构造岩碳物质拉曼光谱温度计与石英组构对造山带热演化的约束:北喜马拉雅然巴片麻岩穹隆研究实例SCIEI北大核心CSCD

东西走向的北喜马拉雅片麻岩穹隆带位于喜马拉雅造山带核心,记录了造山演化和青藏高原隆升的变质与变形信息。对穹隆构造热结构及其变形历史的重建有助于揭示喜马拉雅造山过程。本次研究选取然巴片麻岩穹隆的各类构造岩开展微观构造解析、碳物质拉曼光谱温度估算(RSCM)和石英组构学(CPO)分析,对比该穹隆各构造层变质和变形温度及其变化。研究结果揭示然巴穹隆被上、下两条环形拆离断层分为三个构造层:下拆离断层以下为下构造层,其由核部淡色花岗岩和片麻岩组成;下拆离断层和上拆离断层之间为中构造层,由强烈韧性变形的低-中级变质的片岩和少量片麻岩组成;上拆离断层以上为上构造层,由板岩、千枚岩和少量片岩组成。碳物质拉曼光谱变质温度计估算结果显示下构造层和中构造层峰期变质温度为550~600℃,上构造层峰期变质温度400~550℃。各构造层韧性变形岩石内石英组构(CPOs)特征揭示:下构造层石英以柱面滑移为主,韧性剪切变形温度超过600℃;而从中构造层底部向上构造层,石英滑移系由柱面滑移逐渐转变为底面滑移为主,响应的变形温度由550℃逐渐降低为300~350℃。综合分析解释认为然巴穹隆新生代以来经历了四期构造变形,分别对应喜马拉雅造山演化四个阶段:始新世(约45Ma)地壳增厚,发生区域变质作用,变质峰期温度达600℃(如下构造层记录),由下构造层向幔部递减(500℃到300℃);在造山伸展阶段,伴随藏南拆离系北向韧性剪切作用以及晚期南北向裂谷的启动提供的东西向伸展环境导致晚中新世淡色花岗岩底辟就位(约8~7Ma),穹隆幔部岩石遭受接触变质作用改造,接触变质峰期温度为570℃。     

北喜马拉雅双穹隆构造的建立：来自藏南错那洞穹隆的厘定

错那洞穹隆属于北喜马拉雅片麻岩穹隆带(NHGD)的东南部重要组成部分,是本次研究首次发现并确立的穹隆构造。穹隆位于藏南扎西康矿集区南部,由外向内被两条环形断裂划分为三个岩石-构造单元:特提斯喜马拉雅沉积岩系上部单元、中部单元以及核部,其中内侧断裂为下拆离断层,外侧为上拆离断层。上部单元主要由侏罗系日当组的泥质粉砂质板岩和片岩组成,由外向穹隆中心靠近,根据变质矿物组合特征,其岩性呈较明显的渐变过程,即含或者不含变质矿物的泥质粉砂质板岩、含堇青石粉砂质板岩、含石榴石堇青石粉砂质板岩和含石榴石黑云母粉砂质板岩;中部单元从上至下岩石变质程度逐渐加深,构造变形依次增强,岩性依次为日当组低-高变质的片岩(包括含石榴石黑云母石英片岩、含蓝晶石-十字石二云母石英片岩、含矽线石二云母二长片麻岩)、含电气石(化)花岗质黑云母片麻岩、石榴石云母片麻岩和糜棱状石英二云母片麻岩,其典型变质矿物有石榴石、十字石、矽线石和蓝晶石;核部主要由糜棱状花岗质片麻岩夹少量的副片麻岩和错那洞淡色花岗岩组成。错那洞穹隆主要发育四期线理构造:近N-S向逆冲、N-S向伸展线理、近E-W向线理和围绕核部向四周外侧倾伏线理,分别对应了穹隆构造经历的四期主要变形:初期向南逆冲、早期近N-S向伸展、主期近E-W向伸展和晚期滑塌构造运动,其中主期近E-W向伸展对应于错那洞穹隆的形成,其动力学背景可能是印度板块斜向俯冲及由俯冲引起的中地壳向东流动双重作用。错那洞穹隆的发现和确立丰富了NHGD近E-W向伸展构造,进一步将NHGD划分为由近N-S向伸展所形成的穹隆带(简称NS-NHGD)和近E-W向伸展所形成的穹隆带(EW-NHGD)。     

