、高纬大陆的偏北冬季风与来自中、低纬海洋的偏南夏季风的环境效应优势期相互交替的历史。文中简要介绍了有关黄土高原黄土与古季风研究的重要进展，侧重讨论了中原地区末次冰期高分辨率黄土所记录的冬季风和夏季风变迁的特征，最后就今后全球变化计划中的黄土与古季风研究提出了几点意见。     

Pleistocene Loess-Paleosol Sequences in Arid Central Asia State of Art

Loess of central Asia is located in a linkage zone between the European and Chinese loess depositional belts. Paleoclimate signatures from loess-paleosol sequences here is a key for completely understanding the spatial-tempo paleoclimate changes of Euro-Asia and for understanding the interactions between westerlies and Asia monsoon system during geological time. However, paleoclimate investigations of loess-paleosol sequences in arid central Asia is relatively weak than those from Europe and Chinese Loess Plateau. Specific, correlations of paleoclimate records with Chinese loess is required for better understanding “westerly regimes” in central Asia and its phase relationship with monsoon Asia on various time scale. In this work, we reviewed new advantages of loess study in central Asia during the last decades. Based on the stratigraphic and paleoclimatic correlations of loess-paleosol sequences between central Asia and the Chinese Loess Plateau, we discussed aridification history of Asia on tectonic time scale, the hydroclimate changes in arid central Asia and its phase relationship with Monsoonal Asia on orbital and millennial time scale during the Pleistocene.     

Impacts of grain size sorting and chemical weathering on the geochemistry of Jingyuan loess in the northwestern Chinese Loess Plateau

Major and trace elemental compositions of loess samples collected from the Jingyuan section in the northwestern Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP) were analyzed to investigate the potential impacts of grain size sorting and chemical weathering on the loess geochemistry and to extract appropriate geochemical indices for better evaluating the East Asian monsoon variability. Based on variations of major and trace elements in different grain size fractions, seventeen elements were classified into three types: (1) Si and Na display higher contents with the increased particle sizes; (2) Al, Fe, Mg, K, Mn, Zn, Rb, Cr, V are mainly enriched in fine size fractions; (3) Ti, Ba, Zr, P, Ca and Sr show irregular variations among different size fractions. Comparison of Al-normalized elemental ratios with Zr/Rb and Rb/Sr ratios (two commonly employed indicators for grain size sorting and pedogenic weathering) indicates that Si/Al, Zr/Al, Ti/Al variations match well with Zr/Rb and grain size results, whilst Ca/Al, Sr/Al, P/Al ratios display similar variability as that of Rb/Sr ratio. Comparison of loess based proxies (e.g., elemental ratios, magnetic susceptibility, grain size) of Jingyuan section with speleothem and ice-core records confirms that elemental ratios of high-resolution loess sequences developed in the northwestern CLP can be employed to address fluctuations of the winter monsoon-induced grain size sorting and summer monsoon-related weathering and pedogenesis at glacial–interglacial and millennial timescales.     

Paleorainfall Reconstructions from Pedogenic Magnetic Susceptibility Variations in the Chinese Loess and Paleosols

The rock magnetic properties of the Chinese loess and paleosols constitute a unique and sensitive record of East Asian paleoclimate through the Quaternary Period. Systematic variations in the concentration and grain size of the magnetic minerals in these sediments have produced systematic variations in the magnetic susceptibility signal, which can be easily and rapidly measured at many sites across the Loess Plateau. Variations in many other rock magnetic properties can be used to identify the key shifts in ferrimagnetic grain size, but magnetic susceptibility alone is sufficiently sensitive to record stadial and interstadial climate stages, as well as glaciations and interglaciations. Past changes in rainfall and monsoon activity for this region are reconstructed from the susceptibility variations. The susceptibility record is calibrated using the modern relationship between rainfall and pedogenic susceptibility on the Loess Plateau. Our rainfall reconstructions identify enhanced summer monsoonal activity in the Chinese Loess Plateau region in the early Holocene and the last interglaciation. In the presently semiarid western area of the plateau, annual precipitation in interglacial times was up to 80% higher than at present; in the more humid southern and eastern areas, values were up to 20% higher than today's levels. During the last glaciation, precipitation decreased across the entire plateau, typically by 25%. The relationship between pedogenic susceptibility, climate, and weathering age was examined over the Northern Hemisphere temperate zone and the observed positive correlation between rainfall and susceptibility indicates that climate, rather than soil age, is the predominant factor that controls pedogenic susceptibility enhancement in loess soils.     

