苏鲁造山带浅变质岩的成因及其大地构造意义

苏鲁造山带超高压变质带内部及其北缘,出露仅经过绿片岩相变质作用的浅变质岩系。通过对该浅变质岩的区域分布、地质特征及地球化学的综合研究,表明这些浅变质岩系与大别-苏鲁造山带大陆板块俯冲存在密切的成因关系,为扬子板块俯冲过程中被刮削下来的构造残片,构成大陆板块俯冲过程中形成的构造加积杂岩。在此基础上,厘定了苏鲁造山带的构造成因模型,并对苏鲁造山带的东延问题进行了讨论。     

大别造山带浅变质岩的地质-地球化学特征及成因机制

大别造山带超高压变质带内部及其北缘,出露仅经过绿片岩相变质作用的浅变质岩系。通过对部分浅变质岩的区域分布、地质特征及地球化学的综合研究表明,这些浅变质岩系形成于新元古代扬子板块北缘的裂陷盆地中,并遭受新元古代岩浆侵位和以寒冷气候位特征的大气降水热液蚀变,共同经历了与扬子大陆板块俯冲-碰撞过程中有关的构造热事件;因此认为这些浅变质为扬子板块俯冲过程中被“刮”下来的构造残片,为大陆板块俯冲过程中形成的加积杂岩,并为扬子板块与华北板块的俯冲和碰撞的动力学过程提供有力的科学佐证。在此基础上,厘定了大别造山带浅变质岩的形成及其与扬子大陆板块俯冲的构造模型。     

扬子板块俯冲的构造加积楔

在总结大洋板块俯冲形成加积楔的基础上，对大别－苏鲁造山带内部及北缘浅变质岩进行了系统的研究，指出它们是扬子大陆板块俯冲的构造加积楔，这些浅变质岩既有产出在造山带北缘，也有少量出露在超高压变质带的内部，它们均形成于前印支期扬子板块北缘，主体为低绿片岩相变质的复理石相沉积岩和少量侵入岩，并遭受了与造山带超高 为质岩相同的加里东－印支期构造热事件的改造，具有板块俯冲过程中被刮削下来的构造残睛－加积楔的形成机制和特征。垂向剖面上，这些浅变质岩原岩主要由表层浅海复理石相沉积岩系和下伏陆壳基底岩石（花岗质侵入体－变质中基性杂-岩大理岩组合）两部分组成，而超高压变质岩原岩主要为扬子板块北缘的俯冲击壳基底岩石，将构造加积楔形成理论纳入到印支期扬了变质岩及构造加积楔形成过程的时空耦合关系，确定子扬子板块俯冲加积楔不同构造部位浅变质岩的构造组合特点，探讨了扬子板块俯冲过程中构造加积楔形成的动力学过程。     

苏鲁超高压带内石桥浅变质岩的地质成因及其研究意义

苏鲁造山带超高压变质带内部出露仅经过绿片岩相变质作用的浅变质岩系,地质调查显示,石桥浅变质岩与周边超高压变质岩呈构造接触(构造片岩);地球化学研究证实,该浅变质岩形成于扬子板块北缘大陆边缘厚地壳上裂陷或沉积盆地的构造背景;单矿物电子探针分析结果显示,其部分浅变质岩发育多硅白云母,形成于中-高压相变质环境,说明这些浅变质岩曾经历大陆板块俯冲的动力变质作用过程。在此基础上,进一步讨论浅变质岩的成因机制及其与超高压变质岩和扬子板块俯冲之间的关系。     

扬子板块俯冲加积杂岩的初步研究

根据大别—苏鲁造山带浅变质岩系的地质产状,本文将其与高压—超高压岩石一起作为大陆板块俯冲的加积杂岩来考虑,发现它们在岩石类型、变质时代和原岩性质等方面具有一定的可比性,因此可看作为扬子板块大陆俯冲的加积杂岩。由此根据板块俯冲的加积楔模型,对浅变质岩系的形成和演化过程进行了地球动力学解释,结果对扬子板块俯冲及其与华北板块碰撞的俯冲带和缝合带位置提供了制约。     