雅拉香波穹隆韧性剪切带变形特征与剪切作用类型研究

雅拉香波变质核杂岩位于北喜马拉雅穹隆带东端，其拆离断层系的糜棱岩带构成了杂岩核部的外缘，带内主要变形岩石类型为石榴石千糜岩、糜棱状片麻岩和糜棱状花岗岩．糜棱状岩石中宏、微观韧性变形组构丰富，暗示区内存在多种显微变形机制：物质扩散迁移、晶内脆性破裂、粒内滑动及粒间滑动等，3种运动学涡度统计和计算结果表明：雅拉香波变质核杂岩拆离系的剪切作用类型是以简单剪切作为主的一般剪切；剪切带厚度变化为76％左右，属于减薄型：后期纯剪切应变速率比早期的有所增强，这可能与杂岩体核部岩浆岩后期上侵增强，穹隆进一步抬升和脆性垮塌下滑作用相关．     

特提斯喜马拉雅构造带雅拉香波穹隆构造热事件LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄证据

雅拉香波穹隆位于特提斯喜马拉雅构造带东部,出露显生宙不同时期的岩石地层,发育强烈韧性剪切变形和多期岩浆热事件,良好地记录了印度大陆俯冲导致的构造变形和岩浆热历史。对雅拉香波穹隆不同构造部位的花岗质岩石进行LAICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素测年,获得4期构造岩浆事件的高精度测年数据。早期锆石年龄520.4±6.3Ma与536±12Ma指示喜马拉雅地块结晶基底泛非期岩浆侵位时代,晚期锆石年龄揭示新生代碰撞造山不同阶段构造热事件的发生时代。其中,45.6±1.2~44.16±0.88Ma反映印度大陆向北俯冲的起始时代,35.00±0.48Ma对应于始新世晚期增厚地壳深部构造热事件年龄,15.67±0.50Ma指示雅拉香波核部花岗岩侵位及穹隆的形成时代。     

内蒙古苏尼特左旗早白垩世宝德尔花岗岩伸展穹隆的确定及其地质意义

内蒙古宝德尔穹隆是发育在苏尼特左旗中蒙边境地区的不对称同构造伸展穹隆。该穹隆由内向外由核部早白垩世花岗岩、边缘韧性剪切带和脆性拆离断层组成,上盘为未变形的早二叠世花岗闪长岩、泥盆系片岩和早白垩世盆地,韧性剪切带和拆离断层仅发育在穹隆西南部。区域构造解析和显微构造分析表明,岩体侵位和韧性剪切带形成于同一构造应力场,指示上盘统一向NW方向剪切,变形程度由未变形的岩体核部向外侧逐渐增强,面理的形成与岩体的侵位和隆升过程密切相关。因此,该穹隆和东北亚其他岩浆穹隆相似,是不对称的花岗岩穹隆,反映了区域伸展拆离环境下侵位的同构造花岗岩穹隆的特点。     

特提斯喜马拉雅构造带雅拉香波穹隆构造热事件LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄证据

雅拉香波穹隆位于特提斯喜马拉雅构造带东部,出露显生宙不同时期的岩石地层,发育强烈韧性剪切变形和多期岩浆热事件,良好地记录了印度大陆俯冲导致的构造变形和岩浆热历史。对雅拉香波穹隆不同构造部位的花岗质岩石进行LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素测年,获得4期构造岩浆事件的高精度测年数据。早期锆石年龄520.4±6.3Ma与536±12Ma指示喜马拉雅地块结晶基底泛非期岩浆侵位时代,晚期锆石年龄揭示新生代碰撞造山不同阶段构造热事件的发生时代。其中,45.6±1.2--44.16±0.88Ma反映印度大陆向北俯冲的起始时代,35.00±0.48Ma对应于始新世晚期增厚地壳深部构造热事件年龄,15.67±0.50Ma指示雅拉香波核部花岗岩侵位及穹隆的形成时代。     

