四川盆地三叠纪古盐湖已达钾石盐析出阶段——来自石盐流体包裹体化学组成的约束

石盐的流体包裹体成分可提供古流体组成的物理化学信息,用以探查卤水组成变化及环境演化规律等。四川盆地位于上扬子地台,其中的早-中三叠纪沉积建造是中国海相找钾的有利层位之一。获取石盐沉积时期的卤水成分信息,是深刻认识四川盆地古海水蒸发浓缩程度的重要途径。文章利用激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱法,对采自川东地区长平3井嘉陵江组的石盐流体包裹体开展了化学组成分析,结果显示古卤水化学类型为Mg_SO4型;流体包裹体中的ρ(K~+)与现代海水浓缩到钾石盐析出阶段的ρ(K~+)基本一致,可能揭示了盆地三叠纪时期古卤水已达到钾石盐析出阶段,对四川盆地沉积环境演化及钾盐成矿规律研究等具有重要的理论意义。     

古盐湖卤水温度对钾盐沉积的控制作用探讨

古盐湖卤水的温度对钾盐沉积的控制作用的定量研究是钾盐成矿机理分析的重点和难点。本文分析和测试陕北盐盆奥陶系马家沟组、四川盆地三叠系嘉陵江组、云南兰坪-思茅盆地白垩系及老挝沙空那空盆地白垩系等八个含盐系的石盐岩中的流体包裹体,并利用均一温度计算了古盐湖的蒸发速率。若以老挝白垩纪时盐湖的蒸发速率为标准值100,陕北奥陶纪、四川三叠纪、云南白垩纪的蒸发速率标准值分别为54、68和90,而目前在老挝和云南白垩系都找到了一定规模的钾盐矿,因此高温(气温及水温)是盐湖成钾的有利条件,在卤水演化成钾的过程中可以起到重要的"催化"作用。     

四川盆地东部垫江盐盆早三叠世嘉陵江组四段杂卤石成因及对成钾的指示

四川盆地三叠纪是主要的成钾期,目前发现的主要含钾矿物为杂卤石,有关早三叠世嘉陵江组四段石盐岩中杂卤石成因一直存在争议.采用薄片鉴定、扫描电镜、稀土元素和锶同位素等手段,分析了四川盆地东部垫江盐盆长寿地区嘉陵江组四段石盐岩中杂卤石矿物形态特征,初步探讨了该杂卤石成因及对寻找海相钾盐的指示意义.扫描电镜下与石盐岩共生的杂卤...     

新疆罗布泊盐湖氢氧锶硫同位素地球化学及钾矿成矿物质来源

罗布泊罗北凹地第四系上部盐层中蕴藏丰富的卤水,卤水中则富含钾（ＫＣｌ平均品位为１．４０％）。文章通过对罗布泊卤水氢、氧、锶及硫同位素等分析及与塔里木盆地（河流）、柴达木盆地等地区对比研究,确定了罗布泊富钾卤水源于地表水,可能主要是塔里木盆地南北缘河流水;卤水中的硫钾等物质组分主要来源于南天山、塔里木盆地西北、西南部中新生代石膏钙芒硝石盐矿床或地层及其古代地层卤水。由于第四纪期间塔里木盆地西部抬升。     

青藏高原末次冰期盛冰阶的时限与干盐湖地质事件

本文根据高原盐湖原生石盐矿物包裹体流质的氢、氧稳定同位素分析以及包裹体流质的Ｎａ^＋、Ｍｇ^2＋测定讨论了青藏高原北部近五万年来的气候环境演变，论述了末次冰期盛冰阶在高原地区的时限问题，初步确定盛冰阶的时限为２１０００－１５０００ａＢ．Ｐ．，该期的平均温度比现今低约６－７℃。由于高寒的气候环境，促使高原盐湖补给水锐减，在其盛冰阶的晚期普遍形成干盐湖地质事件，这从各不同时间形成的原生石盐包裹体的流质中ｖｇ^2＋／Ｎａ^＋值的分布得到充分的证实。     

