基于核磁共振法的页岩纳米孔隙结构特征研究

选取威远海相页岩（1#）、焦石坝海相页岩（2#）、瑶曲凝灰岩（4#）及瑶曲陆相页岩（5#和6#）,采用场发射扫描电镜（FE-SEM）与低场核磁共振（NMR）,研究中国海相页岩和陆相页岩之间的孔隙结构特征的差异化特征。核磁共振冻融法（NMRC）可以精细探测页岩的纳米范围的孔隙结构。该方法可以拓展到结合核磁共振弛豫分析进行微观测量,详细探测不同孔径尺度下页岩的孔隙结构。测试温度梯度变化越小,孔隙分布测量的结果越精细。测试结果表明,从样品5#,2#,6#,1#至样品4#的孔隙率逐个减小。NMRC,LFNMR,压汞法（MIP）,气体吸附法（GA）在它们各自的有效测量范围内,孔径分布表现出良好的一致性。因此,将NMRC,LFNMR与GA和MIP等方法组合,可以更准确地评估储层页岩的孔隙结构。研究结果表明,陆相页岩（5#瑶曲页岩）的纳米孔隙更发育,与海相页岩相比也许具有更高的商业开发价值。     

基于压汞法探究岩浆侵入对煤孔隙的影响

以平煤十三矿二₁煤层中受岩浆侵入影响前后的贫瘦煤和无烟煤为研究对象,利用压汞法研究了热变质作用对煤中孔隙发育特征的影响。总结了压汞法测定煤中孔隙的实验原理以及煤中比表面积、孔容及其在不同孔径段分布的计算方法与过程,深入分析了不同样品孔容、比表面积的发育特征及其在不同孔径段的分布规律,并探讨了5.5 nm~350 μm孔径范围内煤中孔隙的分形特征。研究表明:岩浆侵入致使煤中出现大量的新生孔隙,孔容和比表面积都显著增大,但中值孔容孔径、平均孔径减小,说明新生孔隙主要集中在小孔径段。而孔隙的空间分形维数变化规律表明岩浆侵入使煤中孔隙粗糙度增加,孔隙吸附能力增强,粒内孔分布范围增大。      

流体注入法定量表征页岩孔隙结构测试方法研究进展

页岩致密且结构复杂,对其孔隙结构进行定量表征一直是页岩储层研究的重点和难点,因其能够为页岩油气储层评价和甜点确定提供重要信息。通过系统梳理已有研究成果,介绍了以压汞法和气体吸附法为代表的流体注入法,简述了能够影响测试结果的因素,指出了目前页岩全孔径孔隙结构表征的问题及发展方向。分析表明,颗粒样气体吸附法和块（柱）压汞法表征结果的数据匹配性差,整合难度大;同时由上述两种方法联合所获得的表征结果也无法被其他独立测试所验证。进一步指出采用颗粒样代替传统块（柱）样进行页岩压汞测试可以提高数据质量,也是未来方法联用的发展方向,其中样品颗粒堆积孔进汞量校正、颗粒样粒径选择、多方法数据匹配是实现页岩全孔径孔隙结构定量表征的关键。      

陆相页岩储层特征及其影响因素:以四川盆地上三叠统须家河组页岩为例

以我国四川盆地上三叠统须家河组页岩为重点研究对象,在大量岩心、露头样品分析化验基础上,开展陆相页岩储层孔隙特征研究。采用高压压汞法、液氮吸附法、脉冲式渗透率法等多种手段相结合测定页岩储集物性,表明须家河组具有一定的储集性能,孔隙度为0.95%~4.77%,平均为2.73%。运用岩心观察、薄片观察、场发射扫描电镜等直接观察手段与高压压汞、氮气等温吸附等实验系统研究须家河组页岩的储集空间特征,明确纳米级基质孔隙是须家河组储集空间的主体,包括原生残余孔、颗粒间孔、溶蚀孔和有机质孔,孔径2~100nm,50nm的孔隙占83.9%,有机质孔隙局部发育。影响须家河组页岩储层特征的主要控制因素包括TOC含量、黏土矿物含量以及有机质热演化程度。     

基于不同分形模型的冻融黄土孔隙特征研究

为了得到冻融作用对黄土孔径分布的影响规律, 以重塑黄土为研究对象, 利用压汞法测试经历不同冻融循环次数后黄土样品的孔隙特征, 采用3种分形模型对冻融作用后的黄土微观孔隙结构进行定量表征和对比研究。结果表明： 未经冻融作用的黄土孔隙分布曲线呈单峰分布, 经历冻融作用的黄土孔隙分布曲线呈双峰甚至多峰分布。冻融作用对黄土中孔径分布在0.1 ~ 10 μm范围内的孔隙影响较大。前10次冻融作用使黄土孔隙率增加, 特别是经历6次冻融作用后, 与未经历冻融作用的黄土相比孔隙率增大约18.8％。随着冻融作用的继续, 黄土孔隙率减小且趋于稳定。经历不同冻融循环次数后的黄土孔隙分布均具有良好的统计分形特性。基于热力学模型和毛细管压力曲线法表征黄土孔隙结构时, 黄土孔隙呈现显著的分形特性, 可在整个孔径尺度范围内给出唯一且合理的分形维数。基于Menger海绵模型表征的经历冻融作用后黄土孔隙分形特征呈现多尺度分形, 在不同的尺度范围内, 有不同的分形维数。结合分形理论可知冻融作用改变了黄土孔隙均匀性及复杂程度。     

