玉龙雪山地区大气降水中粉尘颗粒物特征研究

以在玉龙雪山地区采集的大气降水样品为主要研究载体,分析了大气降水中粉尘颗粒物随时间的变化特征和影响大气降水中粉尘含量的潜在因素. 结果表明：大气降水中颗粒物浓度和典型粉尘特征化学离子含量的变化具有很好的一致性,且季风期末大气降水中的微粒含量显著升高,显示了明显的季节性变化特征. 丽江市和甘海子盆地大气降水中粉尘化学离子含量(SO₄^2-,Mg²⁺,Ca²⁺,K⁺,NH₄⁺,NO₃^-,粉尘浓度)之间具有较好的相关性,反映了这些离子共同的来源. 降水中pH值和电导率的变化很大程度上受到粉尘活动的影响,海盐气溶胶粒子对玉龙雪山地区大气降水中典型粉尘微粒(除Cl^-和部分Na⁺之外)的沉降没有贡献. 此外,降水化学和微粒分析表明,丽江市区的大气环境不排除人为活动的影响.     

青海湖区降水序列及其变化的特征研究

利用青海湖区1958-2005年8个降水观测点月资料, 整理出5条(A～E)年、季降水序列, 应用气候诊断方法分析了降水的年代际变化及其突变特征. 结果表明: 5条序列年、季降水量的年际变化趋势大多数年代比较一致, 并且E序列代表青海湖区降水量比较可靠. 多数序列表现出20世纪60年代春季多雨, 70年代秋季多雨, 80年代春夏秋季多雨, 90年代冬春夏季多雨的季节变化特征以及60-70年代少雨、 80年代多雨和90年代少雨的年代际变化特征比较明显, 多数序列年度和冬、夏季降水量增多的趋势与新疆、河西中西部、柴达木盆地相同. 春季降水量在80年代初发生了一次气候突变, 年度和其它季节没有发生突变.     

北京市大气颗粒物中全氟烷基化合物的粒径分布特征

人为排放的持久性有机污染物倾向于在细级大气颗粒物中富集,但目前国内外关于大气颗粒物中全氟烷基化合物(PFASs)粒径分布在不同国家地区有显著差异,而在我国北京地区PFASs在不同粒径大气颗粒物中的富集能力尚不清楚。本文采用五级大流量主动分级采样器采集了北京市大气颗粒物样品,利用超声萃取结合高效液相色谱-电喷雾负电离源串联质谱测定PFASs含量,探讨了该地区大气颗粒物中PFASs的浓度水平和粒径分布特征,以及大气颗粒物浓度变化对PFASs浓度变化的影响。结果表明:研究区∑PFASs范围为10. 1～62. 9 pg/m3,76. 4%～83. 8%的PFASs集中分布在PM2. 5颗粒物中,其中含量较高的PFOA、PFNA和PFDA在0. 25μm细颗粒物中占比最高,分别为26. 3%～43. 7%、30. 3%～68. 6%和30. 6%～49. 7%; PFOS在0. 25μm细颗粒物中没有检出,主要分布在1～2. 5μm和0. 25～1μm颗粒物中。此外,研究发现北京市霾天大气颗粒物中∑PFASs为晴天的3. 5倍,且不同粒径大气颗粒物浓度变化对PFASs各化合物表现出不同的富集能力,其中PFOA、PFOS、PFNA和PFDA等中链PFASs更易富集。     

天山天格尔山南北坡降水特征研究

对新疆天山天格尔山南北坡乌拉斯台河和乌鲁木齐河流域及其山前平原不同高度气象(水文)站近40a降水实测资料的统计分析,研究天山天格尔山南北坡不同坡向及高度的降水特征.结果表明:山区降水远大于山前平原,南北坡降水均呈现为增加趋势,冬季和夏季降水的增加趋势明显;山前平原区降水的年际变化幅度大于山区;冬、春季降水变率大于夏、秋季,南坡降水变率远大于北坡,冬、春季表现地尤为突出.年际降水的减少趋势出现在乌鲁木齐河流域中山峡谷地带的英雄桥水文站,其春季3月份的降水量减少趋势非常显著;乌鲁木齐河源大西沟气象站4～5月和6～8月月降水呈明显的反相关变化.     