临夏黄土记录的26万年来季风快速变化

黄土高原西部高分辨率黄土序列开展的多代用指标研究,有助于揭示轨道-亚轨道尺度上东亚冬、夏季风的变化特征及动力机制。但针对同一地质记录提取冬、夏季风多代用指标进行对比和敏感性分析的工作尚不多见,因此制约了对季风快速变化特征和机理的理解。本文利用甘肃临夏85 m黄土岩芯开展高分辨率的粒度、磁化率和元素扫描分析,发现在轨道尺度上粒度和Zr/Rb比值显示的大幅冰期-间冰期波动与深海氧同位素记录有很好的对应关系,表明东亚冬季风的波动响应于北半球高纬冰量的变化。但在千年尺度上,粒度能更敏感地响应冬季风的快速变化;Rb/Sr比值和磁化率均能很好记录轨道尺度上的东亚夏季风波动,但在亚轨道尺度上Rb/Sr的敏感性明显高于磁化率。粒度、Zr/Rb和Rb/Sr所指示的东亚季风快速变化表现出较强的岁差信号,与石笋和北纬65°夏季太阳辐射有较好的对应关系,表明东亚季风变化也受到岁差直接驱动的夏季太阳辐射变的控制。在最后两个冰期-间冰期旋回中(即末期冰期旋回和倒数第二次冰期旋回)Rb/Sr及Zr/Rb比值和粒度记录分别可以辨别出与石笋相同数量级的变暖事件,但粒度记录的暖事件明显要多于Rb/Sr及Zr/Rb比值,且这些暖事件并不能一一对应。粒度及元素比值记录显著变冷的千年尺度的Heinrich(H)事件与石笋记录的夏季风明显减弱的事件有很好的对应关系,但其发生频率明显高于海洋记录。这些指标记录的千年尺度上波动信号的不一致性主要归因指标对不同气候要素敏感性的差异。未来需要进一步开展高分辨率多代用指标敏感性分析,选取对季风快速变化的敏感指标,有助于我们理解季风快速变化的特征(如周期和幅度等)和分析季风快速变化的时空差异性。     

Application of Glycerol Dialkyl Glycerol Tetraether Lipids in Paleoenvironment Reconstruction of Loess Deposits: A Review of Recent Progresses

The Glycerol Dialkyl Glycerol Tetraethers (GDGTs) occur ubiquitously in a wide range of environments, such as loess, peat, lake, soil, and ocean, which vary compositionally in response to environmental changes, and provide a series of biomarker proxies for paleoenvironmental reconstruction. This paper introduced the structures and biological sources of GDGTs, and reviewed the recent progresses of the application of the GDGTs proxies in the paleoenvironmental reconstruction of loess deposits. The main progresses include: \mathrm{①} The GDGTs proxies have been widely used in reconstructing the climate changes in loess deposits, and have established the temperature changes of last 800 ka for the Chinese Loess Plateau; \mathrm{②}Temperature variations in Chinese Loess Plateau displayed significant correlation with the Northern Hemisphere insolation, which may be also regulated by the surface vegetation conditions; and \mathrm{③} In the Chinese Loess Plateau, the increase in monsoon precipitation during the last deglaciation significantly lagged behind the rise of temperature. However, problems still exist in the current studies. For instance, the GDGTs-based temperature is likely overestimated, probably reflecting the temperature of warm season, and relationships between GDGT indices and climate factors are still unclear. In the future, the development of new proxies and more accurate regional calibrations based on the separation of 6- methyl GDGTs are expected to provide more reliable paleoenvironmental information, and will provide essential evidence for the evolution of hydrothermal pattern and mechanisms behind climate changes in different regions.     

Variation of summer precipitation δ18O on the Chinese Loess Plateau since the last interglacial

Orbital-scale East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM) variations inferred from loess deposits in northern China and speleothems from southern China display different dominant periods, complicating our understanding of monsoon response to insolation and ice-volume forcings. Here we integrate a new microcodium δ¹⁸O record from a high-resolution last interglacial loess profile with previously published data and provide a composite microcodium δ¹⁸O record on the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP) since the last interglacial. The composite microcodium δ¹⁸O record displays distinct precessional cycles, consistent with speleothem δ¹⁸O records, but with different amplitude contrast (particularly during the peak interglacials). We propose that both loess and speleothem δ¹⁸O records exhibit covariations at precessional timescale oscillations. The discrepancy between loess and speleothem from southern China can be attributed to the influences of other processes besides summer precipitation on the proxies. A slight difference in amplitude between microcodium and speleothem δ¹⁸O records implies that the EASM is also influenced by inland surface boundary conditions, which has important impacts on the occurrence of EASM precipitation. Therefore, microcodium δ¹⁸O from the Chinese loess–paleosol sequences can be regarded as a representative proxy of EASM precipitation in northern China and then a reliable proxy reflecting the variation of EASM intensity.     