川西马尔康片麻岩穹隆与伟晶岩型锂矿的构造成因

片麻岩穹隆是造山折返过程形成的重要构造样式.马尔康锂矿床位于松潘-甘孜造山带腹地的马尔康片麻岩穹隆中,其核部为太阳河花岗闪长岩和可尔因花岗岩、幔部由经过变质作用的晚三叠世深海—半深海复理石和浊积岩组成,大量含锂伟晶岩脉侵位于红柱石-十字石变质带中.通过野外地质调查和构造分析,在马尔康片麻岩穹隆中识别出三期构造变形叠加于造山早期大规模收缩变形之上:第一期变形(D1)为南向的大型高温拆离剪切带(马尔康拆离断层,MRKD);第二期变形(D2)为马尔康"穹隆构造";第三期变形(D3)为后期叠加的新生代近东西向逆冲断层.新的锆石U-Pb年代学数据表明太阳河和可尔因岩体的结晶年龄分别为226～212 Ma与224～218 Ma,马尔康拆离断层中平行剪切面理的同构造变形伟晶岩脉形成于约212～207 Ma,而未变形含锂伟晶岩脉则形成于200～190 Ma之间.研究表明,马尔康片麻岩穹隆在造山早期伴随220～212 Ma的花岗岩侵位,形成中低压巴罗式变质作用;在挤压向伸展转换过程(212～207 Ma)中,形成向南剪切的拆离断层以及变质核杂岩构造,致使花岗岩浆底辟上涌和片麻岩穹隆的形成;200～190Ma以来,马尔康片麻岩穹隆的继续上隆,大量网状伟晶岩(包括含锂伟晶岩)侵位在幔部变质沉积岩中,岩体顶部聚集流体经结晶分异作用和高温萃取作用形成锂矿床.本文指出,马尔康片麻岩穹隆由于新生代逆冲作用,使北侧的可尔因和太阳河岩体抬升,南侧厚层晚三叠世幔部变质带埋深,为伟晶岩型锂矿床的保存创造了有利条件.     

藏南康马拆离断层的构造特征及其活动时代

藏南康马穹窿是北喜马拉雅片麻岩穹窿的经典代表,穹窿内发育上、下两条拆离断层并将穹窿分为三个构造层,其中上拆离断层分隔了上构造层未变质/轻微变质的特提斯喜马拉雅沉积岩系和中构造层的石榴石二云母片岩,而下拆离断层,即康马拆离断层,分隔了中构造层的石榴石二云母片岩和下构造层的片麻状二云母花岗岩。受康马拆离断层的影响,其上下两盘靠近拆离断层面处的岩石遭受强烈的韧性变形改造,形成了糜棱岩化石榴石二云母片岩和花岗质糜棱岩,宏观构造解析以及构造岩的显微构造分析表明,康马拆离断层经历了上盘向北的伸展拆离。本次研究采用40Ar/39Ar定年方法,选择拆离断层带内糜棱岩化石榴石二云母片岩中同变形新生白云母进行年代学测定,结果显示白云母40Ar/39Ar坪年龄为13.23±0.15 Ma,结合宏微观岩石矿物学分析,认为其代表了向北伸展拆离的变形时间,即康马拆离断层的活动时代,该时代与康马穹窿南部的藏南拆离系的活动时代一致,从年代学上暗示二者可能为同一条拆离断层,是在不同区域的出露,但该结论仍然需要更多地质、地球物理等方面的证据来证实。     

西藏南部康马穹隆的构造及其演化

基于详细地质填图，以及构造，岩石和热年代学研究，提出了一个新的西藏南部康巴穹隆的成因模式。康马地区第一期变形为南北方向的缩短，这一变形导致了康马穹隆地区的地壳增厚，同时伴随着一次热平衡以及峰期变质作用。第二期变形为水平方向的伸展和垂直方向的减薄。之后的变形为穹隆作用和岩体剥露，西藏南部的拆离系与康、马穹隆的形成是同期的，伴随着上盘岩层的收缩变形。沿西藏南部拆离系的正滑作用同时发生。显示在中新世西藏南部同时有伸展和收缩运动。     

北喜马拉雅E-W向伸展变形时限:来自藏南错那洞穹隆Ar-Ar年代学证据

特提斯喜马拉雅带以广泛发育近E-W向和近S-N向断裂以及北喜马拉雅片麻岩穹隆带为典型特征.藏南错那洞穹隆位于特提斯喜马拉带的东部,是近两年新发现并厘定的穹隆构造.该穹隆从外向内主要由3部分组成:上部单元（盖层）、中部单元（滑脱系）和下部单元（核部）,其中滑脱系主要由一套强烈变形的片岩、伟晶岩、花岗岩、大理岩和矽卡岩组成,片岩包括含石榴石云母片岩、含石榴石十字石云母片岩、含蓝晶石石榴石十字石片岩、含矽线石蓝晶石石榴石片岩和云母石英片岩.野外构造变形特征表明滑脱系为一条强烈变形的韧性剪切带,发育大量的鞘褶皱、"Z"形揉褶皱和眼球状构造、石榴石的旋转碎斑、S-C组构和压力影构造.错那洞穹隆记录了4期构造变形:第1期由北向南的逆冲挤压构造、第2期由南向北的韧性伸展构造、第3期近E-W向的韧性伸展构造变形和第4期成穹后的脆性垮塌构造.通过对滑脱系中含石榴石云母片岩的白云母进行Ar-Ar同位素测年,获得坪年龄为14.0±0.2 Ma,等时线年龄为13.7±0.5 Ma,二者基本一致,同时微观构造特征显示石英呈亚颗粒旋转重结晶（SGR）,其韧性变形的温度为450~550℃,该变形温度高于白云母的封闭温度.因此,白云母Ar-Ar坪年龄（14.0±0.2 Ma）代表错那洞穹隆近E-W向伸展变形的时间,也即近S-N向桑日-错那裂谷的活动时间.结合构造变形和年代学特征,认为错那洞穹隆是STDS向北伸展拆离的主导机制叠加后期近E-W向韧性伸展活动的结果.      