城市路面径流重金属固液分配系数及其影响因素

以上海市中心城区为例,探讨路面径流重金属在颗粒物-水相间的分配特征及其影响因素.研究表明,路面径流Cr的25%分位数浓度值,以及Zn、Pb、Cd的90%分位数浓度值超出地表Ⅴ类水标准,Cu和Ni污染程度较轻.径流重金属Pb、Zn、Cu及Cd总量浓度与悬浮颗粒物(TSS)含量呈现较明显的正相关关系,Ni与TSS浓度相关性不显著.径流冲刷过程中Cu和Ni溶解态含量比例平均值为35%;Zn和Cr平均值为19%~22%;Cd和Pb溶解态比例最低,平均值为4%~8%.应用扣除残渣态后的颗粒物重金属含量计算固液分配系数依次为Pb>Cd>Zn>Ni>Cu>Cr.径流中悬浮颗粒物浓度与固液分配系数存在显著负相关关系,呈现明显的"颗粒物浓度效应",径流pH值在6.4~7.2区间时对固液分配系数影响相对较小.     

中国北方典型中小盆地城市大气颗粒物污染特征及趋势对比

分析了2014~2018年北方5个典型中小盆地城市(兰州、银川、临汾、太原、南阳)PM10与PM2.5的浓度变化特征和大致来源类型。除2018年银川PM2.5浓度外,各市PM10和PM2.5年均浓度均超标;兰州、银川和南阳PM10与PM2.5呈逐年下降趋势,南阳下降最明显;临汾PM10与PM2.5呈逐年上升趋势;太原PM10与PM2.5稳定维持在一个高浓度状态。5个城市颗粒物浓度的季节变化特征一致:冬春高、夏秋低。对PM2.5/PM10值而言,冬季和夏季该比值较高,分别受取暖和降水的影响;春季和秋季该比值较低,分别受沙尘和秸秆焚烧及高强度建筑施工的影响。5市PM2.5和PM10浓度具有良好的线性关系,细颗粒占比大小顺序为临汾>南阳>太原>银川>兰州。     

大气微纳米颗粒物界面反应与矿物协同演化意义

综述了大气气溶胶颗粒物的特征、颗粒物的界面反应与矿物协同演化意义;重点介绍了大气颗粒物粒径分布和矿物成分,以及常见有毒有害气体的界面反应产物特征与关键化学过程;总结了矿物颗粒在大气气溶胶形成过程中汇聚、调控、催化的作用,以及颗粒物与大气中SO₂、NO_x的协同反应机制;分析了微纳米颗粒对二次有机气溶胶形成的影响,以及大气矿物相颗粒界面反应产物组合及协同演化作用.可为进一步研究大气颗粒物与大气中痕量污染气体反应形成二次气溶胶进而影响大气化学组成的过程提供指导,对深入探讨大气矿物颗粒表面特性在复合污染物中多介质反应的微界面化学过程,矿物尘-污染物气溶胶体系在雾-霾形成、转换、新生粒子和阻断行为的复合作用具有重要的环境学意义.      

贵阳大气降水硫同位素地球化学特征

对贵阳地区2008年10月1日至2009年9月30日降水样品的SO42-含量和δ34S进行了测定.结果表明,研究时段内降水SO42-浓度为13.2 mg/L,δ34S值的变化范围为-12.0‰～+9.4‰,年均值为-2.8‰±1.4‰,主要来源于燃煤释放的含硫物质.大气降水SO42-浓度和δ34S值存在明显的季节性变化...     