大别-苏鲁造山带的东延及板块缝合线:郯庐-鸭绿江-延吉断裂的厘定

根据大别-苏鲁造山带北缘和吉林-黑龙江东部的三叠纪浅变质加积杂岩特征标志,认为大别地区的板块缝合线为信阳-舒城断裂,苏鲁地区的为郯庐-鸭绿江断裂,且苏鲁造山带向北延入东北的吉林-黑龙江东部地区,而华北与扬子板块之间构造缝合线的东延部分则为郯庐-鸭绿江-图们江-延吉断裂。在此基础上,提出了亚洲东部三叠纪以来连续的俯冲-加积模型：(1)三叠纪扬子板块在华北板块向南突出部位(大别-苏鲁一带)发生点碰撞形成超高压变质岩,之后扬子板块由点碰撞逐渐向两侧旋转拼贴形成加积杂岩;(2)侏罗纪-新生代在三叠纪碰撞基础上,太平洋板块向欧亚大陆连续俯冲和加积,进而形成由三叠纪-新生代杂岩组成的欧亚大陆东部地区的巨大加积杂岩带。     

大别—苏鲁超高压变质带内部的浅变质岩

大别苏鲁超高压变质带内部零星出露有若干呈构造残片状产出的浅变质岩，主要以变质碎屑岩－千枚岩－大理岩组合为代表，遭受过低绿片岩相变质和脆－韧性变形作用的改造，与围岩均为构造接触（断层或韧性剪切带）。微古生物化石研究表明，其原岩为震旦纪前后扬子板块北缘的浅海相沉积。同位素年代学研究指示，它们经历过加里东期和印支期构造热事件的影响，与区域超高压岩石经受的构造热事件时间一致；氧同位素研究得到，部分浅变质岩原岩曾遭受过高温大气降水热液蚀变，与区域超高压岩石经受的构造热事件时间一致；氧同位素研究得到，部分浅变质岩原岩曾遭受过高温大气降水热液蚀变，与区域超高压岩石的同位素特征一致。这些浅变质岩的原岩为扬子板块北缘震旦系沉积岩及其中的火山碎屑岩，构造上具有板块俯冲过程中的刮削岩片－构造加积楔的产状和形成机制，因此可以是大陆板块俯冲加积楔的一部分。     

大别山南部的低级变质岩:宿松群和张八岭群

大别山南部的浅变质岩指宿松群和张八岭群。前者为扬子大陆被动边缘沉积,不整合在扬子大陆晚元古代的结晶基底之上,后者为古大别洋的洋壳,它和北部浅变质岩佛子岭群和梅山群一起,与洋壳俯冲造山带主要构造单元有良好的对应关系。     

“秦岭-大别-苏鲁”造山带中“古特提斯缝合带”的连接

中国大陆西北部的"古特提斯缝合带"如何与东面的"秦岭-大别-苏鲁"造山带连接,是涉及中国大陆中部构造格架的关键问题之一。南秦岭造山带中的古特提斯蛇绿岩带和东秦岭-桐柏-大别-苏鲁造山带中三叠纪高压-超高压变质带的对比,以及一条位于两者之间的220~204 Ma的大型左行走滑剪切带的存在,提供了它们之间关系的新的视角,为此,我们提出南秦岭的勉略蛇绿岩带向东通过宁陕-湘河大型左行走滑剪切带,和大陆俯冲与深俯冲造成的"耀岭河-桐柏-大别-苏鲁"高压—超高压变质带北缘连接,构成"秦岭-大别-苏鲁"造山带中的古特提斯缝合带新模式。沿着这条边界,南秦岭构造单元可以分为南部的南秦岭被动陆缘单元和北部的南秦岭主动陆缘单元,后者向东的延伸由于南、北板块之间三叠纪的剪切碰撞而尖灭。     

大别造山带北部石竹河片麻岩的锆石U—Pb年龄及其地质意义

大别造山带北部石竹河二长片麻岩的锆石U-Pb年龄测定结果表明,其原岩形成时代为707±42Ma,在229±18Ma曾受到高温变质作用。这一结果表明印支期变质作用不仅反映在大别造山带南部的变质岩中,而且造山带北部的部分变质岩也保存了这一重要记录。大别造山带北部存在印支期变质年龄的片麻岩、榴辉岩或残留相表明,该地块与造山带南部一样是印支期板块俯冲碰撞中俯冲板块的一部分。华北和扬子板块的碰撞缝合线可能位于大别造山带的北侧。     

