Reply to D. F. Lascelles. Discussion on ‘Microplaty hematite—its varied nature and genesis’ by R. C. Morris and ‘Genesis modelling for the Hamersley BIF-hosted iron ores of Western Australia: a critical review’ by R. C. Morris and M. Kneeshaw

Abstract

The third (Es₃) member of the Eocene Shahejie Formation is the main hydrocarbon source rock interval in the Raoyang Sag of the Bohai Bay Basin. The lower Es₃ (Es₃^L) and upper Es₃ (Es₃^U) submembers display clear differences in source rock quality. The formation mechanisms of the source rocks are investigated via geochemical methods using 60 samples from three wells to reconstruct the paleo-environment during deposition. The major element parameters exhibit changes in paleoclimate from humid to arid. Indicators such as Sr/Ba, B/Ga, the gammacerane index and isotopic data suggest fresh–brackish and hydrological open lakes with unstable water column stratification likely occurred during deposition of the Es₃^L submember and saline and hydrologically closed lakes with stable water column stratification likely during deposition of the Es₃^U submember. Carbon isotope values of organic matter, trace elements and biomarker parameters suggest that the Es₃^L submember had moderate productivity, with a significant contribution from terrigenous organic matter whereas the Es₃^U submember had slightly enhanced productivity, with no or minor contributions from terrigenous organic matter. Furthermore, the pristane/phytane ratio and the enrichment of Mo and U indicate that the euxinic bottom-water conditions (sulfidic) of the lakes during deposition of the Es₃^U submember were best for preserving organic matter. Comparison of the models of source rock deposition of the Es₃^L and Es₃^U submembers indicates that the redox conditions play an important role in the formation of organic-rich source rocks in the Raoyang Sag.     

青藏高原沱沱河盆地中新统五道梁组沉积特征及古环境分析

通过对青藏高原沱沱河盆地五道梁组湖相沉积环境的分析,尝试通过湖相沉积地层记录提取气候变化信息,探索高原腹地中新世古环境变化特点。通过对五道梁组岩石类型及沉积特征研究,识别出了洪积平原、浅湖、滨湖、深湖及盐湖5个沉积相类型。参考现代湖泊特征与古代研究实例,探讨了研究区湖相碳酸盐岩的沉积机制。根据剖面岩相标志及地层叠置样式,证实五道梁组沉积期古湖泊经历了3次由低水位变为高水位的旋回性变化,湖泊最低水位期以石膏层的出现为标志,高水位期发育洪泛泥岩沉积;初步认为五道梁组沉积发育在一个干湿交替的气候期,湖水位变化和湖平面升降主要受气候控制,而构造沉降和湖缘断块隆升是次要控制因素。     

Half-graben lacustrine sedimentary rocks of the lower Carboniferous Strathlorne Formation, Horton Group, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada

The Strathlorne Formation is the middle formation of a three-part Horton Group stratigraphy present throughout the post-Acadian Orogeny Maritimes Basin in Atlantic Canada. It is up to 600 m in thickness and is of Tournaisian age. The formation was deposited in a complex lacustrine system during the period of maximum fault-bounded extensional subsidence within two asymmetric half-graben sub-basin segments of a large rift. This rift was located at a palaeolatitude of 10–15°S. Four facies assemblages are identified and interpreted: (1) dark grey mudstone (open lacustrine), (2) grey, very fine to fine-grained sandstone (nearshore/shoreline), (3) grey, medium-grained sandstone to conglomerate (fan delta) and (4) red siltstone to fine-grained sandstone (interdeltaic mudflat). Interpreted structural asymmetry of the fault-bounded sub-basins is evidenced by asymmetry of sediment input, facies distribution and palaeoflow in the lacustrine sedimentary fill. These indicators suggest that the sub-basins, which were linked end-to-end, had opposed polarity of structural asymmetry during deposition of the Strathlorne Formation. Open lacustrine sediments are typified by stacked shallowing-upward sequences, each representing deepening due to sub-basin-wide subsidence events followed by gradual infilling to shallow water depths. Sub-basin asymmetry is also reflected in the contrast of thick sequences and grouped thinner sequences at marginal and axial positions, respectively. The lakes which occupied the sub-basins were large (up to 100 × 50 km), tens to hundreds of metres deep and periodically stratified (presence of an anoxic hypolimnion, at least near sub-basin axes).     

