8014号热带气旋发生发展过程的能量学诊断研究

利用动能和总位能收支方程，对８０１４号强热带风暴过程进行了能量学诊断研究。结果表明，地转作用是该热带气旋中辐散风动能向旋转风动能转换的主要物理机制；非绝热加热是热带气旋发展的主要能源，其对总位能的制造大部分用于次网格耗散和侧边界输出，只有一小部分被转化为辐散风动能；两个转换函数Ｃ（Ｐ，Ｋｘ）和Ｃ（Ｋｘ，Ｋφ）在时空分布上具有很好的一致性；该热带气旋与周围环境场有明显的能量交换，在高层有总位能和旋转风动能输出，在低层有辐散风动能输入；在总动能收支中，辐散风作功是主要的功能产生项，旋转风作功主要是消耗动能。     

粤东台风“浣熊”大暴雨的辐散风动能分析

利用热带气旋和雨量观测资料、NCEP再分析资料和辐散风动能方程,对台风"浣熊"在粤东造成大暴雨到特大暴雨的大尺度环流及动能转换特征进行了分析。结果表明,此次强降水过程主要是台风残涡与周围环境相互作用的结果。来自西太平洋的低层强偏东南急流和与热带气旋相连的西南急流,维持强水汽输送且输送至粤东地区;辐散风动能的变化对本次过程有较好的指示意义;低空两支急流的分布及辐合变化造成的动能通量辐合效应,是暴雨区辐散风动能的主要能量来源。此外,两支急流中心分别存在暖空气上升和冷空气下沉运动,斜压有效位能释放转化为辐散风动能。在上述两种过程中,冷空气均起到了重要作用。在低层近似辐合条件下,大气层结条件的不同是造成粤东和登陆点附近降水强度差异的重要原因。     

气旋爆发性发展过程的动力特征及能量学研究

本文对不同路径的爆发性气旋进行了动力特征及能量学研究。发现高空大值位涡空气的下伸是气旋爆发性发展的一个重要条件。初生气旋逐渐向强位涡区移近并形成上下位涡区相接的形势。使气旋迅速发展。高空急流与气旋发展有密切关系。发展中的气旋明显地向着急流左侧的辐散区移动。急流的突然加强及高空强风动量的不断下传，构成了下层的强风带及上下一致的急流结构。能量学研究指出在气旋发展前气旋内散度风动能向旋转风动能的转换突然增强。散度风动能在爆发气旋发展时有明显增长。     

登陆我国热带气旋变性加强与减弱的对比分析

利用日本气象厅1979—2008年的热带气旋年鉴资料和JRA-25资料(日本25年再分析资料),对登陆中国的变性加强(IET)和变性减弱(WET)两类热带气旋(TC)的环境场进行动态合成分析,并计算其动能收支项。分析表明:（1） IET(WET)在强(弱)的高空槽以及高空急流的影响下,高层辐散增强、低层辐合增强（减弱）,上升运动明显加强(微弱加强),相应的IET(WET)变性加强(减弱)。（2） 低层散度风动能制造的增加(减少)是IET(WET)变性后的低层气旋加强(减弱)的主要原因之一;低层散度风动能制造则与TC低层斜压锋区的发展密切相关。（3） IET(WET)受强(弱)的高空槽影响,高层旋转风动能制造相应增长(耗散),有利(不利)于其维持。      

2006年超强台风“桑美”强度突变的动能特征分析

应用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对2006年超强台风“桑美”（Saomai）强度突变过程的动能特征进行分析,结果表明：“桑美”突然增强时刻其低层总动能和旋转风动能突然增加,辐散风动能也有所增加,总动能的增加主要是由旋转风动能增加所引起的;其高层总动能和旋转风动能突然减小,而辐散风动能突然增加,高层动能下传是导致“桑美”突然增强的重要原因;“桑美”突然增强时刻高层辐散风动能向旋转风动能的转换达到最大,低层辐散风与旋转风相互作用动能项达到最大;“桑美”突然减弱时刻的高低层能量变化趋势与突然增强时刻相反,并存在着低层动能的上传;“桑美”强度突变时对总动能（K）、旋转风动能（KR）、辐散风动能（KD）变化的响应时间为6～18 h。     

