中国中温带东部生态地理区划的土壤指标

Eco-geographic regional system is formed by division or combination of natural features based on geographic relativity and comparison of major ecosystem factors (including biological and non-biological) and geographic zonality. In previous studies, soil types were often taken as a basis for soil regionalization. However, the quantitative characteristics of soil indicators are fitter than the qualitative ones of soil types for modern regionalization researches. Based on the second China’s national soil survey data and the provincial soil resource information, by principal analysis and discriminant analysis, this paper discusses the appropriate soil indicators as the complement of eco-geographic region indicator systems and the relationships between these soil indicators and soil types in regionalization. The results show that five indicators are used in eco-geographic zonality in mid-temperate zone of eastern China which are organic matter content, cation exchange capacity, pH, clay content and bulk density in topsoils. With a regression-kriging approach, the maps of soil indicators in mid-temperate zone of eastern China are compiled with a resolution of 1 km in every grid and the indicative meanings of these soil indicators are discussed. By cluster analysis it is proved that these soil indicators are better than the soil types and soil regionalization in delineating eco-geographic regions. Foundation: National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.40771016 Author: Liu Ye (1980–), Ph.D, specialized in integrated physical geography.     

中国中温带东部生态地理区划的土壤指标选择

中国生态地理区域系统是我国区域系统研究定量化、系统化、动态性发展的重要成果。 为深入探讨其土壤指标体系建设问题, 以《中国土种志》和省级土壤资料中的剖面点数据为 基础, 采用主成分分析与判别分析相结合的方法, 以中温带东部地区为例, 探讨适合进行中 温带东部地区生态地理区域系统划分的土壤指标; 在此基础上对代表中温带东部地区生态地理区域特征的土壤类型进行聚类分析。结果表明： A 层有机质含量、阳离子交换量、pH 值、 粘粒含量和土壤容重等5 项指标在中温带东部的生态地理区域划分中作为土壤指标较为合适; 运用回归克里格方法, 得到5 项土壤指标的空间分布数据库; 与区划中土壤类型和单项土壤区划相比, 简洁量化的土壤指标更适宜系统的表述中温带东部的生态地理区域特点。     

中国生态地理区域系统区划

Eco-geographic regionalization has been one of the most important topics in China‘s regionalization researches since the end of the 20th century. It is a major ecosystem in geographic zonality. A hierarchical system, which is formed by division or combination of natural features based on geographic relativity and comparison of major ecosystem factors (including biological and non-biological) and geographic zonality, is called eco-geographic regional system. This paper introduces process of China‘s regionalization development. The first level unit, temperature zone, is delineated with main criteria of temperature. The second level unit, humidity region, is based on criteria of water/moisture states. The third level unit, natural region, is divided according to medium geomorphologic units. Vegetation types and soils are applied as supplementary criteria to indicate temperature and water/moisture states. Mapping process from qualitative to quantitative and China‘s eco-geographic regional system are also explained in this paper.     

Delineation of eco-geographic regional system of China

Eco-geographic regionalization has been one of the most important topics in China's regionalization researches since the end of the 20th century. It is a major ecosystem in geographic zonality. A hierarchical system, which is formed by division or combination of natural features based on geographic relativity and comparison of major ecosystem factors (including biological and non-biological) and geographic zonality, is called eco-geographic regional system. This paper introduces process of China's regionalization development. The first level unit, temperature zone, is delineated with main criteria of temperature. The second level unit, humidity region, is based on criteria of water/moisture states. The third level unit, natural region, is divided according to medium geomorphologic units. Vegetation types and soils are applied as supplementary criteria to indicate temperature and water/moisture states. Mapping process from qualitative to quantitative and China's eco-geographic regional system are also explained in this paper.     

基于地理探测器的中国亚热带北界探讨

暖温带与亚热带的分界线,是自然区划中一条重要的自然界线,它的划分问题曾引起诸多学科学者的争论。由于早期综合自然区划研究多以定性、专家集成方法为主,同时区划目的、使用指标等多有不同,导致不同学者所划分的自然区多存在一定的差异。本文基于空间分异性思想,使用地理探测器定量探测气候指标对中国亚热带北界的影响,选择其中q值较大的指标如日均温≥0℃天数、最冷月1月均温、年降水和湿润指数等作为主导因子并参考植被、土壤数据探讨亚热带北界界线的位置。结果表明：① 地理探测器法可以快速、准确地筛选自然区划的主要气候指标,并确定分界线的准确位置,提高了自然区划研究的技术水平和区划界线的客观性。② 使用地理探测器划分的新界线在研究区西部位于秦岭南坡1000~1600 m的位置,与以往界线相比略偏南;在研究区东部河南东部、安徽北部比以往界线略偏北。在保持自然要素完整性的同时,新界线具有更大的q值,表明新界线可以很好的反映暖温带与北亚热带2个区划带之间的差异,划分结果具有合理性。     

基于可拓工程方法的生态地理区域系统界线划分研究--以中温带半湿润、半干旱区为例

利用可拓工程方法中的物元模型对生态地理区域系统的界线划分问题进行了研究，通过选取样本和指标对单指标关联函数和多指标综合关联函数进行了定量计算。在此基础上，通过专家集成确定了中国中温带半湿润、半干旱区之间的界线，弥补了单指标和定性划分的不足，有助于中国生态地理区域系统的构建。     

