2019 年全球重大天气气候事件及其成因

2019年全球主要温室气体浓度继续保持上升趋势,全球平均温度比工业化前水平高1.1（±0.1）℃,为有气象记录以来第二暖年。海洋热容量及海平面高度创新高,海冰面积偏小。年内,全球各地发生了许多重大天气气候事件,包括多地遭遇暴雨洪涝侵袭,澳大利亚以及亚洲和欧洲多国受干旱影响,全球极端热带气旋频发,欧洲及澳大利亚等地遭遇异常高温热浪天气,北美和欧洲遭受寒流和暴风雪袭击,多地出现强对流天气。分析表明,印度洋偶极子（IOD）处于正位相、赤道中太平洋地区海温持续偏暖以及副热带高压系统控制是澳大利亚高温少雨的主要原因,最终引发严重的森林山火;前期异常偏强的IOD正位相叠加持续时间异常偏长的热带低压,促进了2019年印度7—8月强暴雨事件的发生发展。     

2021年全球重大天气气候事件及其成因

2021年全球平均气温较工业化前偏高1.11℃(±0.13℃),为有气象记录以来的第七暖年.全球海洋持续升温,海洋热容量和全球平均海平面高度均创历史新高,南北极海冰覆盖范围较常年偏小.年内,全球各地重大天气气候事件频发,欧亚多地遭受严重暴雨洪涝灾害,北美和亚洲等地发生严重干旱,北大西洋和北印度洋热带气旋异常活跃,欧洲和...     

2020年全球气候特征及重大天气气候事件

2020年,全球主要温室气体浓度继续保持上升趋势,全球平均温度较工业化前偏高1.2±0.1℃,列历史同期第二高。海平面持续上升,且上升速率更快。2020年,海洋热容量创历史新高,北极年最小海冰范围为有记录以来第二低,7月和10月海冰范围均创历史最低纪录;南极海冰范围接近长期平均水平。超过80%的海洋区域在2020年经历了至少一次海洋热浪,海洋发生"强"海洋热浪的地区超过"中等"海洋热浪的地区。年内,非洲萨赫勒地区、非洲之角、印度次大陆及其邻近地区、中国、韩国和日本以及东南亚部分地区遭受暴雨洪涝;南美内陆多地遭受严重干旱,欧洲及澳大利亚、墨西哥等地遭强热浪影响;北美、南美及澳大利亚发生严寒和大雪;北大西洋共生成30个热带气旋,创历史纪录。     

2016年全球重大天气气候事件及其成因

2016年全球主要温室气体浓度持续上升,地表温度相比工业化时代之前水平偏高1.1℃,成为有气象记录以来的最热年。受全球变暖影响,北极海冰全年处于较低水平,格陵兰冰盖和南极海冰的消融程度明显增强;海洋温度升高致使全球海平面上升和海洋环境变化。在超强厄尔尼诺事件背景下,受大气环流异常影响,全球降水空间分布不均,年初多地旱情持续发展,造成粮食和水资源危机;年内暴雨洪涝、高温热浪、寒流暴雪和热带气旋等各类极端天气气候事件频繁发生,在世界各地造成了严重人口伤亡和社会经济损失。本文总结了2016年全球重大天气气候事件及其影响,并重点分析了中国长江流域降水异常偏多及美国高温热浪天气两个典型事件的形成原因。分析表明,夏季西太平洋副热带高压偏西偏强,致使西南低空急流作为水汽通道将低纬暖湿气流向长江流域输送,配合同期亚洲东北部的高空槽引导高纬冷空气南下,冷暖气团的共同作用导致了中国长江流域强降水事件频发、汛情严重;北美副热带高压在美国境内一段时期内的稳定停滞以及低纬水汽输送条件偏差,是7月美国中东部地区高温热浪天气事件发生的主要原因。     

2007年全球气候变化回顾

以世界气象组织发布的2007年全球气候变化报告为基础,结合全球其他气候资料,总结了2007年全球的气候变化特征：2007年北极海冰面积为有记录以来最低,导致加拿大西北航道有记录以来首次贯通;南极臭氧空洞相对较小;赤道太平洋中东部拉尼娜发展;世界许多地方发生破坏性洪水、干旱和风暴。     