登陆热带气旋海马（0421）变性加强的诊断研究

利用台风年鉴、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、旋转风及辐散风动能诊断方程对热带气旋海马(2004)的变性加强过程进行了诊断分析。结果表明,海马变性加强发生在向极运动过程中,与高空槽前急流发生耦合,西风槽引导冷空气侵入海马环流内部,形成半冷半热结构。进一步利用辐散风动能方程诊断分析发现,海马变性加强的主要能量来源有两个,一个是西风槽带来的冷空气下沉侵入低压环流释放的有效位能,另一个是海马与环境系统发生相互作用导致其低压环流不均匀分布的总动能通过辐散风向低压动能的转化。二者的值为同一量级。此外,此两种能量来源均可使海马低层平均风速在6h增加10m/s以上,地面摩擦和大气内摩擦是TC动能消耗的主要原因,而动能垂直通量的散度项使得动能由低层输送至高层。     

登陆热带气旋降水增幅的合成诊断分析

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,采用动态合成分析方法,对登陆后降水增幅类和非增幅类热带气旋的大尺度环流特征做了合成分析和动力诊断.结果表明:增幅类热带气旋处于强经向型环流之中,中高纬度为阻塞形势,高层有急流入口区南侧的强辐散,并与西风槽相互叠加;低层有急流和水汽通道的长时间联结;热带气旋东侧还有次级环流相伴.非增幅类热带气旋环流背景相对平直,高空辐散弱,无西风槽叠加;低空急流减弱迅速,且水汽通道较早出现断裂;无次级环流出现.增幅类热带气旋高层存在显著非地转运动,高层南风急流入口区的强次地转运动和降水增幅紧密相关.     

梅雨暴雨与高空急流的统计与动力分析

对1991、1996、1998年梅雨暴雨与高空急流进行了统计与合成分析。结果表明，大尺度环流形势稳定是1991、1998年梅雨期局部降水时间较长的主要原因，1996年环流形势多变，难以在局地长久维持。梅雨暴雨与高空急流关系密切，暴雨多出现在西北风高空急流的右前方或西南风高空急流的右后方。西南风高空急流造成梅雨暴雨的高层辐散场多由经向风辐散形成，西北风高空急流多出现纬向风辐散，当其与南亚高压东部的经向风辐散配合时往往会造成较强的暴雨，1998年这类情况出现最多。南亚高压东北象限的偏北风对雨区南侧季风反环流的形成有重要作用。     

环境场对东海登陆热带气旋陆地路径的影响

采用合成分析的方法，对比分析了在华东南部沿海登陆，维持较短陆地路径和维持较长陆地路径的两类热带气旋的环境场变化，结果表明：环境场对登陆热带气旋的陆地路径的维持有重要影响。当西北太平洋副热带高压迅速加强西伸；中低层低压环流迅速减弱；中低层环境热力条件差，海洋水汽输送中断；高层水平流场呈纬向型，青藏高原反气旋环流相对较弱而西北太平洋副热带高压反气旋环流强大，中纬带西风急流强大时，环境场的配置使热带气旋周围的高层水平辐散弱并衰减，低层水平辐合弱并衰减，热带气旋的对流被抑制，仅能维持较短路径很快就减弱消亡。反之，当西北太平洋副热带高压减弱东退，西风槽南压；低层低压环流长时间维持；中低层环境热力条件好，海洋水汽输送通畅；高层水平流场呈经向型，青藏高原反气旋环流相对强大而西北太平洋副热带高压反气旋环流减弱东退，中纬带西风急流较弱，低空东南风急流强大时，环境场的配置使热带气旋周围高层水平辐散强并维持，低层水平辐合强并维持，热带气旋的对流通畅，能维持较长生命史和较长的路径。     