Delineation of boundary between tropical/subtropical in the middle section for eco-geographic system of South China

This paper discusses division on tropical/subtropical boundary of middle section in South China. This discussion results in new understanding on eco-geographic regions and their boundaries, especially on gradual changes of natural conditions between eco-geographic regions. It analyzes results of the same area by other researchers, clarifies differences and causes of the differences for the results. Boundaries of eco-geographic regions cannot be drawn as a line as changes from tropical to subtropical are gradual. Therefore, for an eco-geographic region like tropical zone, definite boundaries must be mapped while gradual changes are considered. Temperature, vegetation and soil are the indexes to divide tropical and subtropical. After indexes of tropical zone are confirmed, data of annual average index reflect general state of the tropical zone. Line from such data is called “tropical boundary”. On the other hand, affected by the monsoon climate, some years are hotter and some are cooler. In hotter years, temperature of north area of tropical boundary reaches tropical state whereas in cooler years, such area moves southward. Boundary of the hottest year is called annual tropical line and that of the coolest year true tropical line. Temperatures in areas south to annual tropical line can probably reach tropical in some years. Temperatures in areas south to real tropical line reach tropical every year. The area from true tropical to annual tropical is called tropical fluctuating zone. Therefore, new concepts of tropical, annual tropical, true tropical and tropical fluctuating zone are formed to understand tropical area from a new point of view in the paper. Based on the indexes of climate, vegetation and soil, boundaries of tropical, annual tropical, true tropical and tropical fluctuating zone of the study area are established. The tropical fluctuating zone explains different locating of different researchers. The paper also puts forward a new method to display boundary for eco-geographic regions.     

生态地理区域系统的比较研究

生态地理区域系统通过对代表自然界宏观生态系统的生物和非生物要素地理相关性的比较研究和综合分析,按照自然界的地理地带分异规律,划分或合并而形成不同等级的区域系统。用中国的研究与国外同类研究的比较,可以拓宽这一领域的思路,便于在这一领域与国外的学者使用相似的科学语言进行学术交流,使中国这一领域的研究走向世界。本文从生态地理区域系统的发展过程、等级单位、指标体系与表达方法,区域划分等方面将中国有代表性的生态地理区域系统与国外同类研究进行比较,认为中外的研究有许多共同之处,如目标、研究内容和服务对象与环境、生态、全球变化等联系在一起,其中与美国R. Bailey所划分的美国、北美和全球生态地理区域更为接近,在等级系统、指标体系、表达方式到划分结果有近似之处。地域的差异,指标使用的不同,制图过程和表达方式的差异造成了区域划分的差别,似可以通过野外实地生态类型的辨识来加以修订。     

青藏高原土壤区划

提出了青藏高原土壤区划的原则和土壤区划单位（土壤地带－土区）系统及新的区划方案，并简述了各土壤地带与代表性土区的成土环境特点、土地利用方向及代表性的山地土壤垂直带谱。     

Delineation of boundary between tropical/subtropical in the middle section for eco-geographic system of South China

Eco-geographic system is a hierarchic regional system that is divided or combined according to comparison and integrated analysis on geographic regions related to biological and non-biological factors, and differentiation of the earth surface. Eco-geographic system serves as a scientific basis that is significant for regional corresponding to global change, establishment of environmental monitoring network, setting up ecological observation stations, rational natural resources use, land managem…     

横断山区土壤区划

本文概述了横断山区土壤区划的历史,提出了该区土壤区划的原则和土壤区划单位系统(土壤地带—土区—土片)以及新的区划方案,并侧重论述了各土壤地带与土区的成土环境特点、土地利用方向及其代表性的山地土壤垂直带谱。     

基于地理探测器的中国陆地热带北界探讨

热带北界一直是中国综合自然区划研究中争议较大的问题之一,不同学者基于不同区划指标和方法等划定的中国热带北界界线差异较大。基于空间分异性的综合自然区划思想,依托最新的基于统计学原理的地理探测器模型,以气候要素为主导指标,辅以土壤类型与作物熟制等,探讨中国陆地热带北界的界线。结果表明：① 依据地理探测器模型所确定的中国陆地热带北界,自西向东依次经过滇、桂、粤和闽的临沧、思茅、玉溪、个旧、百色、马山、贵港、梧州、肇庆、广州、惠州、河源、梅州、漳州、泉州和莆田等地附近,其与最冷月均温12 ℃等温线、赤红壤与红壤界线及双季稻或双季稻连作喜温旱作与单（双）季稻连作喜凉旱作的分界线等基本吻合;② 利用地理探测器确定的中国陆地热带北界新界线的各项指标决定力q值的均值为0.40,分异明显,满足层内同质性和层间异质性最大的区划原则,完全达到了热带与亚热带的区域空间异质性要求,其划分结果合理可信,表明地理探测器模型可为综合自然区划提供良好的技术支撑。     

Spatial function regionalization and governance of coastal zone: A case study in Ningbo City