Distribution Characteristics of Effective Source Rocks and Their Control on Hydrocarbon Accumulation: A Case Study from the Dongying Sag, Eastern China

The exploration conducted in the Bohai Bay basin, eastern China has demonstrated that the abundant petroleum resources have close affinities to the hydrocarbon kitchen with rich organic matter. A number of oil-generating associations with various characteristics of organic geochemistry and assemblages of multiple reservoir facies are developed due to the multi-center sedimentation, multi-source supply and multi-cycle evolution of filling, which have resulted in the formation of multiple oil and gas accumulation zones of various layers and trap styles. Among them the Paleogene Shahejie Formation is the most important hydrocarbon accumulation combination in the Dongying sag. Heretofore, its proved reserve has reached nearly 1.8×109t, which accounts for more than 90% of the total proved reserves of the Dongying sag. Based on previous studies, more than 600 source rock samples and 186 crude oil samples of the Shahejie Formation, collected from 30 oilfields, have been treated with organic geochemical testing     

First occurrence of the Salvador Formation in the Jatobá Basin (Pernambuco,Northeast Brazil): Facies characterization and depositional systems

Fan deltas, constituting proximal depositional systems adjacent to boundary faults, are common features associated with rift basins. The Cretaceous fan delta systems of the Salvador Formation, deposited during the rift phase of the Recôncavo-Tucano-Jatobá Basin, were first reported in the Recôncavo Basin and later discovered in the Tucano Basin. Because of the absence of any outcrops in the Jatobá Basin until now, these alluvial fans were interpreted solely through seismic analysis. We report the first revealed outcrops of the Salvador Formation in that basin and characterize their depositional systems as interlayered with the lacustrine Candeias Formation. Based on facies and architecture, the alluvial system can be subdivided into three associations: (1) proximal fan delta, characterized by meter-scale conglomerate bodies with a predominance of boulders and cobbles with thin sandstone layers; (2) distal fan delta, characterized by sheet-like pebble conglomerate and sandstone layers with flame and load structures; and (3) lacustrine, further subdivided into shallow lake facies reddish shales and mudstones with oolitic limestones and deep lake facies grey to green shales with pyrite. Paleocurrent measurements for the proximal fan association show paleoflow direction varying from SW to SE, which is expected for the rift phase alluvial system. The Recôncavo-Tucano-Jatobá rift system has two conglomeratic units, namely the Salvador and Marizal Formations, the former a syn-rift and the latter a post-rift unit. The absence of sedimentary clasts in the conglomerates, very low maturity, the presence of giant clasts, and a visible relationship between boundary faults in the outcrop, define the syn-rift Salvador Formation characteristics. Based on the facies and paleocurrent analyses, the Salvador Formation deposits in Jatobá Basin were interpreted as a deposition of a debris flow-dominated fan delta, indicating the lacustrine setting represented by the Candeias Formation.     

陆相断陷盆地二级层序时限构造沉降与湖平面变化的响应关系

针对陆相断陷盆地构造沉降与湖平面变化的响应关系问题, 笔者通过二维回剥分析, 并引入沉降通量和沉降速率通量两个参数以评价盆地沉降的整体特征。黄骅坳陷中区东营组二级层序内三角洲体系发育, 可细分为4个三级层序, 构造沉降上呈减弱到增强的变化, 并具有断陷作用逐渐减弱、坳陷作用加强的特点。拟合构造沉降、沉积演化、层序结构的关系表明, 湖平面下降、三角洲的繁盛与快速构造沉降耦合一致, 湖平面下降是不均衡的强烈构造沉降导致湖水体积向控凹断层或坳陷中心重新分配、且四周水系的补充滞后于构造沉降产生的新增可容纳空间的结果。相反, 湖平面上升和深湖相发育与慢速构造沉降耦合一致。此外, 湖平面变化与构造沉降总量的大小无关。     

