铜仁市寒潮天气分型及成因分析

利用铜仁市10个国家观测站2009—2018年逐日平均温度和最低温度,统计分析出近10 a发生20次寒潮天气过程,对其分布特征及环流形势作分析,得出:(1)近10 a寒潮总体空间分布上看,多发生在铜仁市东南部地区,万山镇出现次数最多;(2)从季节分布上看,寒潮多发于冬季和春季,尤其是2月次数达到峰值;(3)冷空气从关键区南下入侵铜仁市的路径分为Ⅰ型东北路径(21%)、Ⅱ型东北路径(68%)、Ⅲ型东北+西北路径(11%)。(4)寒潮爆发的环流形势主要为经向型(42%)、纬向型(32%)和横槽型(26%)。(5)海拔高度是影响寒潮分布的重要因子,但不是唯一因子,跟地理位置和地形分布均有关;热低压的发展使得前期气温升高,是冷空气影响造成剧烈降温形成寒潮天气的重要原因。     

2006年广西冬春强冷空气过程对比分析

2006年1月4~6日、2月16~18日和3月12~14日广西分别出现了寒潮、强降温天气。本文从天气学角度对3次强冷空气影响过程的天气特点、大气环流特征、冷空气源地及影响路径等方面进行对比分析,分析表明:中高纬环流形势相似、冷空气堆积区及南下形式相同是三次过程的共性,高压脊的位置、冷空气的强度及其影响路径、南支槽造成的降水等差异是造成广西不同程度寒潮天气的主要因素。     

欧亚遥相关型位相变化对我国寒潮路径的影响

利用1965—2015年冬半年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料以及中国地面气候资料日值数据集,借助FMM算法对影响我国的寒潮路径进行聚类分析,得到四类主要移动路径;并通过统计分析探讨欧亚遥相关型（EU）活跃位相与我国寒潮发生频次的关系及对路径选择的影响。结果表明：EU处于正位相活跃年时,寒潮活动增多,经向环流增强,冷空气干冷,第二类北路型寒潮频次和强寒潮事件相对增多;EU处于负位相活跃年时,纬向环流增强,冷空气湿润,第三类西北型寒潮频次相对增多,与第四类西路型寒潮的强寒潮事件增加。     

青海省寒潮天气的气候特征、分型及其预报

统计1980－2000年（10－5月）共21年的冬半年青海省寒潮资料，应用天气学、动力学和统计学相结合的方法，对青海省寒潮天气的环流形势、冷空气活动路径和气候背景等方面进行了分析，建立寒潮天气档案，总结出预报青海省寒潮天气的天气和天气学和动力学的预报指标，采用最优子集回归方法建立客观、定量的寒潮预报方法。     

2006年广西冬春强冷空气过程对比分析

2006年1月4～6日、2月16～18日和3月12～14日广西分别出现了寒潮、强降温天气。本文从天气学角度对3次强冷空气影响过程的天气特点、大气环流特征、冷空气源地及影响路径等方面进行对比分析，分析表明：中高纬环流形势相似、冷空气堆积区及南下形式相同是三次过程的共性，高压脊的位置、冷空气的强度及其影响路径、南支槽造成的降水等差异是造成广西不同程度寒潮天气的主要因素。     

2006年孝感市一次春季寒潮天气过程的分析

对2006年4月12～13日孝感市寒潮天气过程从前期环流背景、影响孝感市冷空气路径、强度及地面回暖等方面进行了初步分析,结果表明:在倒“Ω”型前期环流背景下,横槽转动带动冷空气南下过程中,西路和东路二股冷空气合并加强从西北路南下,同时在西南暖低压发展,地面明显回暖降压,长江中游北部锋生等因素共同作用下,导致孝感市这次寒潮天气的发生。     

2008年12月两次寒潮天气对比分析

利用常规天气资料和数值预报产品,应用天气分析和诊断分析方法,并结合宁夏寒潮预报系统的预报结果,对2008年12月2-4日和12月20-21日宁夏出现的两次典型寒潮天气过程进行对比分析,结果表明:两次过程均是在前期强烈升温的基础上,有强冷空气在西西伯利亚及贝加尔湖堆积并向南侵袭造成的;两次过程亚洲中高纬环流形势均表现为"一脊一槽"型,动力机制均为高空旋转低压槽与强锋区,促使寒潮爆发的流场均为"低槽旋转型";冷空气爆发后,宁夏上空均由强盛的冷平流控制,地面冷高压均进入关键区并达到寒潮强度;但由于寒潮发生的环流背景、影响系统及冷空气的强度、发展、移动路径不同,因此两次过程的降温幅度和对宁夏造成的影响也不同.在此基础上,总结出宁夏冬季寒潮天气的预报着眼点.     

“2010·2·10”寒潮天气过程分析

通过对2010年2月10日发生的一次寒潮过程的天气形势背景、高低空环流演变的诊断分析后发现,北方冷空气从中路入侵影响黄岩区是爆发2月10—12日寒潮天气的重要原因,而日本传真图500 hPa形势场和850 hPa气温的预报,对判断能否产生寒潮天气有很好的指示作用。     

ECMWF T106产品在春季寒潮预报中的释用

本文从德阳春季（3－4月）发生寒潮的环流形势特点入手，应用ECMWF、T106数值预报产品，分析环流形势及冷空气的变化和建立气温预报回归方法，从而作出德阳春季寒潮的中短期预报。     

2002年4月三次A型寒潮天气过程的对比分析

本文通过对2002年4月三次寒潮天气过程的分析总结得出:三次寒潮天气过程都是发生在一槽一脊环流形势下,如此强的降温在20天左右的时间间隔内发生是在四川盆地有资料记录以来从未出现过.与从前一槽一脊寒潮预报的着眼点相比较,这三次寒潮天气过程南支槽活动、冷空气路径、冷空气补充、降水等,都有着不同的特点,文中提供了大量的资料,供预报员参考.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Retrieval of outgoing longwave radiation from COMS narrowband infrared imagery

Hourly outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) from the geostationary satellite Communication Oceanography Meteorological Satellite(COMS) has been retrieved since June 2010. The COMS OLR retrieval algorithms are based on regression analyses of radiative transfer simulations for spectral functions of COMS infrared channels. This study documents the accuracies of OLRs for future climate applications by making an intercomparison of four OLRs from one single-channel algorithm(OLR12.0using the 12.0 μm channel) and three multiple-channel algorithms(OLR10.8+12.0using the 10.8 and 12.0 μm channels; OLR6.7+10.8using the 6.7 and 10.8 μm channels; and OLR All using the 6.7, 10.8, and 12.0 μm channels). The COMS OLRs from these algorithms were validated with direct measurements of OLR from a broadband radiometer of the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System(CERES) over the full COMS field of view [roughly(50°S–50°N, 70°–170°E)] during April 2011.Validation results show that the root-mean-square errors of COMS OLRs are 5–7 W m-2, which indicates good agreement with CERES OLR over the vast domain. OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All have much smaller errors(～ 6 W m-2) than OLR12.0and OLR10.8+12.0(～ 8 W m-2). Moreover, the small errors of OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All are systematic and can be readily reduced through additional mean bias correction and/or radiance calibration. These results indicate a noteworthy role of the6.7 μm water vapor absorption channel in improving the accuracy of the OLRs. The dependence of the accuracy of COMS OLRs on various surface, atmospheric, and observational conditions is also discussed.