东北地区夏季大气颗粒物数浓度与粒径分布特征的航测研究

利用飞机航测于2018年夏季在东北吉林省用宽范围粒径谱仪对10 nm～10μm大气颗粒物的数浓度谱进行在线监测,分析大气颗粒物的垂直分布廓线和粒径分布特征。结果表明,东北地区近地面颗粒物数浓度为5.8×10~3～9.9×10~(4)cm~(-3),平均值为(2.7±2.2)×10~(4)cm~(-3);垂直方向上颗粒物数浓度随海拔升高整体呈降低趋势,且垂直廓线存在两种类型:一种是在边界层附近存在较明显的分界线,即在边界层下方,大气颗粒物数浓度随高度升高而显著降低,在边界层上方,大气颗粒物数浓度变化随高度变化不明显;第二种是随高度的升高,城市上空的大气颗粒物数浓度降低,且海拔高度与大气颗粒物数浓度呈现近似线性负相关的关系。在观测期间,颗粒物的粒径大多集中在爱根模态,其峰值位于25～30 nm,后向气流轨迹显示,气团来源于蒙古及内蒙古地区。在四平城市上空观测到1例新粒子生成事件,其核模态颗粒物数浓度为当日其他地区的4倍,后向气流轨迹显示其气团来源于中国辽宁省且受局地气团影响。     

北京市大气颗粒物中Cd的地球化学分布特征及其生态风险评估

采集北京市11个区县内的大气颗粒物样品,分析了TSP、PM10、PM2-5的含量分布特征,重金属元素Cd在大气颗粒物中的地球化学分布特征及其生态风险,结果表明：北京市3种粒径的大气颗粒物中PM2-5的超标幅度最大,并且PM10中载带的重金属大部分都集中在PM2-5中。除密云、通州地区外,Cd元素在不同粒级大气颗粒物中浓度的高低表现为 TSP＞PM10＞PM2-5;不同功能区相比,公园中大气颗粒物中Cd元素浓度明显高于农田区和教育区,因此公园的环境质量问题应该引起相关部门的关注。研究区内不同粒径大气颗粒物中Cd元素的非致癌风险较小,但与其他地区相比,海淀区的非致癌风险较高,大气颗粒物超标幅度最大,因此应该重视海淀区的环境健康问题。     

多夹层盐矿水采沉渣空隙特征与储气能力评价

在低品位、多夹层盐矿地层中建设地下储库,利用水采溶腔（盐穴）底部不溶物沉渣空隙储气有望较大幅度扩大储气库库容,但需要开展沉渣空隙储气可行性和适用性评估。首先,采用不溶物沉渣制备大尺寸CT扫描试样,构建了沉渣空隙三维重构模型,定性分析了沉渣空隙尺寸和空隙连通性,发现沉渣空隙尺寸大且连通性好;其次,采用自主研制的盐矿水采沉渣储气试验装置,利用不溶物小颗粒和夹层垮塌大尺寸块体混合堆积样品进行注气排卤试验,测定注气排卤前后沉渣空隙率,分析了沉渣空隙率变化的原因;最后,建立沉渣空隙体积预测模型,提出了盐腔采动空间和沉渣可排卤水体积的计算公式。通过考虑盐层不溶物小颗粒连续堆积,又考虑夹层垮塌大尺寸块体无序堆积,计算了沉渣堆积体积及可排卤储气体积,计算结果与现场采卤数据吻合较好。该研究可为评价低品位、多夹层盐矿沉渣空隙储气能力提供参考。     

黄河源区阿尼玛卿山耶和龙冰川积雪中不溶微粒组成特征及环境意义

2005年9月下旬,在黄河源区阿尼玛卿山耶和龙冰川平衡线附近挖取了6个雪坑,固定层厚采集了89个雪冰样品,分析了样品的δ¹⁸O值及不溶微粒的浓度、粒径,研究了耶和龙冰川中不溶微粒的时空分布特征及环境意义。结果表明：雪冰样品中不溶微粒浓度平均值为1.1×10⁵个·mL^-1,PM₁₀占到总粒子的99%;以微粒数浓度为权重计算的平均粒径分布在1.1~1.8 μm之间,说明耶和龙冰川积雪中不溶微粒以细粒子为主;不溶微粒的粒度谱分布不符合正态分布规律,粒子浓度的众数出现在小粒径;微粒源区输入和大气环流强度是控制积雪中不溶微粒特征的主要因素。源区输入和风场强度均较大时,积雪中不溶微粒浓度及粒径均较大;源区输入较弱而风场强度较大时,积雪中微粒浓度有所增加,粒径增加更加显著。结合HYSPLIT-4模式研究发现,在耶和龙冰川积雪中不溶微粒的浓度及粒径随雪坑深度的变化可以反映气团强度的季节变化,夏季降水增加使微粒的季节变化更加显著。西风携带的塔克拉玛干沙漠和中亚干旱区尘埃是耶和龙冰川春、秋季节积雪中不溶微粒的重要来源。     