Spatial and temporal geochemical variability in lacustrine sedimentation in the East African Rift System: Evidence from the Kenya Rift and regional analyses

Many previous studies on lacustrine basins in the East African Rift System have directed their attention to climatic controls on contemporary sedimentation or climate change as part of palaeoenvironmental reconstruction. In contrast, this research focuses on the impact of tectonism and volcanism on rift deposition and develops models that help to explain their roles and relative importance. The study focuses on the spatial and temporal variability in bulk sediment geochemistry from a diverse range of modern and ancient rift sediments through an analysis of 519 samples and 50 major and trace elements. The basins examined variously include, or have contained, wetlands and/or shallow to deep, fresh to hypersaline lakes. Substantial spatial variability is documented for Holocene to modern deposits in lakes Turkana, Baringo, Bogoria, Magadi and Malawi. Mio‐Pleistocene sediments in the Central Kenya Rift and Quaternary deposits of the southern Kenya Rift illustrate temporal variability. Tectonic and volcanic controls on geochemical variability are explained in terms of: (i) primary controlling factors (faulting, subsidence, uplift, volcanism, magma evolution and antecedent lithologies and landscapes); (ii) secondary controls (bedrock types, rift shoulder and axis elevations, accommodation space, meteoric and hydrothermal fluids and mantle CO ₂); and (iii) response factors (catchment area size, orographic rains, rain shadows, vegetation densities, erosion and weathering rates, and spring/runoff ratios). The models developed have, in turn, important implications for palaeoenvironmental interpretation in other depositional basins.     

鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系延长组长7沉积相分析

三叠纪延长期长7沉积期是鄂尔多斯盆地中生代湖盆发育的鼎盛时期,沉陷幅度大,湖盆范围广。通过研究明确了长7沉积期物源来自盆地周边五个方向,其中东北部、西南部为主要物源方向,西部、南部、西北部为次要物源方向;长7主要发育三角洲相和湖泊相,进一步划分出5种亚相10种微相,其中长73期湖盆面积最大,半深湖—深湖相浊积砂体不发育,暗色泥岩及高阻泥岩发育,为中生界主要优质烃源岩;长72期,半深湖—深湖相沉积面积明显减少,浊积砂体较发育;长71期,湖盆面积及半深湖-深湖相沉积面积继续减少,浊积砂体最为发育,是长7油藏的主力储层。     

南堡凹陷东营组同沉积构造活动性与沉积格局的配置关系研究

应用构造-层序地层分析的思维,通过构造格架与地层格架的关联分析,对南堡凹陷东营组沉积充填样式与过程、控制要素进行了综合研究。通过沉降史分析,并结合区域构造演化特征,古近纪可划分为4个次级构造幕。凹陷内断裂发育,同沉积断裂及其时空配置关系对凹陷内结构和沉积体系类型及其展布起着重要的控制作用。控凹断裂直接控制了局部构造带的可容纳空间变化和古地貌形态,从而形成不同的沉积展布特征。高柳断层是南堡凹陷内最为重要的二级断裂,其活动始于Es1沉积时期,在东营组沉积时期活动最为强烈。在东营组沉积时期,高柳断层将凹陷分为南、北两个独立的沉积系统,尤其在Ed3沉积期其强烈的翘倾作用使高柳地区成为一个孤立的湖盆,直接影响到了高柳地区的沉积充填。根据东营组沉积时期同沉积断裂组合样式划分出4种断裂坡折带：断崖型、断坡型、同向断阶型和反向断阶型,为研究南堡凹陷东营组同沉积断裂对沉积格局的控制作用提供了有利的指导,具有重要的石油地质意义。     

