无越流补给含水层对煤层气排采影响的数值模拟

沁水盆地南部煤层气井具有“高产水、低产气”的特征,然而也有部分井存在“高产水、高产气”的现象。一般来说,煤层气井高产水,多与沟通含水层相关。针对这种情况,基于沁水盆地柿庄南区块煤储层地质条件,结合煤层气直井排采的实际情况,利用数值模拟方法,采用气水两相多组分的三维煤储层模拟软件(SIMEDWin)模拟煤层气井排采中,沟通无越流补给含水层对储层压力变化及煤层气水产出规律的影响。结果表明:与无含水层影响的煤层气井对比,沟通无越流补给含水层的煤层气井远井地带压降幅度显著,高产气时间久,累积产气量多,排水量大,但见气时间较晚;含水层渗透率越大,气井日产气峰值越高;气井日排水量越大,产气速度也会越快,但产气速度在排水量达到一定值时不再增大。综合考虑,沟通无越流补给高渗透率含水层,增大日排水量到一定值更有利于柿庄南区块煤层气的增产。      

Anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) in marine sediments from the Skagerrak (Denmark): I. Geochemical and microbiological analyses

The organic rich sediments of the Skagerrak contain high quantities of shallow gas of mostly biogenic origin that is transported to the sediment surface by diffusion. The sulfate methane transition zone (SMTZ), where anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) and sulfate reduction occur, functions as a methane barrier for this upward diffusing methane.To investigate the regulation of AOM and sulfate reduction rates (SRR) and the controls on the efficiency of methane consumption, pore water concentrations, and microbial rates of AOM, sulfate reduction and methanogenesis were determined in three gravity cores collected along the slope of the Norwegian Trench in the Skagerrak. SRR occurred in two distinct peaks, at the sediment surface and the SMTZ, the latter often exceeding the peak AOM rates that occurred at the bottom of the SMTZ. Highest rates of both AOM and SRR were observed in a core from a pockmark, where advective methane transport occurred, generating high methane and sulfate fluxes. But even at this site with a shallow SMTZ, the entire flux of methane was oxidized below the sediment surface. AOM, SRR and methanogenesis seem to be closely associated and strongly regulated by sulfate concentrations, which were, in turn, regulated by the methane flux. Rate measurements of SRR, AOM and methanogenesis revealed a tight coupling of these processes. Bicarbonate-based methanogenesis occurred at moderate sulfate concentrations (>5 mM) above the AOM zone but seemed to be inhibited in the depth where AOM occurred. The unbalanced stoichiometry of AOM and SRR in the SMTZ was more pronounced in rate measurements than in methane and sulfate fluxes, and seemed more likely be related to enhanced SRR in this zone than an underestimation of methane fluxes.     

鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界煤层气与致密气联合优选区评价

鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界具有煤层气和致密砂岩气成藏的有利条件。上古生界煤层气与致密砂岩气具有相同的烃源岩,且煤层与致密储层垂向上相互叠置,为二者联合勘探开发奠定了地质基础。在综合考虑煤层气与致密砂岩气成藏地质条件的基础上,建立了鄂尔多斯盆地煤层气与致密砂岩气共同勘探选区的评价指标体系,包括煤层厚度、烃源岩热演化程度、生气强度以及致密储层厚度4个指标。依据建立的评价指标体系,对鄂尔多斯盆地内5个区块进行煤层气与致密砂岩气共同选区评价,评价结果为区块Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅴ为勘探目标区,主要分布在盆地的东西缘,煤层厚度大、烃源岩生气强度大,勘探前景好;区块Ⅰ和Ⅳ为勘探有利区,呈条带状分布在盆地的东北部和西北部,煤层气与致密砂岩气协同勘探潜力较大。     

Thermodynamic and kinetic control on anaerobic oxidation of methane in marine sediments

The free energy yield of microbial respiration reactions in anaerobic marine sediments must be sufficient to be conserved as biologically usable energy in the form of ATP. Anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) coupled to sulfate reduction (SRR) has a very low standard free energy yield of ΔG^° = −33 kJ mol⁻¹, but the in situ energy yield strongly depends on the concentrations of substrates and products in the pore water of the sediment. In this work ΔG for the AOM-SRR process was calculated from the pore water concentrations of methane, sulfate, sulfide, and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in sediment cores from different sites of the European continental margin in order to determine the influence of thermodynamic regulation on the activity and distribution of microorganisms mediating AOM-SRR. In the zone of methane and sulfate coexistence, the methane-sulfate transition zone (SMTZ), the energy yield was rarely less than −20 kJ mol⁻¹ and was mostly rather constant throughout this zone. The kinetic drive was highest at the lower part of the SMTZ, matching the occurrence of maximum AOM rates. The results show that the location of maximum AOM rates is determined by a combination of thermodynamic and kinetic drive, whereas the rate activity mainly depends on kinetic regulation.     