Degree of Brine Evaporation and Origin of the Mengyejing Potash Deposit: Evidence from Fluid Inclusions in Halite

The Mengyejing potash deposit is located in the southern port of the Simao Basin, Yunnan Province, and is hosted in mid-Cretaceous strata. The chemical compositions of fluid inclusions in halite crystals, collected from the level-610 adit in the deposit, were analysed by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). The results show that the brine is of the Na-K-Mg-Ca-Cl type and has K concentrations that are distinctly higher than those of Mg and Ca, unlike normal brines associated with Cretaceous halite. The high K concentrations indicate that the degree of evaporation of the ancient Mengyejing saline lake was very high, reaching the sylvite deposition stage but rarely reaching the carnallite deposition stage. The trajectory of the H and O isotopic compositions of the brines in the halite-hosted fluid inclusions corresponds to intense evaporation, indicating that the net evaporation exceeded the net inflow of brines. These brine compositions in halite-hosted fluid inclusions were likely formed by the dissolution of previously deposited K-bearing minerals by fresh continental and/or seawater, forming a type of modified seawater, with deep hydrothermal fluids potentially supplying additional potassium. The basin likely experienced multiple seawater incursion, dissolution and redeposition events in a high-temperature environment with high evaporation rates.     

四川盆地东部三叠系嘉陵江组海相钾盐成矿分析及靶区预测

四川盆地是我国重要的成盐盆地,但是否能形成一定规模的钾盐矿床一直存在争议。本文以四川盆地三叠纪杂卤石成因-海相钾盐成钾条件分析-次级凹陷圈定-钾盐成钾靶区圈定为主线,利用光薄片鉴定、扫描电镜、Sr同位素、大地电磁测深及地震解译等手段分析了四川盆地三叠纪钾盐成矿潜力,并进行了资源量预测。四川盆地东部早三叠世嘉陵江期岩盐中赋存的杂卤石是自生的,是海水高度浓缩的产物,暗示岩盐沉积时古卤水浓缩已达到钾镁盐析出阶段,长寿双龙-合兴一带和垫江董家场一带可能存在有利于钾盐沉积的次级凹陷,后期构造运动对钾盐改造较小,保存条件较好。利用地震解释和大地电磁测深等结果初步圈定了长寿双龙-保合村勘查靶区,估算了资源量,为开展钻孔验证提供了科学依据。     

Specific features of the formation of elementary sedimentary rhythms of rock salt in facies zones of the Permian halogenic basin of the Caspian region

Based on the composition of brine inclusions in halite, the formation conditions of elementary sedimentation rhythms of rock salt were determined in facies zones of the Permian halogenic basin of the Caspian region. The distribution of structural types of halite was analyzed and the rate of brine condensation was estimated by calculating the K⁺ concentration coefficients during the precipitation of 1 m rock salt (K₁ g/l/m) and one elementary rhythm (K₂ g/l/rhythm). It was established that the rock salt of the Karpensk and Lugovsk rhythmic beds (hereafter, rhythmites) at the base and middle part of the halogenic sequence of the Baskunchak structure precipitated in a relatively deep-water lithofacies zone at a constant influx of NaCl-saturated brine and its slow condensation. This is reflected in insignificant variations of the thickness of elementary rhythms. In troughs at the northwestern framing of the depression, rocks salts of the Privolzhsk and partially, Lugovsk rhythmites were precipitated without the condensation of brine owing to the partial dissolution of halite in the coastal zones of the basin. The anomalously thick elementary rhythms (up to 30–40 cm) were composed of coarse-crystalline and water-transparent feather halite deposited at the bottom. A rapid condensation of brine was also noted during the precipitation of rock salt underlying the K-Mg saliferous rocks in the troughs. In this area, the brine experienced density stratification, with the influx of both condensed brine from the central part of the basin and less dense brine from the inlet.     