Colloidal and polymeric nature of fossil amber

Fossilized ambers from several geographical origins, copal from the Kauri pine tree of New Zealand and modern white spruce tree resin have been analyzed by the following analytical techniques: dynamic light scattering, optical and scanning electron microscopy, gel permeation chromatography, IR spectroscopy, rheology and viscometry. The results dispute the prevailing view that amber is largely an insoluble, continuously crosslinked, integral polymer network. Rather, the data indicate that a large portion of amber consists of insoluble though solvent-swellable colloidal particles, ranging from submicron to multimicron in size, which can be dispersed in organic solvents such as N,N-dimethyl-formamide. The presence of colloidal particles in fossil amber, copal and even fresh resin suggests a mechanism for resin exudation involving the presence or formation of discrete ‘packets’ of resin, where the surface of each packet has been modified by the interaction with oxygen and water.     

Zonality of gold forms in the surficial environment as a criterion for buried gold deposits

Gold deposits overlain by allochthonous (transported) sediments more than 10 m thick give very weak geochemical anomalies in the soils. Hence, information on the mode of occurrence of Au in overlying soils and sediments is important for the interpretation of these weak anomalies. The different forms of Au in the overburden are zonally distributed around subcropping deposits. Lateral hypergene (supergene) zoning in the overlying sediments and soils may appear as increasing contents of native Au particles, and as increasing amounts of water-soluble Au complexes which may change in composition with approach to the Au deposits. In regional background soils, allochthonous sediments, and the weathered crust Au is predominantly concentrated in the insoluble mineral residue, in fulvic acids, and to some extent in insoluble organic residues and humic acids. Only 4–7% of the Au occurs as free native particles. In unconsolidated sediments of auriferous fields native Au, Au in insoluble residues, and Au in fulvic complexes predominate. Au is sporadically contained in pore solutions and can be removed by potassium iodide and aqueous extracts. High concentrations of native Au particles in combination with the soluble complexes, Au in pore solutions, and Au determined by potassium iodide and aqueous extracts are extremely significant indicators of the proximity to buried Au deposits.Based on thermodynamic calculations derived from the results of electrodialysis and from fractionating studies utilizing exchange resins and from major ligand concentrations in experimental solutions, it has been shown that an increase of sulphate and a decrease of Au in complex forms occurs in oxidizing environments outward from buried deposits, toward neutral and alkaline conditions. The sequence of changes of the forms of dissolved Au upward in hypergene (supergene) zones is controlled by the change of conditions from reducing to oxidizing. The variation of the mode of occurrence of Au in unconsolidated sediments, as well as the presence of soluble complexes of Au in low-contrast total-gold anomalies, serve as important criteria of the proximity to Au deposits.     

钙质碎屑对热带海滩砂粒度参数的影响分析

钙质碳酸盐碎屑是热带海滩沉积物的重要组成部分,其物理特性与海滩中的石英颗粒差异明显。对海南岛东部文昌铜鼓角两侧海湾海滩砂样采用除钙和不除钙两种预处理方法,使用Mastersizer 2000激光粒度仪和筛析法进行粒度分析,结果表明:除钙以后粒度频率曲线主体朝细偏,但在粒度频率曲线细尾(4~9)会新增一小峰;去钙前后粒度参数存在明显的线性相关,平均粒径、分选系数和偏态的相关系数依次降低;粒度参数的组合变化以“平均粒径变细、分选系数变好、偏态朝细偏”为主,但仍存在其他的组合变化;在对类似于铜鼓岭周边环境的海滩进行沉积物粒度分析及动力环境研究时,需要了解钙质碎屑含量和颗粒组成。     

Precipitation of dodecyl amine in KCl–NaCl saturated brine and attachment of amine particles to KCl and NaCl surfaces