Structural analysis of sheath folds and geochronology in the Cuonadong Dome,southern Tibet,China: New constraints on the timing of the South Tibetan detachment system and its relationship to North Himalayan Gneiss Domes

Structural analysis and new zircon U/Pb geochronology were performed in the Cuonadong Dome in order to test the hypothesis that the top‐to‐North deformation in the North Himalayan Gneiss Domes (NHGD) has been correlated with deformation along the South Tibetan detachment system (STDS). Structural analysis suggests that the X‐axes of sheath folds at the different flanks of the dome are consistent, and show average a trend and plunge of 350° and 18°. Many shear sense indicators are recorded in the ductile shear zone during the top‐to‐north deformation, including the augen structure, σ‐type and δ‐type rotating porphyroclast, S–C fabric and pressure shadow structure. The development of the sheath folds first provide a direct‐field structural evidence that represents a deeper ductile manifestation of the STDS, and further suggests that the top‐to‐north deformation in the NHGD have been correlated with deformation along the STDS. The emplacement of the synkinematic granites at ca. 32 Ma exposed at the core of the sheath folds is also interpreted as the initiation of slip along the STDS.     

东喜马拉雅缺口的地质与地貌成因

东喜马拉雅缺口位于西藏东南部米林地区,平均海拔高度只有4500m,远远低于喜马拉雅山其它地段。我们的研究揭示,它的形成是由一条规模很大的,称之为米林韧性正断层的活动造成的。断层带的宽度至少有20km,大体倾向西,主要由眼球状糜棱岩组成,岩石中的拉伸线理以及眼球旋转的方式表明位于其东西两侧的高喜马拉雅深变质岩系和特提斯喜马拉雅中浅变质岩系之间发生过大规模的拆离运动,导致了东喜马拉雅构造结的最高峰——南迦巴瓦(7756m)的早期抬升以及特提斯喜马拉雅的重力垮塌。该断裂的南西端和藏南拆离系(STDS)相交,因此,它很可能是藏南拆离系的东翼断裂,同样形成于中新世。拆离构造的发生表明喜马拉雅山在中新世发生南北向构造缩短的同时还伴随着近东西向的拉伸。米林断裂的北东端和派区断裂相接。后者在中新世呈左旋剪切,构成东喜马拉雅挤入构造的西边界。米林断裂和上述两个断裂的衔接关系表明该断裂是一个协调高喜马拉雅和特提斯喜马拉雅之间斜向拆离运动的转换断层。     

中蒙边界区亚干变质核杂岩的组成与结构

亚干核杂岩的变质核由条带状片麻岩、大理岩-糜棱状片(麻)岩、糜棱片麻状花岗岩、石英片岩等单位组成,拆离带由糜棱岩带、绿泥石化带、微角砾岩-假熔岩带、拆离断层面、断层泥和断层角砾构成,上盘岩系主要有二叠系、侏罗系、白垩系以及白云质大理岩异地块体.这些单位从构造角度可归结为3层结构并发育2个拆离带,显示了多层构造岩片由多个韧性拆离带经过长期递进伸展抬升叠置的特点,可能揭示了一种大陆内部多层伸展构造体系的特征.     