柴达木盆地昆特依盐湖含杂卤石地层高分辨率矿物学研究

柴达木盆地昆特依盐湖杂卤石资源丰富,是开展现代内陆盐湖杂卤石成因机制研究的良好载体.精细刻画沉积特征对阐释沉积矿床成因具有重要作用.本研究以昆特依盐湖大盐滩矿区ZK3608钻孔岩芯14.08-25.48 m段碎屑-杂卤石沉积韵律为研究对象,开展高分辨率矿物学研究,结合石盐流体包裹体化学组成和石盐中微量元素分析,尝试从高分辨率沉积学和矿物学的角度探讨杂卤石的成因.研究结果显示,石盐层产出的杂卤石含量低但分布范围广,为原生矿物;碎屑层中的杂卤石主要为次生矿物.石盐层与碎屑层之间存在一个过渡层位,该层位的杂卤石高度富集且矿物组成复杂,推测是由于原生与准同生杂卤石短时间内先后形成导致的.结合石盐流体包裹体化学组成所代表的古卤水变化特征分析表明,Ca-Cl型深部油田卤水的补给对研究区不同时期杂卤石的形成有重要影响.地球化学特征综合分析指示,石盐层的原生杂卤石由富钾镁的浓缩卤水与Ca-Cl型深部油田卤水混合直接生成;而过渡层位的杂卤石受到气候变化与Ca-Cl型深部油田卤水补给的共同作用.     

Ancient Microorganisms and Carotenoids Preserved in Fluid Inclusions in Halite from Chaka Salt Lake,Western China: Evidence from Micro-observation and in situ Raman Spectroscopy

Trapped ancient microorganisms in halite fluid inclusions are of special interest to the understanding of biology and ecology in salt lake systems.With the integration of petrologic,microthermometric,and Raman spectroscopic analyses,this study utilizes fluid inclusions from Chaka Salt Lake,eastern Qaidam Basin,NW China,to assess the possibility of microorganism-trapping by fluid inclusions.Here,we report that the solid phase of some primary fluid inclusions contains carotenoids,which is interpreted as evidence of Dunaliella algae,and that the coexisting liquid phase comprises SO_4~(2-).The homogenization temperatures of single-phase primary fluid inclusions indicate that the precipitation temperature of the Holocene halite in Chaka Salt Lake ranges from 13.5°C to 36.4°C.This suggests that fluid inclusions in halite are a good medium for trapping and preserving ancient microorganisms and organic matter in salt lakes,and that Raman spectroscopy has good potential to identify halophilic archaea.     

云南宾川雄鲁摩铜多金属矿床的成矿流体

雄鲁摩铜多金属矿床产于沉积岩中，生成工业意义矿床主体的改造期石英中的流体包裹体显微测温、成分分析以及氢氧同位素研究结果表明，雄鲁摩铜多金属矿床的流体为具有中低温、中低盐度和中低密度特征的富钠氯化物型热卤水，成矿流体水来源于与围岩发生了同位素交换的演化大气降水，形成于浅成低压的较酸性还原环境。     

江西吉泰盆地卤水型锂钾矿物源区岩石地球化学特征及成因分析

中国探明锂钾资源主要分布于青藏、罗布泊盐湖和川西等地,资源开发成本高、难度大,难以满足产业发展需求。目前,在江西吉泰盆地勘探发现卤水中氯化锂浓度超过600 mg/L,氯化钾含量接近1%,锂钾含量均超过或接近工业品位,综合利用价值高。本文在前人研究的基础上,通过对吉泰盆地中生代火成岩开展矿物学、岩石学、地球化学、流体包裹体研究以及高压釜水-岩反应模拟实验,重点研究了时间、温度、流体成分等对火成岩水-岩反应的影响,探究其对富钾锂卤水物质来源和成因机制的指示意义。研究结果表明,吉泰盆地卤水具有高锂低镁的特征,表明吉泰盆地卤水在成因上受到火山活动的影响;研究区岩浆发生不同程度的分异,火成岩蚀变作用强烈,表明地下热液对研究区火成岩的交代作用强烈,火成岩通过水-岩反应为富锂钾卤水矿提供了物质来源;温度是流体对元素的淋滤能力的主要控制因素,高盐度流体是各成矿元素主要的迁移载体;地表成因的卤水中Mg/Li值主要受原岩成分控制;水-岩反应是卤水形成的重要过程,而地表蒸发浓缩是卤水成矿最主要机理。     