Long-chain amines, used in potash ore flotation as collectors, are insoluble in NaCl–KCl saturated brine. In commercial applications, these amines are melted at 70–90 °C, dispersed in acidic solution of hydrochloric or acetic acids, and such emulsions are then introduced to the flotation pulp.To model the commercial potash ore flotation process, dodecyl amine, used in this study, was melted at 70 °C, dispersed in hydrochloric acid aqueous solution and was added to a KCl–NaCl saturated brine at room temperature. This results in the precipitation of the amine. The present study summarizes the influence of the conditions on the particle size and morphology of the precipitating amine particles. Methyl isobutyl carbinol (MIBC), common frother in flotation processes, was shown to affect amine dispersion when added into a hot amine emulsion prior to mixing with a saturated brine. This study demonstrates that the precipitating amine particles are selectively abstracted by KCl particles, but not by NaCl particles.     

Leaching of mobile forms of metals in overburden: development and application

A procedure for sequential leaching of various mobile forms of metals in overburden (MOMEO) has been developed. Previous work showed that selective extraction techniques developed for base metals are ineffective for Au extraction. The mobile forms of Au in overburden occur not only as ionic or complex forms but also as ultrafine particles (submicron to nanometer) dispersed in, or bound onto, water-soluble salts, colloidal particles, organic matter, iron and manganese oxides or clay minerals. The conventional approach of partial leach methods, developed for base metals, involves using appropriate extractants to attack the host materials and release the trapped mobile forms of metals into solution. But the ultrafine Au particles thus released from the host are either insoluble in the mild extractant or reabsorbed by colloids. Therefore a two-stage selective leaching scheme has been developed for Au, a sequential leaching procedure to destroy the host materials, followed by a second treatment to place the Au released from the first stage into solution for analysis. This method has been used widely in detailed, regional and strategic exploration in overburden terrains. Case studies from different climatic and geographic settings show that selective leaching of optimum mobile forms of metals in different settings can be effective in finding indications of mineralization. In temperate alluvial terrains, water-extractable and adsorbed or exchangeable forms of metals give the most prominent expression. In arid sandy desert terrains, water-extractable metals and metals in oxides are the best indicators. In cold grasslands, organically bound and water-extractable metals are the most effective indicators of mineralization at depth.     

冰芯中的不溶微粒及其气候和环境意义

文章对冰芯中不溶微粒的研究回顾和展望，着重讨论了不溶微粒研究在断代，揭示气候环境变化，人类活动和反映大气本底溶胶方面所取得的进展，未来不溶微粒的研究将向中低韧度扩展，并在有机质，宇宙尘，化学成分和矿物成分方面得以加强。     

Geochemistry of two sediment cores from the west coast of India

Copper, Pb, Zn, Ni, Co, Mn, AI, Ca, magnetic susceptibility and loss on ignition of sediments from two cores near Mangalore along the western continental shelf of India have been studied. The sediments have high Al and organic matter contents due to the high sedimentation rate and their proximity to river mouths. Down-core variations of elements indicate a decrease of lithogenous component during probably the past few centuries. While abundance of calcareous shells in some zones has lead to the dilution of most of the metals, it appears that Pb and Mn are associated with this phase. Copper, Zn and Fe are associated with organic matter and detrital particles, whereas Ni and Co are predominantly associated with the insoluble fraction. Oxides/hydroxides of Fe and Mn are absent because of the reducing conditions and the high terrigenous influx. Geochemically, Mn and Fe are present in different phases of sediments (in the insoluble fraction and organic matter respectively). The Fe content of one of the cores is positively correlated with magnetic susceptibility.     

乙酸和碳酸对粘土土工性状影响的试验

对加入不同浓度乙酸和碳酸的土样做室内土工试验,并进行机理分析。试验结果表明:乙酸根、碳酸根通过改变粘土颗粒双电层的厚度、极性水分子的吸附量,使土的结构发生凝聚或分散,引起压实粘土的塑性、渗透性等变化。其中,乙酸根是通过溶解粘土矿物中的铝,提高了粘土的渗透系数和塑性指数;而碳酸根是以其与金属离子发生化学反应生成难溶性碳酸盐的方式,降低了粘土的渗透系数。这为判断垃圾堆放场粘土衬垫工程的稳定性提供了依据。