梅雨锋次天气尺度涡旋旋转风和辐散风动能收支

本文选取１９９１年７月５日２０：００－６日２０：００梅雨锋上移动性次天气尺度涡旋引起的长江中下游特大暴雨为实例。采用准拉格朗日球坐标系的旋转风和辐散风动能方程，计算得到次天气尺度涡旋发展和成熟两个阶段对流层各层旋转风动能和辐散风动能的收支特征为：在对流层高层（１００－４００ｈＰａ）两个阶段的旋转风动能源汇相同，辐散风动能源汇有异，即水平动能通量项和“摩擦”项符号相反；在中层（４００－７００ｈＰａ）     

KINEMATIC ANALYSIS OF TYPHOON POLLY(No.9216)*

We partition the observed wind field into rotational and divergent wind fields to analyze the stream field of Typhoon Polly(No.9216),which landed on 31 August 1992 and caused severe weather and large damage in the eastern China.The results indicate that the preservation of typhoon intensity after landing and the heavy rainfall took place onthe northern periphery of typho on are due to the strong divergent winds on the regions of low level jet(LLJ) and high level jet(HLJ) around the typhoon.The direction of divergent winds in the LLJ is perpendicular to the observed wind.But,the direction of divergent winds around the HLJ axis is parallel to the observed winds.The stream function and the rotational wind corresponding to the horizontal vorticity display the vertical circulation associated with the heavy rain,which is stronger than the vertical circulation around the typhoon center.The three-dimensional trajectories exhibit the warm and moist air parcels of LLJ traveling northward into the heavy rainfall region and ascending,then turning eastward in the HLJ.     

The dynamical effects of divergent wind on the intraseasonal variability of the East Asian circulation

In this paper, the dynamical effects of divergent wind on the intraseasonal variability of atmospheric circulation over East Asia are analyzed by using the function of Rossby-wave source and the energy exchanging function be-tween divergent component and rotational component of the flow.The results analyzed from the observed data show that the advection of vorticity by divergent wind caused by the heating due to the monsoon rainfall in the south to the Yangtze River and the strong convective activities around the Philippines may play an important role in the northward jump of westerly jet stream during the seasonal transition from spring circulation to summer circulation over East Asia. Due to the northward movement of the advection of vorticity by the divergent wind, the energy transformation from divergent component into rotational component can be caused over the Yellow River basin and Northwest China and will cause the intensification of the zonal flow there. Thus, the jet stream abruptly shifts northward to North China.Moreover, the analysed results also show that the advection of vorticity by divergent wind caused by the heating due to the strong convective activities around the Philippines also plays an important role in the intraseasonal varia-bility of the circulation over East Asia during the seasonal transition from summer to winter. With the southward movement of the advection of vorticity by the divergent wind, the energy transformation from divergent component into rotational component can be caused over East Asia, especially over the Yangtze-Huaihe River basin. Therefore, the jet stream gradually moves southward from North China to the Yangtze River basin.     

The Effect of Moisture on the Kinetic Energy Budget of a Mediterranean Cyclone

Summary  A diagnostic energetics analysis is used to study the effects of moisture-related processes on a developing cyclone over the Mediterranean. This is done by using the moist wind component to calculate the energy budget and then the effect due to wind field changes on the kinetic energy budget is illustrated. The horizontal flux convergence serves as a major energy budget source in both cases (actual and moist wind), although the magnitude values of this term are small in the case of the moist wind. Generation of kinetic energy, is generally (in the case of moist wind), a prominent sink during the life cycle of the cyclone, and its values are greater than the corresponding ones for the actual wind field except at the decay period. Subgrid-scale sources of kinetic energy provide a substantial energy gain throughout the life cycle of the cyclone. The values of the dissipation term differ from using the actual or moist components where its values are influenced by the values of the other terms in the budget. The baroclinic generation due to the divergent moist wind component offsets by 80.8% and 12.1% for the barotropic destruction of kinetic energy by the rotational moist wind component. The divergent moist wind component was found to be very important in the synoptic-scale environments of the cyclogenesis. Both demonstrate that the divergent moist wind component is as important as the rotational moist wind component in producing generation and horizontal flux divergence of kinetic energy. Generation of kinetic energy by the divergent moist wind component seems to be a major factor leading to the creation of upper-level wind maxima north of the storm areas. Thus, these diagnostic findings suggest possible modifications to the wind field by investigating the role of the divergent moist wind component and may also be fruitful in exploring the effects of cyclogensis on the large-scale environment. Received April 27, 1998/Revised April 23, 1999     