The determination of sulphate in fluid inclusions using the M.O.L.E. Raman microprobe. Application to a keuper halite and geochemical consequences

Sulphate concentrations have been determined in fluid inclusions by Raman spectroscopy using the M.O.L.E. microprobe after verifying that the sulphate determination is proportional to the total sulphate in the aqueous phase. Comparison of m_iSO4. values in primary fluid inclusions with associated mother brine from actual solar salt works demonstrates their chemical equivalence.Keuper halite of marine origin has also been studied. The inclusions contain solid phases: anhydrite and possibly gypsum and glauberite as well. The moiality of the total dissolved sulphate in the aqueous phase is lower than that obtained during present sea-water evaporation at the halite stage of precipitation. Some geochemical hypotheses are proposed to account for this anomaly.     

Salt Crystallization Sequences of Nonmarine Brine and Their Application for the Formation of Potassium Deposits

The salt assemblages precipitated during evaporation of concentrated brine collected from Gasikule Salt Lake (GSL) were studied to better understand the formation of potassium deposits in the Qaidam Basin. The study included isothermal evaporation at 25 °C in the laboratory and solar evaporation in the ponds at GSL field. Brines increased in density and became moderately acidic (pH?≈?5.30) while major ion geochemistry and precipitate mineralogy all showed broad agreement between both systems. Four salt assemblages were identified in the isothermal evaporation experiment: halite?→?halite?+?hexahydrite?→?halite?+?bischofite?+?carnallite?→?bischofite. Alternately, three salt assemblages were recognized in the solar evaporation: halite?→?halite?+?epsomite?+?carnallite?→?halite?+?carnallite?+?bischofite. The key difference in salt assemblages between the two systems is attributed to differences in relative humidity and temperature conditions. Although the GSL has deep spring inflow recharge, the high abundance of MgSO₄ salts demonstrates that the salt assemblages are similar to normal seawater evaporation. Thus, different proportions of deep spring inflow and river water could form both MgSO₄-deficient potassium evaporite and normal seawater potassium evaporites. Therefore, nonmarine water may form diverse potassium evaporite deposits in continental basins when the geological structure as well as hydrogeological and climatic conditions is appropriate.     

思茅盆地石盐矿物的原位元素含量特征对成矿模式的启示

思茅盆地江城含盐带勐野井地区在“二层楼”钾盐成矿理论的指导下,逐步在侏罗系钾盐资源调查中取得重要成果,但盆地内其他含盐带研究程度薄弱。本文以整董含盐带的磨黑L2井勐野井组(K₁m)盐岩样品为研究对象,通过显微镜观察、扫描电镜能谱分析、石盐矿物元素含量电子探针微区原位测试方法的建立,精细研究了样品岩相学、石盐矿物学及元素含量特征。同时,测试了江城含盐带勐野井地区MK-1井花开左组(J₂h)石盐样品。对比研究两个井样品中石盐矿物微量元素K和Br含量及10³Br/Cl值(质量分数比)特征,结合研究区地质演化,取得以下认识。L2井K₁m(含)泥砾盐岩中石盐矿物发育两类产状:一类是胶结碎屑颗粒的主体石盐,具塑性流变特征;另一类是析出在碎屑中被盐类或黏土矿物碎屑包裹的石盐,两类包裹体特征指示均属次生成因。电子探针测得L2井K₁m的主体石盐、碎屑包裹和勐野井MK-1井J₂h含钾盐层石盐的K含量分别为≤0.09%、≤0.18%和≤0.13%,Br含量分别为≤60×10^-6、70×10^-6~410×10^-6和70×10^-6~500×10^-6,10³Br/Cl值分别为≤0.10、0.12~0.71和0.12~0.85,主体石盐显著低于后二者,处于陆源或海陆混合源石盐阶段或重结晶石盐阶段,而后二者数值接近,大多处在海源石盐阶段,小部分处在海源母液结晶钾石盐阶段和光卤石阶段。推断磨黑L2井碎屑包裹的石盐属深部古盐体刺穿贯入的证据,可能的成矿模式为深部中侏罗统海相古盐体受盐底辟作用迁移到浅层下白垩统勐野井组后,部分被盆地内侧向迁移来的中侏罗世残留海水、盆地周缘汇入的陆源水以及深部热液的共同溶蚀淋滤和混染改造形成新的卤水,部分以固体古石盐砾保留下来,在早白垩世晚期新母液卤水蒸发成盐过程中被形成的盐类和陆源碎屑矿物包裹,后期在母液结晶的主体石盐胶结下沉积成岩和成矿。以上认识完善了“二层楼”成矿理论在整董含盐带的勘探实践。     