中高煤阶煤层气富集高产区形成模式与地质评价方法

煤层气富集高产区富集机理和地质评价方法对煤层气勘探选区至关重要,以往的研究主要集中在资源富集区形成机理和预测方面,但煤层气勘探开发实践表明资源富集区并不一定是高产区,如何在煤层气资源富集区中寻找高产区即煤层气富集高产区是国内外煤层气勘探面临的难题。通过国内外典型煤层气富集高产区的剖析,结合我国中高煤阶富集区地质特点,以沁水盆地南部、鄂尔多斯盆地东缘和两淮矿区为研究对象,采用地质统计、实验验证和生产数据分析相结合的研究方法,揭示了基于含气量渗透率耦合控制的煤层气富集高产区形成机理,提出了3种中高煤阶煤层气富集高产区形成模式;围绕煤层含气量和渗透率两个核心要素,利用层次分析法和主成分分析法确定了包含7大地质参数的评价指标体系,建立了基于产能分析的煤层气富集高产区方法体系。这些认识对我国中高煤阶煤层气区带、区块、目标的优选具有重要的指导作用。     

准噶尔盆地南缘煤系水矿化度对低煤阶煤层气的影响

煤系水矿化度是影响低煤阶煤层气生成、运移和成藏的重要因素之一。以新疆准噶尔盆地南缘地区为研究区,把研究区划分为8个水文地质单元,分析了研究区煤系水矿化度的分布特征及其对产甲烷菌生存的影响。以1 000 m埋深为例,估算了各个水文地质单元内煤系水的甲烷溶解度,据此分析评价了各水文地质单元溶解运移甲烷的能力。通过煤系水的矿化度分布、氯离子浓度和区域地质构造形态分析,综合判断区域内煤系水的大致流向。以准南地区硫磺沟水文地质单元为例,探讨了矿化度与煤层气富集成藏的关系。研究结果表明,研究区矿化度分布具有南北分带、东西分段的特征。后峡水文地质单元、玛纳斯河-呼图壁河水文地质单元的南部、硫磺沟水文地质单元的南端和阜康水文地质单元的西部地区矿化度有利于产甲烷菌的生存和产气。后峡水文地质单元溶解运移甲烷能力最强。地下水的流向大致由南向北,地表水的径流会使地下水流向发生偏转。指出了硫磺沟水文地质单元内高矿化度中心和低水位的汇水洼地是低煤阶煤层气富集成藏的地区。      

河北省煤层气资源及其勘探开发建议

河北省煤层气资源分布总体呈现南高北低、东高西低的趋势,煤层气集中在邯峰矿区-开平煤田的NE向带状区域。通过对省内4个重点区及5个一般地区煤层资源评价,底板标高-2000m以浅的煤层气资源总量为6046．32亿m^3,可采资源量为2523亿m^3,主要分布在底板标高为-1500m～-2000m的煤层中。根据煤层气资源和煤储层物性特征,认为峰峰矿区是河北省煤层气勘查开发的有利地区。在大淑村、小屯矿等无烟煤、贫煤发育区,可实施短半径水平分支井;在煤层气富集、渗透率适当的中煤级煤地区,可以实施垂直井或井组;在高瓦斯的煤矿开拓区,可以采用三维立体的煤层气（瓦斯）抽采模式。     

Prediction Model of Coal Reservoir Pressure and its Implication for the Law of Coal Reservoir Depressurization

The main methods of coalbed methane(CBM) development are drainage and depressurization, and a precise prediction of coal reservoir pressure is thus crucial for the evaluation of reservoir potentials and the formulation of reasonable development plans. This work established a new reservoir pressure prediction model based on the material balance equation(MBE) of coal reservoir, which considers the self-regulating effects of coal reservoirs and the dynamic change of equivalent drainage area(EDA). According to the proposed model, the reservoir pressure can be predicted based on reservoir condition data and the actual production data of a single well. Compared with traditional reservoir pressure prediction models which regard EDA as a fixed value, the proposed model can better predict the average pressure of reservoirs. Moreover, orthogonal experiments were designed to evaluate the sensitivity of reservoir parameters on the reservoir pressure prediction results of this proposed model. The results show that the saturation of irreducible water is the most sensitive parameter, followed by Langmuir volume and reservoir porosity, and Langmuir pressure is the least sensitive parameter. In addition, the pressure drop of reservoirs is negatively correlated with the saturation of irreducible water and the Langmuir volume, while it is positively correlated with porosity. This work analyzed the reservoir pressure drop characteristics of the CBM wells in the Shizhuangnan Block of the Qinshui Basin, and the results show that the CBM reservoir depressurization can be divided into three types, i.e., rapidly drop type, medium-term stability type, and slowly drop type. The drainage features of wells were reasonably interpreted based on the comprehensive analysis of the reservoir depressurization type; the latter was coupled to the corresponding permeability dynamic change characteristics, eventually proving the applicability of the proposed model.     

Anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) in marine sediments from the Skagerrak (Denmark): II. Reaction-transport modeling

A steady-state reaction-transport model is applied to sediments retrieved by gravity core from two stations (S10 and S13) in the Skagerrak to determine the main kinetic and thermodynamic controls on anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM). The model considers an extended biomass-implicit reaction network for organic carbon degradation, which includes extracellular hydrolysis of macromolecular organic matter, fermentation, sulfate reduction, methanogenesis, AOM, acetogenesis and acetotrophy. Catabolic reaction rates are determined using a modified Monod rate expression that explicitly accounts for limitation by the in situ catabolic energy yields. The fraction of total sulfate reduction due to AOM in the sulfate-methane transition zone (SMTZ) at each site is calculated. The model provides an explanation for the methane tailing phenomenon which is observed here and in other marine sediments, whereby methane diffuses up from the SMTZ to the top of the core without being consumed. The tailing is due to bioenergetic limitation of AOM in the sulfate reduction zone, because the methane concentration is too low to engender favorable thermodynamic drive. AOM is also bioenergetically inhibited below the SMTZ at both sites because of high hydrogen concentrations (∼3-6 nM). The model results imply there is no straightforward relationship between pore water concentrations and the minimum catabolic energy needed to support life because of the highly coupled nature of the reaction network. Best model fits are obtained with a minimum energy for AOM of ∼11 kJ mol⁻¹, which is within the range reported in the literature for anaerobic processes.     

延川南深部煤层气高产主控地质因素研究

延川南区块属于深部高阶煤煤层气藏,受地质条件影响,区块单井产能差异大。结合煤层气开发动态资料,分析区块煤层气井富集高产主控地质因素。研究表明,气井产能受“构造、水动力、煤体结构”三因素控制,构造控制煤层气富集成藏,矿化度表征水动力强弱并影响煤层气保存,煤体结构制约储层改造。高产井主要位于埋深800~1 200 m的局部微幅隆起带翼部以及构造平缓区,地层水矿化度(3~10)×104 mg/L,原生–碎裂煤厚度大于2.5 m,日产气量大于1 000 m3;中产井位于埋深大于1 200 m的万宝山西部构造平缓区,矿化度大于10×104 mg/L,日产气量500~1 000 m3;而低产井主要靠近中部Ⅲ级断层以及局部Ⅳ级断层发育的断裂–凹陷带,矿化度低于0.3×104 mg/L,原生–碎裂煤厚度小于2.5 m,日产气量低于500 m3。区块产能的平面变化证实,构造是深部煤层气高产的主要控制因素。深部煤层气藏构造活动不发育的条件下储层渗透率极低,可改造性差,难以获得高产,构造活动的增强达到了改善储层目的,背斜轴部附近产生裂隙增加储层渗透性,易于煤层气富集和储层改造,局部小断层形成微裂缝,有利于煤层气解吸渗流,但是,构造活动较剧烈的断层以及凹陷带附近形成煤层气逸散通道,不利于煤层气的富集高产。      

煤层甲烷碳同位素在煤层气勘探中的地质意义--以沁水盆地为例

根据沁水煤层气甲烷碳同位素的组成与分布特征,从煤层甲烷碳同位素在煤层气解吸-扩散-运移中的分馏效应,结合水文地质条件和构造条件,讨论了煤层甲烷碳同位素在煤层气勘探中的地质意义,认为沁水煤层气δ13C₁值不仅总体上较高,而且随埋深增大而增高,说明沁水煤层气存在因煤层抬升而卸压所导致的煤层气解吸-扩散-运移效应,从而形成了该区甲烷碳同位素在平面上的分带现象。     