Two Discrete UHP and HP Metamorphic Belts in the Central Orogenic Belt, China

INTRODUCTION Anew ultrahigh pressure ( UHP) metamorphicbelt ,the South Altun-North Qaidam-North QinlingUHP metamorphic belt ,has been recently discoveredand widely discussed by different workers (Yang J Set al .,2003 ,2002 ,2001 ,2000 ,1998 ;Zhang J Xetal .,2002 ,1999 ; Zhang G et al .,2001 ; Hu et al .,1996 ,1995 ,1994) . Detailed studies have also beencarried out onthe Dabie-Sulu UHP/ HP metamorphicbelt inthe central orogenic belt (COB) of China (Gaoet al .,2002 ;Sun et al …     

秦岭造山带是印支碰撞造山带吗?

国内外一些学者认为秦岭是一个印支碰撞造山带.但迄今为止,秦岭尚未发现三叠纪或古生代延续到三叠纪的洋盆存在的任何痕迹.秦岭泥盆系-三叠系为滨、浅海相沉积,没有远洋沉积,更没有镁铁质和超镁铁质岩石及与之密切相关的放射虫硅质岩组成的蛇绿岩套.泥盆系与下伏地质体之间有一个清楚的区域性角度不整合.商丹断裂并不是印支期,而是加里东期的板块缝合带;其两侧,中朝板块南缘和扬子板块北缘均有十分清楚的加里东造山作用的记录.沉积于扬子板块北缘的中上泥盆统刘岭群的放射性铅同位素组成与北秦岭相近,碎屑锆石年龄谱系亦证明其物质主要来自中朝板块南缘的北秦岭造山带.所谓勉略印支缝合带中的勉略和三里岗蛇绿混杂岩中的镁铁质岩,同位素测年均为元古代之产物,后者又被南华系-震旦系沉积覆盖.所谓勉略缝合带,实为一区域性大断裂带.早古生代,其北侧属扬子板块北部被动边缘;南侧为扬子板块核心部分的扬子准地台(小克拉通).所以,秦岭的印支造山作用,并不是洋盆消失后的陆陆碰撞造山作用,而是海盆消失后的中朝与扬子2个小陆块间逆冲-叠覆造山作用.作为秦岭东延的大别山超高压变质带被认为是秦岭印支碰撞造山的重要证据之一,但大别山超高压变质岩是在造山作用过程中动态超高压条件下形成的,仅用简单的静岩压力来计算其形成深度,显然是不符合实际情况的.野外地质观察、构造地质学、变质岩石学、同位素地质学、地球化学、地球物理学以及物理实验等方面的实际资料和研究结果均说明超高压变质作用并不是在上地幔而是在地壳内进行的.南秦岭-大别山的地壳构造层次,上地壳自上而下依次为:未变质的沉积岩层、绿帘-蓝片岩层、高压变质岩层、超高压变质岩层;下地壳为未卷入超高压变质作用的麻粒岩相-高角闪岩相变质杂岩.含柯石英的超高压单位只是位于上地壳下部的厚约10～12km的席状构造岩片.初步认为上地壳这一从低压到高压再到超高压的构造系统,是印支造山期间,南秦岭-大别山的上地壳以下地壳顶部为主剪切滑动面,多层次剪切作用造成的.上地壳下部的超高压变质岩,则可能是强烈剪切引起的频繁地震的震源区瞬时超高压作用的结果.     

Tectonic evolution of a composite collision orogen: An overview on the Qinling–Tongbai–Hong'an–Dabie–Sulu orogenic belt in central China