Estimation on organic carbon content of source rocks by logging evaluation method as exemplified by those of the 4th and 3rd members of the Shahejie Formation in western sag of the Liaohe Oilfield

One of the most important tasks of evaluating natural resources of petroliferous basins is to determine the organic matter abundance of source rocks in the basin.The usual method for assessing the organic carbon content of source rocks is based on laboratory analyses.There is a deviation in calculating organic carbon content due to the heterogeneous distribution of organic matter and the artificial factors when sampling.According to the continuous characteristics of information logging,the conventional logging curves(mainly acoustics and resistivity,etc.) were calibrated with the organic carbon experimental data of cores,cuttings or sidewall cores.The organic carbon content of source rocks of the 4 th(Es 4) and 3 rd(Es 3) members of the Shahejie Formation in western sag in the Liaohe depression was estimated directly by a great amount of continuous data including resistivity and acoustic logging,etc.Comparison between the results from computer processing and lab analysis of logging data shows that the organic carbon contents derived from the computer processing of logging data have the same reliability and accuracy as the lab analysis results.The present data show that this method is suitable to evaluate the source rocks of western sag in the Liaohe depression and has great potential in evaluating natural resources of sedimentary basins in the future.On the basis of logging data of source rocks,experimental data and existing geochemical analyses of the Liaohe Oilfield,the corresponding total organic carbon(TOC) isograms of source rocks were plotted.The source rocks of Es 4 and Es 3 of the Shahejie Formation are thought to be beneficial to hydrocarbon accumulation due to the high TOC.     

Geochemistry of source rocks in the Es<Subscript>3</Subscript> and Es<Subscript>4</Subscript> members in the Shahejie Formation of the Western Depression,Liaohe Oilfield,China

The Western Depression of the Liaohe Basin is the major exploration area of the Liaohe Oilfield, and its main source rocks consist of the third and fourth members of the Shahejie Formation (Es3 and Es4). These source rocks are widely distributed in the depression, with semi-deep lake and fan delta as the main sedimentary facies, brown oil shale and black gray-dark gray mudstone as the main rocks, and a total thickness of 270-1450 m. The kerogens are mainly of the types I and IIA, and partly of the type IIB and least of the type III. The Ro values range from 0.4%-0.8%, indicating an evolution stage from immature to mature. The maturity of Es4 source rocks is rela-tively high, reaching the early mature stage, but their distribution and thickness are lower than those of Es3. Besides, according to biomarker analysis, it is thought that the source rocks of Es3 and Es4 are characterized by mixed input, and most of the source rocks were formed in the brackish water-saline and strongly oxygen-free environment. Fur-thermore, the Qingshui, Niuxintuo and Chenjia sags are believed to possess greater potential for hydrocarbon gen-eration and expulsion, for they are source rocks with a larger thickness, have higher organic carbon contents, belong to better organic matter types and possess higher maturities.     

渤东凹陷东营组烃源岩评价

渤东凹陷是渤海海域下一步油气勘探的重点地区之一。本文通过对渤东凹陷单井烃源岩的有机地球化学分析和与渤中凹陷烃源岩的对比研究,结合渤东凹陷盆地模拟成果,得出以下认识：渤东凹陷南部东营组半深湖深湖相泥岩的有机质丰度高,有机质类型好,有机质演化已处于成熟阶段,因而东营组暗色泥岩具有较高的生烃潜力,是一套良好的烃源岩层。     

山东尚南断块古近系东营组沉积相及其古地理?