珲春盆地低煤阶煤层气富集规律

珲春盆地煤层气取得工业突破对我国低煤阶含煤盆地的煤层气勘探具有重要意义。通过对珲春盆地低煤阶煤层气成藏条件的深入剖析,探讨了低煤阶煤层气富集的主控因素及其成藏模式。结果表明,珲春盆地具有煤阶低、煤层多、煤层薄的特点,构造作用、沉积特征和岩浆岩侵入是其富集成藏的主控因素。盆地西部的褶皱和断层伴生带不仅为生物气创造有利环境,而且为煤层气二次成藏提供场所,形成"连续褶皱"富气模式;沼泽和天然堤微相的垂向叠置,使得作为煤层直接顶底板的泥岩和致密砂岩对煤层气起到更好的封闭作用;局部辉绿岩侵入体促使煤层再次生气,同时大大改善了煤岩的物性。因此,珲春盆地西部是煤层气高产富集区,具有巨大勘探开发潜力。      

华北上古生界煤层甲烷稳定碳同位素组成与煤层气解吸——扩散效应

华北上古生界浅层煤层甲烷稳定碳同位素具有颁布范围广、组成偏轻的总体分布特点,在进入高煤级煤阶段之后开始接近或落入腐殖型常规天然气甲烷稳定同位素分布范畴。该区浅层煤层甲烷稳定碳同痊素偏轻的现象主要起源于热力馏背景之上叠加的解吸－扩散效应,由此导致了煤层气原生带→过渡带→解吸带的垂向分带特征。     

湘中下石炭统测水组煤层气储层特性研究

从煤岩煤质、含气性、吸附特征、裂隙发育及渗透性等方面对湘中下石炭统测水组煤层气储层(煤储层)特性进行论述。研究表明煤储层为明显的富镜质组煤,随温度、压力的增加吸附量增大。区内煤层最大含气量为41.91m3/t,以新化芦毛江至金竹山一带为中心,包括芦毛江、冷水江、渣渡、金竹山等矿区,高富集区基本呈东西向展布。但受煤阶的影响,煤层内生裂隙发育程度明显低于龙潭组煤层,同时由于煤层煤体结构连通性差以及多起构造运动形成细小的煤粉常充填于构造裂隙中,降低了煤层的渗透性。针对上述煤储层特点,指出加强对具有上封下开裂隙系统以及原生结构煤和碎裂煤整层发育地区的煤层气勘探尤为重要。     

贵州省织金区块岩脚向斜煤层气富集高产规律研究

针对南方煤层层数多、单层薄,构造复杂,糜棱煤发育,选区评价难度大等问题,利用织金区块勘探成果及分析化验数据,开展了多煤层煤层气成藏条件研究。结果表明,南方多煤层煤层气具有“沉积控储,保存控气,地应力、煤体结构控产”四元富集高产规律。沉积控制煤层厚度、层数、煤岩煤质等,决定了煤层气资源基础,潮坪沼泽控制下的煤层分布稳定,连续性好,灰分小于20%,镜质组体积分数大于80%。构造、水文地质联合控制煤层含气性,呈现出向斜核部富气特征,珠藏次向斜翼部往核部方向,随着埋深增大,氯根质量浓度及储层压力逐渐增大,含气量由8 m3/t逐渐增大到28 m3/t。构造作用影响煤体结构、地应力大小及现今地应力状态,进而影响压裂改造效果、渗流条件,直接影响煤层气井产能,研究区NE向与NW向构造分属不同形变区,北西向构造珠藏、阿弓、三塘次向斜较北西向构造比德、水公河次向斜形成时间晚,构造作用相对弱,现今地应力小于20 MPa,煤体结构主要为原生结构煤或碎裂煤,且水平应力大于垂向应力,压裂缝以水平缝为主,利于裂缝在煤储层中延伸,煤层气开发条件更有利。通过富集高产规律研究,认为南方多煤层资源基础较好,构造及其对地应力、煤体结构的影响是多煤层选区评价的关键因素,岩脚向斜珠藏–阿弓–三塘次向斜为煤层气开发有利区。区域上,远离威宁—紫云断裂的NE向含煤向斜是南方多煤层煤层气勘探的重点方向。      

Quantitative characterization of different coal rank reservoirs permeability based on NMR and X-CT technology

With the increasing development of coalbed methane (CBM) field, the quantitative characterization and evaluation of coal reservoir physical properties is becoming more and more important to CBM scale development. In order to solve the limitations of conventional methods for testing coal reservoir physical properties, the authors used the high-tech technologies such as nuclear magnetic resonance technology and CT scanning technology to effectively solve the problems of in-situ and integrity of rock samples and acquire the porosity and permeability. Nuclear magnetic resonance and CT scanning experiments of coal samples were carried out to rapidly obtain the pore type, pore size distribution and connectivity, effective porosity, spatial distribution of pore fissures and other refined coal reservoir physical parameters, based on the samples of middle and low rank coal in Shenfu block and high rank coal in Shizhuangnan block. So a set of quantitative characterization analysis technology that can be applied to coal reservoirs with different coal rank was formed.     