酸化作用对页岩微观结构及其物性的影响

龙马溪组页岩作为贵州页岩气的主要储气层位,勘探及钻井均证实其具有良好的页岩气成藏条件和资源开发潜力。为揭示贵州龙马溪组页岩微观孔隙结构及其物性对酸化作用的响应规律,基于X射线衍射分析（XRD）、压汞、低温氮吸附及核磁共振（NMR）等实验手段,定量表征页岩酸化作用前后的孔隙体积、孔隙率、比表面积、孔径分布等页岩微观结构物性参数的差异性,分析酸化作用前后页岩孔裂隙的结构特征。研究表明:酸化作用增大了页岩的孔隙体积、孔隙率、比表面积和孔径,酸化作用后页岩进-退汞曲线及低温氮吸/脱附曲线的滞后环明显增大,酸化作用增大了墨水瓶孔的孔隙体积;受到酸化作用影响,页岩优势孔隙由介孔和110 nm左右大中孔向介孔与2 800 nm左右宏孔发展,介孔数量减少,宏孔数量增加,页岩孔隙的连通性明显变好;酸化对页岩孔裂隙中矿物质及黏土成分具有明显的化学溶解和刻蚀作用,对页岩孔裂隙体积的改造效果显著,增加了页岩储层的渗透性,进而提高了页岩气的运移与渗流能力;酸化作用下伴随的水化作用对页岩孔裂隙沿层理面起裂、扩展延伸起促进作用,但是页岩酸化作用下的水化作用机制尚需进一步研究。      

泸州地区深层五峰-龙马溪组页岩气储层全孔径表征及其主控因素

页岩孔隙结构是控制与影响海相页岩储层质量的主要参数之一，对于页岩气资源评估、勘探和开发极其重要.为阐明泸州地区深层五峰-龙马溪组页岩孔隙结构，基于氦气膨胀法测孔隙度、矿物组分分析、TOC测试，采用CO2和N2吸附、高压压汞联合表征页岩全孔径，并与氧化-还原条件、水分、TOC等因素藕合，探讨页岩孔径分布的主控因素.结果表明：页岩中以介孔为主，微孔次之，宏孔较少，平均分别占总孔隙的73%、23%、4%；孔径分布与孔隙体积从五峰组向上先增加后降低；TOC与低孔径孔体积相关性高；水分占据页岩孔隙，大幅降低页岩孔隙体积和表比面积.因此，页岩孔径分布受沉积条件、TOC、水分共同控制.     

基于低温氮气吸附和高压压汞表征潜江凹陷盐间页岩油储层孔隙结构特征

为了更全面地表征潜江凹陷潜江组页岩油储层孔隙结构特征,系统选取了距物源不同距离的A井和B井多块页岩样品进行了分析测试,通过场发射扫描电镜、低温氮气吸附和高压压汞实验综合分析了页岩孔隙结构特征;通过对比抽提前后场发射扫描电镜图像、低温氮气吸附和高压压汞实验数据,进一步研究了页岩中滞留烃的赋存空间特征;通过对典型页岩样品的二次压汞实验,探讨了页岩中连通孔隙的孔径分布特征。结果显示:潜江凹陷潜江组页岩油储层孔隙大小为纳米-微米级,孔径2～180 nm的黏土矿物层间孔和白云石晶间孔是该区发育最主要的两种孔隙类型;A井页岩中的滞留烃主要赋存在孔径2～20 nm的黏土矿物层间孔中,滞留烃含量较低,连通孔径主要集中在3～15 nm范围内,B井页岩中的滞留烃赋存在孔径8～100 nm的白云石晶间孔中,滞留烃含量多,连通孔径主要分布在10～130 nm范围内;白云石和黏土矿物的存在都有利于页岩储层储集空间的发育,但远离物源的生物成因的白云石更有利于滞留烃的赋存和可动性。研究成果可以为潜江凹陷页岩油的勘探和开发提供一定的理论支撑。     

贵州普安地区龙潭组煤系“三气”储层孔隙特征对比:以黔普地1井为例

储层的孔隙发育对煤系"三气"的赋存和运移有重要的影响,本文利用压汞实验、氮气等温吸附等方法对研究区黔普地1井龙潭组的煤、泥页岩、砂岩系统开展孔隙对比研究。结果表明,煤、泥页岩、砂岩平均孔隙度之比为1∶0.176∶0.249,具有典型的低孔低渗特征。压汞研究发现,煤岩的孔径要大于泥页岩和致密砂岩,渗透性能也更好。液氮等温吸附分析也显示煤岩的孔径明显大于泥岩和致密砂岩,且具有更大的孔隙体积。氮气吸附曲线总体呈现反S型,样品在吸附氮气的过程中发生了毛细孔凝聚现象,样品孔隙呈开放状态,孔隙结构具有一定的无规则孔特征,以两端开口的圆筒孔及四周开放的平行板孔为主,微孔隙内各个孔径阶段的孔隙均比较发育,连通性好,有利于天然气运移。     

基于恒速压汞技术研究页岩气储层孔隙结构:以湘西北地区五峰组页岩为例

页岩气储层孔隙结构是页岩气富集成藏、储层评价和优选有利区的关键参数,区分孔隙和喉道是表征页岩气储层孔隙结构的关键。本文选择4块具有不同渗透率的湘西北地区奥陶系五峰组页岩为研究对象,基于恒速压汞实验讨论孔隙和喉道的大小、分布特征及其相互关系以及与渗透率的联系。结果表明:具有不同渗透率的页岩样品表现为较为相近的孔径分布特征但差异较大的喉道分布特征。页岩样品渗透率的大小与孔隙半径没有明显相关关系;喉道大小及其分布特征是控制低渗储层孔隙结构的关键要素之一。渗透率较低页岩样品的喉道以喉道半径小且集中分布为特征,而渗透率较大页岩样品的喉道以喉道半径大呈分散分布但主要以大喉道为特征。喉道特征是研究页岩气储层储集空间和吸附能力的重要部分,在以后对页岩气的勘探开发中应特别注意及重视。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)