尚南断块位于山东省胜利油田东营凹陷尚店油田西南部。该区的古近系东营组顶底均为不整合面或沉积间断面，发育了较好的湖侵三角洲相沉积。基于100余口钻井、地震资料，70多张单井剖面柱状图编制及14条剖面的对比，进行了东营组精细沉积相研究，编制出30余幅沉积微相投点图和岩相古地理图。研究表明，东营 沉积时期气候潮湿、雨水丰沛、河流纵横、湖泊扩大、湖水变深等为处于斜坡地区的尚南地区发育湖侵期三角洲提供了良好的条件。控制该区沉积和地层发育的区域性物源来自埕宁隆起和鲁西隆起，但来自滨县凸起和林樊家突起的局部物源也有很大影响。东营期岩相古地理经历了早、中、晚期的演化，早期发育了以三角洲平原为主的沉积环境，中期形成了大范围的破坏性三角洲环境，晚期以前三角洲环境为特色。     

Catalysis and hydrogenation: volcanic activity and hydrocarbon generation in rift basins,eastern China

Major oil reserves in rift basins in eastern China are correlated with high quality source rocks. The high quality source rocks and their hydrocarbon generation are often related to volcanic activity in the basins. Three kinds of volcanic rocks in source rocks have been defined in the Songliao, Bohaiwan and North Jiangsu basins. Some of the volcanic rocks were formed in lacustrine environments during the deposition of source rocks. It is remarkable that a part of volcanic-derived materials serves as a source of nutrients for lacustrine organisms which resulted in the formation of the organic matter in source rocks with high organic C contents. Besides hydrothermal alteration, the volcanic minerals contributed catalysis and H₂ to thermal alteration of organic matter into hydrocarbons during burial and diagenesis of source rocks and volcanics. A series of thermal laboratory simulations were performed with various combinations of immature source rocks and natural mineral assemblages. Results indicate that a significant volume of H₂ was produced from the source rock mixed with olivine and zeolite; moreover, this combination provided a 3-fold increase in hydrocarbons. It is proposed that catalysis and hydrogenation by the volcanic minerals promote hydrocarbon generation, although organic matter type is significantly variable. Hydrocarbons are generated at a lower degree of thermal stress when the reaction mixture contains volcanic minerals, and have a heavier C isotopic composition, compared to the control set of experiments.     

Changes to depositional palaeoenvironments within the Qikou depression (Bohaiwan Basin,China): carbon and oxygen isotopes in lacustrine carbonates of the Palaeogene Shahejie Formation

This paper reports the carbon and oxygen isotope compositions of lacustrine carbonate sediments from the Palaeogene Shahejie Formation, Qikou depression, Bohaiwan Basin, with the aim of determining the palaeoenvironmental conditions in the region. Results from Es₂, the second member of the Shahejie Formation, showed values of δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O from –1.2‰ to +2.4‰ (average +0.6‰) and from –6.8‰ to –4.7‰ (average –5.7‰), respectively, suggesting a relatively hot climate attending deposition. The slightly closed nature of the lake, which contains brackish water, resulted in higher carbonate δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O values than in a meteoric environment. The values of δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O preserved within the carbonates of the overlying lower Shahejie I (Es₁) varied between +1.3‰ and +4.9‰ (average +3.2‰) and from ?4.4‰ to ?1.8‰ (average ?3.1‰), respectively, indicating that the climate became colder at that time. Subsequently, a marine transgression caused the salinity of the lake water to increase. The values of δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O were controlled by salinity. The high δ¹³C values were also influenced by the rapid burial of the lake organisms and by algal photosynthesis. Values of δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O from carbonates in upper Es₁ ranged from ?8.0‰ to +11.0‰ (average +10.1‰) and from ?5.0‰ to ?1.5‰ (average ?3.4‰), respectively, indicating a slight increase in the temperature over time. In the closed and reducing environment, extremes in δ¹³C values resulted from biochemical fermentation. The positive δ¹³C excursion recorded in the carbonates of the Shahejie Formation in the Qikou depression indicates that the palaeoclimate underwent a significant transformation during the Eocene and the Oligocene.     