Structure and geochronology of the southern Xainza-Dinggye rift and its relationship to the south Tibetan detachment system

The Xainza-Dinggye rift is one of several north-south trending rifts in central and southern Tibet created by Cenozoic east-west extension during Indo-Asian convergence. The southern part of the rift cuts through the Tethyan and High Himalayas. In the Tethyan Himalaya, this rift consists of an early domal structure and a late normal fault developed during the progressive deformation. The dome is cored by leucogranitic plutons that intruded during extension. Muscovite ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ages of the mylonitic leucogranite indicate that extension in the Tethyan Himalaya began at 8 Ma or before. In the High Himalaya, the rift is controlled by a normal fault dipping to the southeast. This fault has a structural constitution similar to a detachment fault. Its lower block is made up of mylonitic High Himalayan gneiss, intruded by early mylonitic leucogranite sills and late less-deformed biotite-bearing leucogranite dikes. Mica ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ages of these leucogranites and the retrograded metamorphosed gneiss of the lower block range from 13 to 10 Ma. In the study area, the south Tibetan detachment system (STDS) is a ductile shear zone composed of mylonitic leucogranite that is intruded by less-deformed leucogranite and overlain by low grade metamorphic rocks. Mica ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ages of leucogranites in the shear zone and schist from the detachment hanging wall indicate a protracted deformation history of the STDS from 19 to 13 Ma. The Xainza-Dinggye rift is younger than the STDS because it offsets the STDS; this north-south trending rift belongs to a different tectonic system from the east-west striking STDS, and may be caused by geological process related to India–Asia convergence. This temporal and spatial relationship of the STDS to the rift may indicate an important change in tectonic regime at 13 Ma in the building of the plateau.     

Late Miocene movement within the Himalayan Main Central Thrust shear zone, Sikkim, north-east India

In the Sikkim region of north‐east India, the Main Central Thrust (MCT) juxtaposes high‐grade gneisses of the Greater Himalayan Crystallines over lower‐grade slates, phyllites and schists of the Lesser Himalaya Formation. Inverted metamorphism characterizes rocks that immediately underlie the thrust, and the large‐scale South Tibet Detachment System (STDS) bounds the northern side of the Greater Himalayan Crystallines. In situ Th–Pb monazite ages indicate that the MCT shear zone in the Sikkim region was active at c. 22, 14–15 and 12–10 Ma, whereas zircon and monazite ages from a slightly deformed horizon of a High Himalayan leucogranite within the STDS suggest normal slip activity at c. 17 and 14–15 Ma. Although average monazite ages decrease towards structurally lower levels of the MCT shear zone, individual results do not follow a progressive younging pattern. Lesser Himalaya sample KBP1062A records monazite crystallization from 11.5 ± 0.2 to 12.2 ± 0.1 Ma and peak conditions of 610 ± 25 °C and 7.5 ± 0.5 kbar, whereas, in the MCT shear zone rock CHG14103, monazite crystallized from 13.8 ± 0.5 to 11.9 ± 0.3 Ma at lower grade conditions of 525 ± 25 °C and 6 ± 1 kbar. The P–T–t results indicate that the shear zone experienced a complicated slip history, and have implications for the understanding of mid‐crustal extrusion and the role of out‐of‐sequence thrusts in convergent plate tectonic settings.     

NORMAL-SLIP ALONG THE NORTHERN ALTYN TAGH FAULT, NORTH TIBET

NORMAL-SLIP ALONG THE NORTHERN ALTYN TAGH FAULT, NORTH TIBET     

A structural transect in the Lower Dolpo: Insights on the tectonic evolution of Western Nepal

We present the results of a structural transect in Lower Dolpo, cross-cutting the upper part of the Lesser Himalaya (LH), the Higher Himalayan Crystallines (HHC) and the lower part of the Tibetan Sedimentary Sequence (TSS). The MCT zone affects the upper part of the LH as well as the lower part of the HHC and shows a later brittle reactivation. Mean vorticity in the MCT points to non-coaxial deformation. These data, together with available kinematic data along the belt, on the South Tibetan Detachment System (STDS) and in the core of the HHC, point to increasing simple shear toward the tectonic boundaries. A top-to-the-SW high-temperature shear zone (Toijem Shear Zone) is recognized in the middle part of the HHC at the boundary between Units 1 and 2. It developed during the earlier stages of exhumation of the HHC, enhancing the decompression of the hanging wall and the emplacement of leucogranite dykes and sills. Its development could be explained by a change in the velocity profile during the extrusion of the HHC, triggered by first order changes in rock types of the tectonic unit. The STDS is marked by a wide zone of high strain and by a metamorphic jump from amphibolite facies in the carbonate rocks of the upper part of the HHC to greenschist facies marbles in the lower part of the TSS. The development of a pervasive foliation towards the bottom of the TSS indicates increasing strain, related to top down-to-the-NE tectonic transport. A Low P metamorphic event, marked by the growth of post-D1 biotite porphyroblasts at the base of the TSS, is related to the conductive heating from the underlying HHC.