Kinetic energy budget and moisture flux convergence analysis during interaction between two cyclonic systems: Case study

An analysis of the kinetic energy budget during a case of interaction between middle latitude and extratropical cyclones has been made in this work. Horizontal flux convergence constitutes a major energy sink. Generation of kinetic energy via cross-contour flow is a persistent source throughout the growth and decay periods. Dissipation of kinetic energy from subgrid to grid scales is an important source during the pre-storm period; it acts as a sink during the growth and decay periods. The major contribution to kinetic energy comes from a persistent upper tropospheric jet stream activity throughout the period of the cyclone development. The characteristics of moisture-flux components (divergent and rotational) along with precipitable water content for different tropospheric layers throughout the life cycle of our cyclone are also studied in this work. It is found that most of required humidity for our cyclone are initiated from Arabian Sea and then to some extent are reinforced over Gulf of Aden and east of central Africa and then by passing over Red sea enter to the south and south east of Mediterranean Sea. The rotational component of the moisture transport brings moisture from two regions; the first which is considered the main region is the Indian Ocean, Arabian Sea, Gulf of Aden and north east of Sudan. The second source region is the Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea. In the middle troposphere, the primary moisture source is found over central Africa, which in turn is traced to the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, and the Arabian Sea. The upper-level moisture fluxes are weak and play a minor role over the area of interaction between two cyclones.     

The Dynamical Effects of Divergent Wind on the Intraseasonal variabinty of the East Asian Circulation

宋玉成，黄荣辉ＴｈｅＤｙｎａｍｉｃａｌＥｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆＤｉｖｅｒｇｅｎｔＷｉｎｄｏｎｔｈｅＩｎｔｒａｓｅａｓｏｎａｌｖａｒｉａｂｉｎｔｙｏｆｔｈｅＥａｓｔＡｓｉａｎＣｉｒｃｕｌａｔｉｏｎ￥ＳｏｎｇＹｕｃｈｅｎｇａｎｄＨｕａｎｇＲｏｎｇｈｕｉ（Ｉｎｓ...     

Energy Exchanges for Mediterranean Weather Systems

Summary  An analysis of the kinetic energy budget is made for a cyclonic development over the Mediterranean. Horizontal flux convergence constitutes a major energy source. Generation of kinetic energy via cross-contour flow is a persistent sink except only a weak energy source for the decay period of our case study. Dissipation of kinetic energy, computed as a residual, has local maxima both in the lower troposphere and near the jet stream level. By investigating the relative importance of divergent and non-divergent components in the kinetic energy budget we found that when calculating the magnitude of the kinetic energy one may safely replace the total wind with the non-divergent one. But the horizontal flux convergence of kinetic energy and the generation of kinetic energy are sensitive to the magnitude of the divergent wind. A large increase in the kinetic energy of the total flow fields and the nondivergent component of the flows occurs over the southeastern Mediterranean with the existence of the subtropical jet. This indicates that the subtropical jet steadily receives energy from divergent flow. Maximum energy conversion and transport occur near the time of maximum storm intensity while smaller values are observed during the development and decay stages. Received July 2, 1998/Revised December 28, 1998     