Tectonic evolution of the Southern Gulf of Suez, Egypt: a comparison between depocenter and near peripheral basins

The sedimentary pattern of the southern Gulf of Suez, Egypt, especially during the Cenozoic rift stage, was controlled mainly by tectonic activities (subsidence and uplift) and sea level change. The stratigraphic record of the southern Gulf of Suez can be divided into two megasequences: pre-rift and syn-rift. The pre-rift megasequence can be viewed as two distinctive depositional regimes, clastic rocks of continental to braided stream environment during Cambrian and open marine transgression extended from Upper Cretaceous till Eocene. The syn-rift deposits showed a distinctive contrast between the depocenter and peripheral basins. This difference can be shown clearly on the sedimentary sequence of Hilal and Shoab Ali oilfields. The syn-rift megasequence can be differentiated in relation to rift evolution into the following stages: initial rift stage with low subsidence rate, main rift stage with maximum subsidence rate, quiescence stage with the slowest subsidence rate throughout the rift evolution, evaporite stage with restriction conditions, and Pliocene–Recent stage with shallow marine condition.     

Organic petrography and geochemistry of inertinite-rich mudstones, Jakobsstigen Formation, Upper Jurassic, northeast Greenland: Indications of forest fires and variations in relative sea-level

The lower-middle Oxfordian Jakobsstigen Formation, Wollaston Forland, northeast Greenland, consists mainly of stacked coarsening-upward successions of offshore to shoreface heteroliths, sandstone and rare foreshore sandstones. The units are separated by thin, laterally extensive sheets of terrigenous carbonaceous mudstones, which have been subjected to organic petrographic and geochemical studies. The mudstones are thermally immature, with maturities corresponding to R₀ in the range 0.35–0.50%. The mudstones contain very high proportions of allochthonous inertinite, subordinate huminite, char and negligible proportions of liptinite. Inertinite reflectance distributions are markedly bimodal, with maxima at approximately 1.73 and 4.91% R_m. Both pyrolysis yields and solvent extract yields are low. The distributions of n-alkanes are markedly light-end skewed and show a pronounced predominance of even-numbered compounds in the lower carbon number range. Biomarker-distributions feature a dominance of C₂₉-steranes, slight enhancement of extended hopanes and αββ-steranes, low proportion of tricyclic triterpanes and very low hopane/sterane ratios. Sedimentological, organic petrographical and geochemical evidence suggests that the regular alternation between marine and terrestrial depositional environments during deposition of the Jakobsstigen Formation was related to low-amplitude, high-frequency changes in relative sea-level and local climate. The mudstones were deposited during early rise of relative sea-level in shallow, flat-bottomed lakes or lagoons on a broad coastal plain. The lakes acted as traps for fine elastic sediment and for predominantly windborne inertinite, generated by wildfires in the hinterland. High rates of evaporation rendered the lakes mildly saline, hampering their colonization by vegetation other than cyanobacteria and halophilic microorganisms. Similarly, saline porewaters excluded higher plant vegetation from emergent areas. Upon continued rise of the relative sea-level, the lakes were gradually flooded and their deposits became covered by sandy shallow marine sediments. The larger areas covered by shallow marine waters during periods of high relative sea-level led to a more humid local climate and to lower frequency of wildfires. During falling relative sea-level, the marine deposits were eroded and partially removed and the cycle subsequently repeated upon renewed rise in relative sea-level. Hence, minor changes in relative sea-level gave rise to the regular alternation of two vastly different depositional environments, as well as to marked variations in local climate.     