The formation of collisional orogens is a prominent feature in convergent plate margins. It is generally a complex process involving multistage tectonism of compression and extension due to continental subduction and collision. The Paleozoic convergence between the South China Block (SCB) and the North China Block (NCB) is associated with a series of tectonic processes such as oceanic subduction, terrane accretion and continental collision, resulting in the Qinling–Tongbai–Hong'an–Dabie–Sulu orogenic belt. While the arc–continent collision orogeny is significant during the Paleozoic in the Qinling–Tongbai–Hong'an orogens of central China, the continent–continent collision orogeny is prominent during the early Mesozoic in the Dabie–Sulu orogens of east-central China. This article presents an overview of regional geology, geochronology and geochemistry for the composite orogenic belt. The Qinling–Tongbai–Hong'an orogens exhibit the early Paleozoic HP–UHP metamorphism, the Carboniferous HP metamorphism and the Paleozoic arc-type magmatism, but the three tectonothermal events are absent in the Dabie–Sulu orogens. The Triassic UHP metamorphism is prominent in the Dabie–Sulu orogens, but it is absent in the Qinling–Tongbai orogens. The Hong'an orogen records both the HP and UHP metamorphism of Triassic age, and collided continental margins contain both the juvenile and ancient crustal rocks. So do in the Qinling and Tongbai orogens. In contrast, only ancient crustal rocks were involved in the UHP metamorphism in the Dabie–Sulu orogenic belt, without involvement of the juvenile arc crust. On the other hand, the deformed and low-grade metamorphosed accretionary wedge was developed on the passive continental margin during subduction in the late Permian to early Triassic along the northern margin of the Dabie–Sulu orogenic belt, and it was developed on the passive oceanic margin during subduction in the early Paleozoic along the northern margin of the Qinling orogen.Three episodes of arc–continent collision are suggested to occur during the Paleozoic continental convergence between the SCB and NCB. The first episode of arc–continent collision is caused by northward subduction of the North Qinling unit beneath the Erlangping unit, resulting in UHP metamorphism at ca. 480–490 Ma and the accretion of the North Qinling unit to the NCB. The second episode of arc–continent collision is caused by northward subduction of the Prototethyan oceanic crust beneath an Andes-type continental arc, leading to granulite-facies metamorphism at ca. 420–430 Ma and the accretion of the Shangdan arc terrane to the NCB and reworking of the North Qinling, Erlangping and Kuanping units. The third episode of arc–continent collision is caused by northward subduction of the Paleotethyan oceanic crust, resulting in the HP eclogite-facies metamorphism at ca. 310 Ma in the Hong'an orogen and low-P metamorphism in the Qinling–Tongbai orogens as well as crustal accretion to the NCB. The closure of backarc basins is also associated with the arc–continent collision processes, with the possible cause for granulite-facies metamorphism. The massive continental subduction of the SCB beneath the NCB took place in the Triassic with the final continent–continent collision and UHP metamorphism at ca. 225–240 Ma. Therefore, the Qinling–Tongbai–Hong'an–Dabie–Sulu orogenic belt records the development of plate tectonics from oceanic subduction and arc-type magmatism to arc–continent and continent–continent collision.     

Kanfenggou UHP Metamorphic Fragment in Eastern Qinling Orogen and Its Relationship to Dabie-Sulu UHP and HP Metamorphic Belts, Central China

In the Central Orogenic Belt, China, two UHP metamorphic belts are discriminated mainly based on a detailed structural analysis of the Kanfenggou UHP metamorphic fragment exposed in the eastern Qinling orogen, and together with previous regional structural, petrological and geochronological data at the scale of the orogenic domain. The first one corresponds to the South Altun-North QaidamNorth Qinling UHP metarnorphic belt. The other is the Dabie-Sulu UHP and HP metamorphic belts. The two UHP metamorphic belts are separated by a series of tectonic slices composed by the Qiniing rock group, Danfeng rock group and Liuling or Foziling rock group etc. respectively, and are different in age of the peak UHP metamorphism and geodynamic implications for continental deep subduction and collision. Regional field and petrological relationships suggest that the Kanfenggou UHP metamorphic fragment that contains a large volume of the coesite- and microdiamond-bearing eclogite lenses is compatible with the structures recognized in the South Altun and North Qaidam UHP metamorphic fragments exposed in the western part of China, thereby forming a large UHP metamorphic belt up to 1000 km long along the orogen strike. This UHP metamorphic belt represents an intercontinental deep subduction and collision belt between the Yangtze and Sino-Korean cratons, occurred during the Paleozoic. On the other hand, the well-constrained Dabie-Sulu UHP and HP metamorphic belts occurred mainly during Triassic time (250-220 Ma), and were produced by the intracontinental deep subduction and collision within the Yangtze craton. The Kanfenggou UHP metamorphic fragment does not appear to link with the DabieSulu UHP and HP metamorphic belts along the orogen. There is no reason to assume the two UHP metamorphic belts as a single giant deep subduction and collision zone in the Central Orogenic Belt situated between the Yangtze and Sino-Korean cratons. Therefore, any dynamic model for the orogen must ac-count for the development of UHP metarnorphic rocks belonging to the separate two tectonic belts of different age and tectono-metamorphic history.