东非鲁武马盆地海底水道-朵体体系粗粒浊流沉积物波特征及主控因素

海底水道-朵体体系内粗粒沉积物波的研究可以深化浊流搬运过程的认识。利用先进的地球物理成像技术,通过地震地貌分析,对东非鲁武马盆地海底水道-朵体体系内这种后期易被改造的特殊沉积体进行识别和解释,结合粗粒沉积物波的形态、尺度、移动方式、厚度变化、平面分布等特征,探讨其成因和影响因素。鲁武马盆地近海底水道-朵体体系内的粗粒浊流沉积物波具有多变的地貌和逆行砂丘的底形。水道内粗粒沉积物波规模较小,分布范围局限;水道-朵体过渡带的粗粒沉积物波规模大,波高约45~110 m,波长可达一千余米,总体规模大于其他地区已识别出的粗粒深水沉积物波。构造活动、超临界流产生的水跃作用、地形地貌的变化以及底流作用是鲁武马盆地粗粒浊流沉积物波形成的主控因素。     

东非鲁武马盆地始新统超深水重力流砂岩储层特征及成因

鲁武马盆地古近系-新近系发育多套超深水、超大型、富含天然气藏的重力流沉积砂体。以始新统砂体为解剖对象,分析区内重力流砂岩储层特征及成因。结果表明砂体以巨厚层状产出于深海泥岩内部,并与周围泥岩截然接触,测井曲线表现出宏观均一性;岩心揭示此类巨厚砂体是由多期单砂体叠置而成,单砂体是由底部高密度颗粒流和顶部低密度浊流两部分组成,且经历过强底流改造。鲁武马河流三角洲强大物源供给决定了区内砂体分布面积和体积规模;深海滑塌、块体搬运等重力流沉积过程控制了沉积体粒序构造和内部结构;海底区域性强底流持续冲刷并携带走单砂体顶部细粒沉积物,残留了底部“干净”的中粗粒砂岩;多期沉积事件和频繁水道迁移决定了砂体纵、横向叠加展布,并最终形成了区内厚度巨大、岩性宏观均一且连通性极好的超大型深水重力流沉积砂岩储层。     

湖相重力流沉积特征及沉积模式

应用深水沉积学和地震沉积学的相关理论,通过岩心观察描述、钻测井资料分析及平面沉积相编图,对下刚果盆地A区块白垩系Pointe Indienne组深水重力流的类型、沉积特征、垂向沉积组合及沉积模式进行了探讨分析,指出该地区发育砂质碎屑流、泥质碎屑流、浊流及与重力流形成过程相关的滑动—滑塌沉积,并总结了该深水重力流的沉积模式。结果表明:砂质碎屑流沉积以块状层理细砂岩为主,含大型漂浮泥砾和泥岩撕裂屑;泥质碎屑流沉积以泥级碎屑为主,含有少量的暗色泥岩碎屑和砂质团块,见“泥包砾”结构;浊流沉积以发育完整或不完整的鲍马序列为特征;滑动—滑塌沉积具有明显的剪切滑移面,可见旋转火焰构造、砂岩扭曲杂乱分布及褶皱变形层;纵向上可识别出4种类型的重力流沉积垂向组合,以多期砂质碎屑流沉积叠置和砂质碎屑流沉积与浊流沉积叠置最为常见;研究区深水重力流沉积可分为上部扇、中部扇和外部扇3部分,上部扇以主水道沉积为主;中部扇以辫状水道和溢岸沉积为主,砂体厚度较大;外部扇以朵叶体沉积和薄层浊积岩为主,砂体厚度相对较薄。     

深海浊积扇朵叶复合体的沉积构成特征与油气水系统:以尼日尔三角洲前缘深水区K油田为例

尼日尔三角洲前缘浊积扇朵叶复合体是西非深水区重要的勘探开发目标,但相关的沉积构成特征与油气水系统研究相对滞后.通过对地震相识别、地震属性刻画、岩心观察及钻井储层进行对比分析,并对研究区的朵叶复合体的沉积构成及储层地质特征进行了研究;依据MDT（mouldar formation dynamics tester）和DST（drill stem testing）测试资料,对朵叶复合体的油气水系统进行了探讨.K油田深海浊积扇朵叶复合砂体在地震剖面上外形呈丘状,内部为弱反射,与泥岩分界面为强振幅反射面,在空间上具有侧向和沿古水流方向迁移的多期叠置特征,平面上呈扇形或"舌状";测井相以钟形或箱型为主,与周围泥岩呈突变接触;每期朵叶均由朵叶主体和朵叶侧缘构成,重力流水道较为发育.朵叶复合体中的块状砂岩是油田开发的优质储层,该类砂体分布面积相对较大,横向连续性好;目的层段发育多套独立的朵叶复合体油气水系统,每个单一的朵叶复合体油藏上下均受厚度较大的泥岩分隔,具有形成简单完整、统一压力系统、高速渗流能力且水体能量充足的高产油藏的有利条件.K油田朵叶复合体内部结构清晰、砂体侧向连通性好且具有统一油水系统,可作为大陆边缘三角洲前缘深水区富泥背景下深水油气田勘探和开发研究的典型范例.      