渤海盆地辽东湾地区古近系烃源岩成熟演化模拟

古近系是辽东湾地区的主力烃源岩层系, 包括孔店组(Ek)-沙河街组四段(Es⁴)、沙河街组三段(Es³)、沙河街组一、二段(Es1-2)、东营组三段(Ed³)4套烃源岩, 它们主要分布在该地区的3个凹陷(辽西、辽中和辽东)的各个次洼中。在沉积和构造发育史的基础上, 结合烃源岩地球化学和热史等参数对烃源岩成熟演化进行模拟。对辽中凹陷各洼陷典型井区的烃源岩演化模拟表明辽中凹陷不同洼陷内各烃源岩层系的成熟演化历史存在明显差异:在东营组沉积末期,Es⁴-Ek烃源岩普遍进入生油门限,现今,基本上处于高-过成熟阶段;在馆陶组沉积末期,Es³和Es^-2烃源岩普遍进入生油门限,Ed³烃源岩部分进入生油门限,现今,Es³和Es^-2烃源岩在辽中凹陷的部分地区达到生油高峰期。同时, 利用Basinview软件模拟了辽东湾地区古近系4套烃源岩的成熟演化历史, 表明在盆地演化过程中同一套烃源岩在辽东湾地区不同凹陷进入生油门限和达到生油高峰及生气阶段的时间存在差异。研究成果可以为该地区深凹区的烃源岩预测与评价和计算烃源岩体积、生、排烃量等提供重要参数,这对指导该地区的油气资源勘探具有重要意义。      

山东东营凹陷古近系沙河街组湖盆演化及烃源岩赋存相带

确定烃源岩在盆地范围内的纵向变化规律及横向分布特征,建立有效烃源岩和油气藏的时空组合关系,正在成为高勘探程度地区继续寻找隐蔽油气藏的一种新的研究方向。东营凹陷沙河街组四段至沙河街组二段下部沉积时期,主要发育湖泊-三角洲沉积体系,通过对近百口钻井的地球化学、沉积学、古生态学等资料的分析,认为该沉积时期古湖盆演化可以划分为五个阶段,即沙四早中期裂陷初始阶段过补偿间歇湖、沙四晚期裂陷加速阶段欠补偿闭流湖、沙三早期裂陷鼎盛阶段欠补偿闭流湖-敞流湖、沙三中期裂陷稳定阶段均衡补偿深水敞流湖以及沙三晚期至沙二早期裂陷衰退阶段过补偿浅水敞流湖。在湖盆特定演化阶段的特定位置,往往出现独特的沉积环境和水面波动规律,从而形成了具有独特有机地球化学特征的烃源岩赋存相带。其中,沙四晚期闭流湖中可以划分出6种,沙三早期闭流湖－敞流湖中可以划分出4种,沙三中期至沙二早期敞流湖中可以划分出6种各具特色的烃源岩赋存相带,主要反映在有机质丰度和有机质类型方面,从而决定了其中烃源岩的生烃特点及生烃潜力。通过对烃源岩赋存相带的沉积环境与烃源岩特征的对比发现,东营凹陷沙四段至沙二段下部烃源岩生烃潜力以及有机地球化学特征,主要受到古湖盆类型、水深以及物源供应三大因素的控制。     

渤海湾盆地黄河口凹陷古近系东营组三段沉积特征

综合利用地震、测井、录井、岩心及分析化验资料,通过综合分析和系统沉积学编图,确定了黄河口凹陷古近系东营组三段（东三段）主要发育扇三角洲、辫状河三角洲、湖泊和湖底扇。东三段下部辫状河三角洲发育于黄河口凹陷的西南部和南部,在渤南凸起的南北两侧均发育扇三角洲朵体,半深湖-深湖主要分布于西部深凹部位,在B-2断隆带南部的半深湖区发育湖底扇,绝大部分地带为滨浅湖沉积,以滨浅湖泥滩和混合滩沉积为主。东三段上部辫状河三角洲发育于黄河口凹陷的西南部、南部及D-4断隆带的南侧,仅在渤南凸起的北侧发育扇三角洲朵体,半深湖-深湖主要分布于西北次凹部位,绝大部分地带为滨浅湖沉积,以滨浅湖泥滩和混合滩沉积为主。E-1-1-F-4-1井一带继承性发育滨浅湖砂质滩坝沉积。滨浅湖砂质滩坝由含砾粗砂岩、含砾中砂岩、含砾细砂岩及中、细砂岩组成,骨架颗粒成分以石英为主,发育低角度交错层理,纹层由定向排列的砾石或暗色组分显示,纹层平直,以低角度相交。滨浅湖砂质滩坝微相区为东三段优质储集层发育区。