Reasonable development and utilization of spatial resources in the coastal zone not only affects the development quality of the marine economy but also impacts the utilization efficiency of spatial resources, playing an important role in regional sustainable development. Depending on the natural, economic, and societal characteristics of a region, research topics such as using relevant methods to divide the coastline, proper spatial development of the coast, protecting coastal zones, and achieving higher spatial resource distribution efficiency have recently become hot topics in geographic research. Most of the scholars construct the evaluation index system from the perspective of economic and ecological factors and undertake some exploration of the division methods. However, the selection of indicators for a coastal zone needs a different and more scientific approach. There is a need for emphasizing the overall strategy of land-ocean integration in developing spatial resources in a coastal zone. Taking the coastal zone in Ningbo as an example, this paper develops a new evaluation framework and spatial function regionalization method that is used to divide the coastline and coastal zone. Based on the perspective of overall strategy for the land and ocean, we evaluate the suitability of coastline development. We then propose the spatial function regionalization of the coastal zone. Finally, based on the status quo of spatial development in Ningbo, we divide the coastal zone into ecological space, production space and living space, and propose adjustment directions and control requirements for the different types of spatial layouts.     

西藏大骨节病区的地理环境特征

西藏90%以上的大骨节病县分布在高山温带环境中,病区最暖月平均气温在10~18℃之间,≥0℃日数在180~350天之间;病区集中分布在喜马拉雅山与冈底斯山和念青唐古拉山之间以及横断山北段山间地带的山区或高山谷地地区,病县山地、丘陵占78.4%,非病县山地、丘陵面积占66.7%;就海拔高度而言,病区主要分布在3600~4000m之间;病区涉及多种类型的耕作土壤,其中酸性棕壤和暗棕壤、灰褐土和石灰性褐土、褐土性土等淋溶、半淋溶土壤类型是大骨节病集中分布区;在高山土壤类型中病区趋于分布在典型亚高山草甸土和山地灌丛草原土地带,而亚高山草原土带相对较少。西藏大骨节病区地理环境特征既与内地大骨节病区有很强的相似性,又因其独特的地域分异格局而具特殊性。     

白马雪山自然保护区土壤类型及其分布规律

本文通过野外实地考察、土样室内理化分析以及有关资料整理结果，阐明了白马雪山自然保护区的土壤类型和理论化性状。此外还讨论了该保护区土壤在空间上的分布规律。     

中国热带,亚热带西部地区热量带的划分

我国热带，亚热带西部地区山多，高原广，垂直地带性的影响，给热量带的划分带来了困难，因为垂直气候都具有在该地区纬向气候带的基础上衍生而生的，因此，亚热带西部地区热量带的划分也应以纬向地带性为主，基带气候为中亚热带的云贵高原和金沙江河谷仍应归属于中亚热带，青藏高原破坏了纬向地带性规律，其东侧应有一条亚热带西界，这一界线应是北、中、南亚热带遇到青藏高原后的中断界线，而不是北、中、南亚热带与青藏高原寒气候     

1961—2010年中国东北半干旱区东界变化趋势分析

气候带边界的变化是大尺度地理特征对气候变化的响应方式之一,半干旱区的边界变化对其响应尤为敏感。我们整合了中国东北地区50年(1961—2010年)的气象数据,以降水量和温度所计算的干燥度指数作为干湿气候带划分的指标,在ArcGIS中采用Kriging空间插值法,在不同时间尺度上分析了近50年来中国东北半干旱区东界的波动趋势。结果表明:中国东北半干旱区界限变化呈整体向东、向南扩展的趋势,其变化受时间累积效应的影响,在50年(1961—2010年)尺度上范围最大,面积为285 648.4km2。数据分析表明,降水量减少是导致半干旱区边界变化的主要因素,气温的影响次之。     

中国东部山地森林土壤动物多样性

以近 2 0年来中国东部土壤动物的研究资料 ,定性定量地分析了中国东部山地森林土壤动物多样性及其时空分布及人类活动对动物多样性的影响。     

中蒙俄经济走廊生态经济区划研究

区划是地理学认识地理环境地域分异规律和优化人地关系地域系统结构与功能的有效手段。本文首先借鉴已有研究,对区域生态经济学这门新兴交叉学科及生态经济区划等相关概念进行了界定,明确了生态经济区划原则。其次,通过设计两级生态经济区划方案,首次对中蒙俄三国重要的经济增长轴带“中蒙俄经济走廊”这一国际区域进行了生态经济区划探索研究。基于研究区地貌、气候等自然地理要素以及经济开发强度等人文经济要素,首先将研究区划分为6类生态经济区。通过引入人均环境污染物产生量、土地利用类型、产业结构、人均GDP、城镇化率等具体生态环境和经济社会指标,进一步将研究区细化为19类生态经济亚区。最后,综合对比分析各类生态经济亚区的生态环境与经济社会特征及地域分异规律,贯彻绿色可持续发展理念,将其确定为优化发展区、重点发展区和保育发展区3类,并提出了针对不同类型区的绿色发展建议。本研究将为中蒙俄经济走廊的绿色发展提供科学支撑。