陆相湖盆深水重力流沉积特征、砂体结构研究及油气勘探意义—以鄂尔多斯盆地上三叠统长7油层组为例

结合深水重力流沉积理论、野外剖面、岩心、测井等资料的分析,对鄂尔多斯盆地合水地区延长组长7油层组重力流沉积相和砂体结构的类型、特征进行了深入分析。研究表明长7沉积期发育大面积的深水砂岩,主要发育砂质碎屑流、浊流等重力流砂体,砂质碎屑流沉积以块状层理为主,单砂体厚度大,浊流沉积以粒序层理为主,砂泥互层频繁;结合重力流沉积背景下各成因砂体测井曲线形态、垂向发育厚度、垂向连续性及组合特征,将砂体垂向叠置结构划分为多期砂叠置厚层型、厚砂-薄泥互层型、厚砂-薄砂-泥互层型及薄砂-厚泥互层型四种类型,并对研究区单井砂体结构进行了聚类。实践表明,砂质碎屑流沉积区虽是油气藏有利聚集分布带,但分布面积较广,结合砂体结构特征,可进一步细化有利区划分,为致密油藏有利区的优选提供了新的研究思路。     

水下沉积物重力流与海底扇相模式研究进展

水下沉积物重力流将大量沉积物搬运至海底,形成了地球上最大的沉积体系——海底扇。综合前人研究成果,梳理水下沉积物重力流的基本概念、分类和识别标志,介绍了现代观测的重要结果和海底扇相模式的研究进展。浊流和碎屑流是重力流最主要的两类流体,浊流为逐层沉积,发育正粒序;碎屑流为整体沉积,垂向无序。由浊流转换为碎屑流的重力流称混合流,陆上洪水入海(湖)形成的浊流称异重流。现代观测的结果表明:浊流底部存在高密度层,横向结构并不都是涌浪型,浊流的持续时间可以长达1周。海底扇通常采用组构分析和层级分类进行研究,由水道、天然堤、朵体、远洋—半远洋沉积和块体搬运沉积组成。水道侧向延伸窄,发育侵蚀结构;天然堤由薄层泥—粉砂质浊积岩组成,横向呈楔形变薄;朵体侧向延伸宽,颗粒粒度集中,侵蚀结构较少。水道的层级从低到高依次为水道单元、水道复合体和水道复合体群。朵体的层级从低到高依次为层、朵体元素、朵体和朵体复合体。     

东非鲁武马盆地海底旋回坎沉积演化及控制因素

鲁武马盆地海底水道—朵体过渡带具有高波脊和深刻槽相间的旋回坎地貌。利用高品质的三维地震资料,借助多种地震解释技术,对水道—朵体过渡带内不同期次旋回坎的形态、尺度、移动方式开展细致描述,分析多期旋回坎演化规律。研究结果表明,鲁武马盆地海底水道—朵体过渡带内主要发育三期旋回坎,同一期次旋回坎内部地震反射连续性较差,同相轴以叠瓦状方式向迎流面倾斜。不同期次旋回坎的反射同相轴之间呈角度接触。北部中期旋回坎相对早期向陆迁移,晚期旋回坎沉积于南部,形成南、北迥异的地貌形态。水道—朵体过渡带的北部平均波长低于南部,平均波高北部比南部大得多,反映了多期迁移叠置旋回坎的演化。     

渤中25-1油田沙三段重力流沉积模式及油气地质意义

运用最新重力流沉积理论,以钻井岩芯、地震资料为基础,系统研究了渤海海域渤中25-1油田沙三段重力流沉积特征、类型、岩相组合、砂体空间展布特征以及沉积模式。结果表明,研究区主要发育滑塌重力流、砂质碎屑流、浊流3种重力流沉积类型,并构成5种典型的岩相组合,包括湖相细粒沉积与滑塌重力流组合（MS）、砂质碎屑流与滑塌重力流组合（DS）、砂质碎屑流与浊流组合（DT）、浊流与砂质碎屑流组合（TD）、湖相细粒沉积与浊流组合（MT）。研究区重力流沉积具有"源-坡-断-流"联控的"滑塌-砂质碎屑流-浊流"沉积过程与发育模式,其中砂质碎屑流砂体呈舌状体分布,浊流砂体则具有朵状体形态特征。储层综合评价表明,砂质碎屑流砂体粒度粗、宽厚比小、泥质含量低、物性好,是优质的重力流储层类型。对不同重力流类型沉积特征、展布形态以及储层性质的精细研究,对深水优质砂岩储层的预测具有重要的指导意义。     

鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区延长组长7段沉积微相及沉积演化特征

利用大量的岩芯、露头剖面观察和测井资料,在总结分析重力流沉积理论的基础上,系统研究了鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区延长组长7段重力流沉积特征及沉积模式。研究认为陇东长7段主要发育砂质碎屑流和浊流沉积,局部发育滑动、滑塌岩;受多物源、湖盆底形、湖岸线迁移等因素的影响,研究区沉积砂体并未呈现出明显的扇形,受西南陡窄斜坡控制的泾川—华池一带砂体呈条带状分布,发育水道型重力流沉积,沉积微相可分为限制型水道、非限制型水道、侧翼溢漫、水道间、前缘朵体和深湖泥6种,在湖盆底庆城—华池一带多期水道交汇叠置,形成了大面积的连片砂体;受南部物源控制的宁县—合水地区,由于斜坡坡度相对较缓、物源供给充足,形成了以滑塌为主的斜坡沉积模式,根据滑动的距离可分为近源沉积和远源沉积2个亚相,沉积微相可分不规则滑塌体、砂质碎屑流舌状体、朵叶状浊流岩和深湖泥4种,研究区南部主要以砂质碎屑流舌状体为主,在斜坡处多期舌状体纵横叠置,形成了多期薄、厚砂体互层的连片砂体。通过对陇东长7段沉积模式的建立和沉积微相的识别与划分,为研究区砂体展布的精细刻画提供了重要指导,也为该区致密油水平井规模建产提供了依据。     

准噶尔盆地沙湾凹陷西斜坡陆相湖盆重力流沉积特征与油气关系

准噶尔盆地沙湾凹陷早二叠世沉积期发育大面积的砂岩,主要发育砂质碎屑流、浊流等重力流砂体。砂质碎屑流沉积以块状层理为主,单砂体厚度大,浊流沉积以粒序层理为主,砂泥互层频繁。通过陆相湖盆、野外露头剖面、岩心、测井等资料分析,结合重力流沉积背景下各成因砂体测井曲线形态、垂向的发育厚度、连续性及组合特征,确定了沙湾凹陷西斜坡受重力流形成机制、坡折带形态、坡折带古地貌和同沉积断裂的影响,重力流不呈经典的扇形。按形态可分为水道-湖底扇、扇形2大类。并从坡折带及平面形态和地震属性上进行了精细刻画。研究结果表明,扇三角洲前缘亚相水下分流河道为沉积优势相带。砂质碎屑流沉积区虽是油气藏有利聚集分布带,但分布面积较广。进一步确定规模储层发育带,明确了“北河南扇”的沉积特征,为有利区的优选提供了新的研究方向。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

NONMETALS DEPOSITS

正20141520 Bo Ying(Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment,MLR,Beijing 100037,China);Liu Chenglin Saline Spring Hydrochemical Characteristics and Indicators for Potassium Exploration in Southwestern and Northern Tarim Basin,Xinjiang(Acta Geoscientica Sinica,ISSN1006-3021,CN11-3474/P,34(5),2013,p.594-602,5 illus.,3 tables,28 refs.)     

MATHEMATICAL GEOLOGY

正20141243Chen Ge(Hangzhou Research Institute of Petroleum Geology,PetroChina,Hangzhou 310023,China);Si Chunsong Study on Sedimentary Numerical Simulation Method of Fan Delta Sand Body(Journal of Geology,     

PROSPECTING EXPLORATION

正20142599Chen Sanming(Guangxi Key Laboratory of Concealed Deposits Exploration,Guilin University of Technology,Guilin541004,China);He Yuzhou Block Model and Reserves Estimation of Panzhihua Iron Deposit Based on 3D Geological Modeling(Journal of Guilin University of Technology,ISSN1674-9057,CN45-1375/N,33(4),2013,p.610-615,9illus.,1table,15refs.)     

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

正20140594 Bai Daoyuan(Hunan Institute of Geology Survey,Changsha 410016,China);Zhong Xiang Faults in the Jingzhou Basin and Their Tectonic Settings(Geotectonica et Metallogenia,ISSN1001-1552,CN44-1595/P,37(2),2013,p.173-183,6illus.,59refs.)Key words:basin evolution,tectonic setting,South China In the Upper Paleozoic and Jurassic se-     

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

正20141912Cao Hui(State Key Laboratory for Continental Tectonics and Dynamics,Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing 100037,China)Gravitational Collapse and Folding during Orogenesis:A Comparative Study of FIA Trends and Fold Axial Plane Traces(Geology in China,ISSN1000-3657,CN11-1167/P,40(6),2013,p.1818-1828,9illus.,35refs.,with