2007年全球气候变化回顾

 以世界气象组织发布的2007年全球气候变化报告为基础,结合全球其他气候资料,总结了2007年全球的气候变化特征：2007年北极海冰面积为有记录以来最低,导致加拿大西北航道有记录以来首次贯通;南极臭氧空洞相对较小;赤道太平洋中东部拉尼娜发展;世界许多地方发生破坏性洪水、干旱和风暴。     

Analysis of the extremely cold and heavy snowfall in North America in January 2015

伴随全球变暖和有卫星观测记录以来北极秋季海冰面积的下降,近几年,北美、欧洲及东亚地区经历了异常的冷冬。2015年1月,北美地区也遭受了严重的冷冬和暴雪事件。文中用NCEP再分析数据显示2015年1月气温的下降主要在北美地区,且降雪覆盖明显增加。此时位势高度场负异常明显,形成了从北极地区吹向北美大陆地区的寒流,携带了大量水汽。本文结果显示异常强劲的北风和减弱的西风急流,导致了极地寒流和湿空气容易入侵北美大陆地区,是造成2015年1月北美大陆地区冷冬和暴雪事件的主要原因之一。     

2017年全球重大天气气候事件及其成因

2017年全球主要温室气体浓度继续攀升,地表温度相比工业化前水平高出1.1℃,位列2016年之后,为有气象观测记录以来的历史第二高值,也是有记录以来最暖的非厄尔尼诺年份。全球冰冻圈持续萎缩,冬季北极最大海冰范围创历史新低,南极海冰范围全年处于历史低位。全球海表面温度显著高于常年,海平面持续上升,海洋热含量创历史新高,海洋酸化的影响持续加剧。世界各地发生了许多重大天气气候事件,包括异常活跃的北大西洋飓风、印度次大陆的季风洪水、东非部分地区的持续干旱,以及全球多地的暴雨洪涝、高温热浪、低温寒流和强对流天气,2017年成为有记录以来气象灾害造成经济损失最大的年份。本文总结了2017年全球重大天气气候事件及其影响,并重点分析了大西洋飓风季异常活跃和美国西海岸高温热浪天气两个典型事件的形成原因。分析表明,8月底至10月初,加勒比海和热带西大西洋海温偏高,对流活动旺盛,风速垂直切变偏小,为飓风的发展加强提供了有利的背景条件,加之北美副热带高压出现阶段性减弱,导致4个强飓风接连登陆美国和加勒比海地区;7月上旬,受副热带西风急流加强东伸,东北太平洋切断低压维持影响,北美副热带高压持续控制美国西南部地区,是当地高温热浪事件发生的主要原因。     

2011年全球重大天气气候事件及其成因

2011年,全球气温偏高,为有观测记录以来的第十个暖年,是近60年来出现拉尼娜事件的年份中全球气温最高的一年。2011年,全球热带气旋活动较常年偏少。4月,一次拉尼娜事件结束,9月又一次拉尼娜事件生成。年初,低温、寒流席卷亚洲大部,暴风雪频繁袭击北美地区。西欧和中国东部出现严重春旱。夏季,非洲东部经历了20世纪80年代以来最严重的干旱,而东南亚、巴基斯坦和中南美洲洪涝灾害严重。全球极端偏暖事件主要出现在欧洲西部和西北部、南亚南部、东亚中西部、北美东南部等地;极端偏冷事件主要出现在东亚、澳大利亚、非洲南部和美国东北部和西部等地。而南美中东部、东南亚及中国东南部、日本、澳大利亚北部、非洲西部等地出现了极端强降水事件。研究发现,2010／2011年拉尼娜事件和台风活动是导致东南亚洪涝出现的重要原因,而巴基斯坦洪涝主要与印度洋正位相偶极型海温分布有关。     

2008年全球重大天气气候事件概述

2008年,全球表面气温为有器测记录以来的第十暖年.年初,暴风雪、严寒、低温、雨雪和冰冻天气席卷欧洲东南部经中亚至中国的多个国家和地区,北美也频繁遭受暴风雪的袭击;中国北方出现严重冬春连旱;夏季,东亚、南亚、欧洲中东部、美国密西西比河流域等地遭受不同程度的暴雨洪涝;年内,澳大利亚持续干旱.5月,拉尼娜事件结束.1月,北半球积雪面积达到历史最大值.2008年,西北太平洋热带气旋活动较常年异常偏少,大西洋飓风活动接近常年.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.