基于NMR和X-CT的不同煤阶煤储层物性定量表征

随着煤层气田开发程度逐渐深入,煤储层物性定量表征与评价对煤层气规模开发愈发重要。为解决常规煤储层物性表征技术存在的尺度局限性,采用了核磁共振(Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Technology,NMR)和X-CT(Computed Tomography,X-CT)扫描等技术,实现了煤储层孔裂隙的跨尺度、原位态及完整性表征,为准确获取煤储层孔裂隙等物性参数提供新途径。研究依托神府区块中低阶煤和柿庄南区块高阶煤样品,开展核磁共振和CT扫描实验,快速、准确、定量地获得了煤储层孔隙类型、孔径分布、孔隙连通性、有效孔隙度和孔裂隙空间配置等煤储层物性参数,形成了一套可应用于不同煤阶煤储层物性定量表征的分析技术。     

华北地台串岭沟组砂脉中自生碳酸盐沉淀和自生黄铁矿——中元古代甲烷厌氧氧化的沉积证据

华北中元古界串岭沟组暗色页岩中普遍发育的砂脉构造被解释为气体逃逸形成的沉积构造。在砂脉和相邻围岩中发现有自生碳酸盐沉淀和自生黄铁矿。自生碳酸盐主要由白云石组成,表现为微晶质条带或隐晶质斑块状胶结物。微晶白云石条带多出现在有机质纹层密集发育的部位,沿微生物膜两侧发育;而隐晶质斑块多以胶结物形式充填粒间孔隙或沿砂脉外缘密集产出。围岩中共生草莓状黄铁矿,砂脉中有具环带黄铁矿。这种特殊的矿物组构以及富有机质沉积和丰富的微生物成因构造(MISS)均表明串岭沟组形成于缺氧环境。层面发育的气泡构造为砂脉的气体逃逸成因提供了支持,而自生碳酸盐和黄铁矿则是沉积浅层硫酸盐-甲烷转换带(SMTZ)甲烷厌氧氧化(AOM)和细菌硫酸盐还原(BSR)的产物;气体源于有机质的厌氧分解和甲烷菌活动。砂脉中发现有疑似微生物化石,围岩含古菌和硫细菌生物标志物,表明有发生AOM和BSR作用的条件。串岭沟组砂脉中识别的自生碳酸盐沉淀及其AOM成因对进一步认识中元古代古海洋与古气候条件具有重要意义。由于海洋的低硫酸盐浓度,SMTZ带很浅,海底沉积层的甲烷仅少量被AOM消耗;而大量甲烷进入大气必然导致中元古代强烈的温室气候效应。     

沁水盆地南部15号煤层顶板灰岩特征对煤层气开采的影响

煤层顶板的含水性对煤层气的开采有重要影响。沁水盆地南部上石炭统太原组15号煤层直接或间接顶板多为灰岩,其中以K2灰岩为主,连续分布。顶板泥岩较少,呈零散分布。灰岩的富水性对煤层气的排水降压有影响。因此,主要从灰岩的厚度展布、裂隙发育、与煤层的接触关系以及区域水文地质条件讨论其含水性对煤层气产能的影响。研究结果表明:(1)灰岩的含水性一般较弱,但当遇到断层或岩溶陷落柱较发育的部位,可能与其他含水层沟通,富水性较强。(2)15号煤层顶板灰岩的厚度与煤层气井的产水量并无直接关系,其裂隙较发育,但大多被方解石充填,导水和储水性能较差。(3)灰岩与15号煤层的接触关系有两种:一种是直接接触型,灰岩直接覆于15号煤层之上;另一种是间接接触型,灰岩与15号煤之间夹有泥岩、砂岩或14号煤层。直接接触型煤层气井的产水量、产气量比间接接触型高。间接接触型15号煤层直接顶板的岩性、厚度对产气、产水都没有太大影响。     

北黄海地球化学勘探及含油气远景预测

根据海面低层大气中烃类异常和海底沉积物中微生物地球化学异常检测结果，结合区域地质及钻井资料，可以将北黄海盆地划分为东、中、西3个含油气远景区，其中，呈近南北向展布的中部区偏南部，低层大气中甲烷含量为连续高值，分布均匀且离散度较小，海底微生物异常强度最大，含油气远景最好；东部区低层大气中甲烷含量为中-高值，海底微生物异常强度次之，含油气远景较好；西部区低层大气中甲烷呈零星高值出现，海底微生物异常强度较弱，含油气远景较差。