四川盆地东部垫江盐盆三叠系海相钾盐成钾有利区圈定： 地球物理和地球化学方法综合应用

垫江盐盆是四川盆地三叠纪时期重要的一个成盐成钾次级盆地,在早三叠世嘉陵江组四段岩盐中发现了大量含钾矿物,具备成钾潜力,但海相钾盐成矿有利区还需要进一步研究.本文通过系统收集垫江盐盆内已有钻孔资料,对嘉陵江组四段岩盐厚度进行统计,对嘉陵江组四段钻井岩盐样品进行化学成分分析,结果表明在双龙地区和五洞地区岩盐厚度大,岩盐钾含量较高,可能是古盐湖蒸发浓缩中心;对垫江盐盆内3条地震剖面进行重新解译,并开展了7条大地电磁测深剖面测量工作,结果显示早三叠世嘉陵江期在垫江盐盆北段的五洞地区和南段的双龙地区可能存在有利于钾盐沉积的凹地,地球物理和地球化学结果较为一致.综合分析认为,早三叠世嘉陵江期,垫江盐盆北段的五洞镇一带和南段的双龙一带是海相钾盐成矿的有利区,研究结果可为进一步开展钻孔验证提供科学依据.     

Novel applications of fluid inclusions and isotope geochemistry in unravelling the genesis of fossil travertine systems

The Denizli Basin is a fault‐bounded Neogene–Quaternary depression located in the Western Anatolian Extensional Province, Western Turkey. The basin is a unique geological site with abundant active and fossil (Quaternary) travertine and tufa deposits. Fluid inclusion microthermometry and isotopic analysis were applied to study the genesis of the Ball?k fossil travertine deposits, located in the south‐eastern part of the basin. Microthermometry on fluid inclusions indicates that the main travertine precipitating and cementing fluids are characterized by low salinity (<0·7 wt% NaCl equivalent) and variable temperatures that cluster at <50°C and ca 100°C. Fluids of meteoric origin have been heated by migration to the deeper subsurface, possibly in a local high geothermal gradient setting. A later uncommon cementation phase is related to a fluid with a significantly higher salinity (25·5 to 26·0 wt% bulk). The fluid obtained its salinity by interaction with Late Triassic evaporite layers. Strontium isotopes indicate that the parent carbonate source rock of the different travertine precipitates is very likely to be the Triassic limestone of the Lycian Nappes. Carbon isotopes suggest that the parent CO₂ gas originated from thermal decarbonation of the Lycian limestones with minor contributions of magmatic degassing and organic soil CO₂. Oxygen isotopes confirm the meteoric origin of the fluids and indicate disequilibrium precipitation because of evaporation and degassing. Results were integrated within the available geological data of the Denizli Basin in a generalized travertine precipitation model, which enhanced the understanding of fossil travertine systems. The study highlights the novel application of fluid inclusion research in unravelling the genesis of continental carbonates and provides several recommendations for hydrocarbon exploration in travertine‐bearing sedimentary basins. The findings suggest that travertine bodies and their parent carbonate source rocks have the potential to constitute interesting subsurface hydrocarbon reservoirs.     