渭河盆地末次冰盛期以来沉积环境变化研究

研究过去气候快速变化能为当前极端气候分析和未来环境预测提供自然背景理解。亚洲季风在北半球乃至全球的第四纪气候变化中扮演着重要角色,其演化是全球气候变化背景下的典型区域响应。然而,不同地质载体及不同指标所记录的亚洲冬、夏季风变化存在着较大差异,产生差异的原因及受到的动力机制是值得深入研究的科学问题。渭河盆地位于黄土高原和古三门湖沉积交叠的区域,是研究第四纪亚洲季风演化的理想场所。在盆地西南部西安市户县和长安县获取了两个黄土沉积钻孔,户县ZZC孔长4 m,长安县XFC孔长3 m,两孔的年代均超过25 ka。通过两钻孔的粒度和元素地球化学等代用指标研究,对比分析不同指标对气候变化的敏感度差异,反演了末次冰盛期(LGM)以来的区域沉积环境变化,并尝试探讨该时期发生的气候突变事件及反映的季风强度变化。结果表明,两钻孔的平均粒径从LGM到中全新世逐渐变细,中全新世之后少许变粗,空间上表现出一致性,总体反映了末次冰盛期以来的冬季风强度演化;Ca/Ti反映了与季风降水相关的淋溶强度,从LGM到全新世暖期夏季风逐渐减弱,并记录了若干次气候快速变化。粒度和元素比值变化表明,渭河盆地沉积良好地记录了末次冰盛期至全新世的大幅冷干-暖湿波动及若干次持续时间较短的快速水文变化事件,主要是受到太阳辐射和冰量等因素调控的影响。由于渭河盆地有上千米的新生代沉积,未来开展高分辨率研究有望揭示不同时间尺度季风变化特征及其与区域和全球变化的联系。     

近13万年来黄土高原干湿气候的时空变迁

第四纪时期，黄土高原粉尘物质的搬运、沉积及其后的成土过程受控于干湿气候的变化。对黄土高原这一特定地区而言，风成沉积序列在地域上的差异主要与东亚地区的季风环流在时间和空间上的变化有关。本文的研究揭示出，近１３万年里，最为显著的成壤期有６期，与这６个成壤期对应的时段也应当是夏季风环流加强、气候温湿的时期；在空间上，全新世适宜期及末次间冰期中与深海氧同位素阶段５ａ，５ｃ，５ｅ对应的时期，夏季风足可以深入到毛乌素沙漠腹地，并具有占优势的环境效应。在阶段３的早、晚期及５ｂ时期夏季风虽然也能深入沙漠－黄土边界带，但其环境效应在黄土高原北部及毛乌素沙漠南缘已不再显著。在阶段２、阶段４及阶段３的中期夏季风已不能深入沙漠－黄土边界带。     

The significance and relationships among substitutive climatic proxies in the Holocene at the middle Loess Plateau in China

The substitutive climatic proxies contain climate data, including temperature, rainfall, monsoon, and so on. However, the environmental significance and relationships among climatic proxies remain uncertain. In this research, soil samples from three soil profiles in the Holocene at the middle Chinese Loess Plateau were studied to analyze the change of seven substitutive climatic proxies. The rescaled range analysis method and Pearson correlation coefficient were employed to determine the significance and relationships among these proxies. The results indicated that the magnetic susceptibility of soil, total ferrum content, and pH can reflect changes in both temperature and rainfall during soil formation. In addition, calcium carbonate content and total organic carbon were mainly affected by the rainfall and temperature, respectively. Particle size composition (clay fraction <0.005 mm and coarse silt 0.01–0.05 mm) is an effective means by which to describe the effects of the East Asian winter monsoon. The results of this study provide theoretical basis and scientific reference for further paleoclimate evolution research.     

Reinterpreting climate proxy records from late Quaternary Chinese loess: A detailed OSL investigation

Numerous authors have utilised physical properties of Chinese loess and red clay deposits to develop apparently detailed and continuous past climate records from the Miocene into the Holocene. Many of these studies have further suggested that the principal climatic agent responsible for the aeolian emplacement and diagenesis of Chinese loess, the East Asian Monsoon, has fluctuated rapidly on millennial to sub-millennial timescales, in concert with dramatic changes in the North Atlantic (Dansgaard–Oeschger cycles and Heinrich events) and the Western Pacific (El Niño Southern Oscillation). Much of this evidence is based on reconstructions and age models that are tied to assumptions concerning the nature of loess sedimentation and diagenesis, for example, the belief that loess sedimentation can be viewed as essentially continuous. Some authors have however, cast doubt on these assumptions and suggest that the application of radiometric techniques may be required to determine their validity. Recent studies utilising Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) methods have reinforced these doubts and here, OSL dates obtained at 10 cm intervals from three sites along a transect across the Chinese Loess Plateau have been used, in combination with climate proxy evidence, to test the existing assumptions that underpin many palaeoclimatic reconstructions from loess. In this way, the first time-continuous and independently dated late Quaternary climate reconstruction is developed from loess. The data indicate that sedimentation is episodic and that once emplaced, loess is prone to pedogenic disturbance, diagenetic modification and in some cases erosion. The relationships between proxies and sedimentation rates are also assessed and climatic interpretations based on different age models compared. The implications of these findings for reconstructions of climate from loess are explored and comparisons are made between the developed palaeoclimate records and evidence from ice and ocean cores. This exercise also highlights important information concerning the relative influence of forcing mechanisms behind East Asian Monsoon change over the late Quaternary.