登陆热带气旋长久维持与迅速消亡的大尺度环流特征

采用动态合成分析方法 ,对登陆后长久维持热带气旋 (LTC)和迅速消亡热带气旋 (STC)的大尺度环流特征进行合成分析和动力诊断。研究表明 :(1)LTC登陆后 ,在一个长波槽前有向偏北移动靠近中纬度斜压锋区的趋势 ,而STC登陆后 ,无长波槽靠近 ,并远离中纬度斜压锋区 ;(2 )LTC登陆后 ,仍与一支低空急流水汽输送通道连结 ,而STC登陆后很快与这支水汽通道分离 ;(3)LTC登陆后逐渐变性 ,获取斜压能量 ,其环境风垂直切变增强 ,Δζ2 0 0 -850负值增大 ,而STC登陆后没有这样的特征 ;(4 )LTC登陆后 ,其高层与中纬度急流靠近 ,增强了其向东北方向的高空流出气流 ,而STC不存在这样一支流出气流 ;(5 )LTC登陆后 ,摩擦使其能量耗损 ,但从中高层环境中获得了能量 ,而STC登陆后 ,有同样的能耗却无明显的环境能量补给。因此 ,当一个热带气旋登陆后 ,从其移动趋势、与水汽通道的连结、与斜压锋区的关系和高空流出气流等特征 ,可以初步判断其是长久维持还是迅速衰减。     

东亚寒潮活动对下游爆发性气旋生成的影响

本文研究了东亚寒潮过程与下游爆发性气旋之间的关系。通过对一个强寒潮过程及随后在西北太平洋上爆发性气旋生成的个例分析发现,寒潮过程相伴随的大环流调整给下游气旋猛烈发展提供了极好的背景条件。当超长波槽与长波槽耦合加深时,槽前气旋迅速发展。大槽的加深使高空急流不断加速,大风区向低层扩展。出口区的次级环流也随着急流的加强而加强,它促使北侧低层气旋发展。对93次爆发性气旋作统计分析进一步证实了上述结论。绝大多数过程皆伴有上游的强冷高压活动。高压中心越强相应的爆发气旋也越强,甚至可以发生连续的爆发。绝大多数爆发性气旋发生在超长波槽前,强高空急流出口区的向极侧。     

Kinetic Energy Budgets during the Rapid Intensification of Typhoon Rammasun (2014)

In this study, Typhoon Rammasun(2014) was simulated using the Weather Research and Forecasting model to examine the kinetic energy during rapid intensification(RI). Budget analyses revealed that in the inner area of the typhoon,the conversion from symmetric divergent kinetic energy associated with the collocation of strong cyclonic circulation and inward flow led to an increase in the symmetric rotational kinetic energy in the lower troposphere. The increase in the symmetric rotational kinetic e...     

Changes in the normal mode energetics of the general atmospheric circulation in a warmer climate

Changes in the normal mode energetics of the general atmospheric circulation are assessed for the northern winter season (DJF) in a warmer climate, using the outputs of four climate models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, Phase 3. The energetics changes are characterized by significant increases in both the zonal mean and eddy components for the barotropic and the deeper baroclinic modes, whereas for the shallower baroclinic modes both the zonal mean and eddy components decrease. Significant increases are predominant in the large-scale eddies, both barotropic and baroclinic, while the opposite is found in eddies of smaller scales. While the generation rate of zonal mean available potential energy has globally increased in the barotropic component, leading to an overall strengthening in the barotropic energetics terms, it has decreased in the baroclinic component, leading to a general weakening in the baroclinic energetics counterpart. These global changes, which indicate a strengthening of the energetics in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS), sustained by enhanced baroclinic eddies of large horizontal scales, and a weakening below, mostly driven by weaker baroclinic eddies of intermediate to small scales, appear together with an increased transfer rate of kinetic energy from the eddies to the zonal mean flow and a significant increase in the barotropic zonal mean kinetic energy. The conversion rates between available potential energy and kinetic energy, C, were further decomposed into the contributions by the rotational (Rossby) and divergent (gravity) components of the circulation field. The eddy component of C is due to the conversion of potential energy of the rotational adjusted mass field into kinetic energy by the work realized in the eddy divergent motion. The zonal mean component of C is accomplished by two terms which nearly cancel each other out. One is related to the Hadley cell and involves the divergent component of both wind and geopotential, while the other is associated to the Ferrel cell and incorporates the divergent wind with the rotationally adjusted mass field. Global magnitude increases were found in the zonal mean components of these two terms for the warmer climate, which could be the result of a strengthening and/or widening of both meridional cells. On the other hand, the results suggest a strengthening of these conversion rates in the UTLS and a weakening below, that is consistent with the rising of the tropopause in response to global warming.