四川盆地海相深层富钾锂层系沉积演化规律及储卤层响应特征

随着国内钾锂盐需求不断增大,浅层盐湖卤水勘探开发技术趋于成熟,深层卤水资源已成为经济矿产目标。四川盆地在三叠系发育了面积广泛且巨厚的蒸发岩层,并赋存了优质且丰富的富钾锂卤水储层。针对以往岩相古地理“盐味”不足的特点,文章通过分析四川盆地蒸发岩分布规律、岩相古地理特征以及沉积演化,明确了膏盐盆的形成具有“多期多区”特征,揭示了三叠系嘉四段—雷三段重点成盐期的膏盐盆规模、分布、迁移规律;同时基于地质、测井资料,明确了四川盆地富钾锂卤水储层的地质和测井响应特征,认为四川盆地富钾锂卤水储层质量受层位、相带、孔隙类型的控制,表现出中-高伽马、低电阻率、高声波时差、低密度的耦合特征。研究成果将对国内外深层海相层系的富钾锂卤水储层勘探起到一定的指导意义。     

老挝他曲地区石盐流体包裹体特征、氢氧同位素组成及成盐物质补给方式

对老挝他曲地区钻孔中石盐流体包裹体特征、类型以及氢氧同位素组成进行了研究,用以重塑盆地成盐过程中的古环境,并在此基础上对盆地成盐物质的补给方式进行了探讨。结果显示,钻孔中塔贡组下盐段原生石盐岩主要包括人字形和漏斗形晶体两种类型。其中人字形石盐晶体在下盐段中广泛发育,漏斗形晶体数量较少,但通常与人字形石盐晶体产于同一层位,指示了下盐段沉积时盆地处于一种极浅水环境。石盐原生流体包裹体氢氧同位素组成明显偏离全球大气降水线,集中分布于其右下方,反映盆地成盐过程中处于强烈蒸发条件之下。氢氧同位素组成在纵向上的变化,可能揭示了在盐湖演化至钾盐沉积阶段大气温度具有升高趋势。白垩纪中期全球海平面达到极大值,而在呵叻盆地内部,持续的坳陷和强烈的蒸发作用将导致湖平面快速下降。这样,外海与盐盆之间则会产生水位差,由此产生的水力梯度将为外海海水通过障壁向盆地方向进行渗透提供潜在的动力。此外,早白垩世呵叻高原广泛发育的沙漠沉积,则为外海海水大规模的侧向渗透进入盐盆提供了可能的通道。因此,结合现有的资料,本文提出,除海侵补给外,外海通过障壁侧向渗透补给对老挝钾盐盆地成盐物质的供给也具有重要作用。     

云南兰坪-思茅盆地和老挝钾盐矿床物质来源新认识

云南兰坪-思茅盆地勐野井钾盐矿与泰国—老挝的钾盐矿的成矿关系被认为可能具有同源性,尤其深部热液可能是其重要的物质来源之一。针对该观点氢氧同位素证据缺乏、且深部热液到底是哪种热液尚不清楚的问题,文中根据老挝钻孔ZK2893中石盐包裹体水的氢氧同位素分析结果:δ~(18)O为-2.3‰~9.5‰,平均值为2.9‰,δD的范围为-78‰~-150‰,平均值为-108.6‰,大部分小于-90‰;在δD-δ~(18)O关系图上,数据点均在交代热液范围内,因此推断,老挝钾盐成矿的深部热液为大气降水与围岩形成的交代热液,围岩提供了重要的成矿物质。此项分析还表明老挝的交代热液温度主要集中在150℃左右,即包裹体形成的温度可能也在150℃左右,云南兰坪—思茅石盐包裹体的捕获温度为145℃左右,最高达170℃,二者比较接近,这为两地钾盐矿同源的可能性提供了新的证据。