青藏高原微地形对极值风速的影响及其参数化模拟方法研究

利用青藏高原铁路沿线1961-2006年7个气象台站和2003年9月-2004年9月7个野外观测点风资料, 结合地理信息系统分析了青藏高原腹地微地形对极值风速的影响. 通过地形因子的参数化处理, 建立了极值风速随海拔和地形参数变化的拟合模型以精确推算复杂地形的极值风速, 并利用临时观测点风资料对其进行了检验. 结果表明, 利用地理信息系统和地形参数化处理方法研究青藏高原微地形对极值风速的影响具有可操作性.     

基于变分模态分解的机器学习模型择优风速预测系统

精准的风速预报对风力发电系统具有重要意义,但风速信号自身固有的随机性使其波动复杂且不可控,以往的研究采用单一或固定的组合模型很难把握风速序列的特征.提出一种基于分解的机器学习模型择优风速预测系统,采用变分模态分解算法降低原始风速序列的复杂度.进而利用模糊神经网络、非线性自回归神经网络、Elman神经网络、反向传播神经网络和自回归差分移动平均模型构成机器学习模型择优系统,分别对子序列的验证集进行预测,通过均方根误差等性能指数选择其最优模型,提高了整体模型的预测精度.试验采用宁夏地区4个站点的实测风速数据,仿真实验结果表明,所提模型相比于单模型以及较新的深度学习组合模型,具有更高的预测精度.     

塔里木盆地北东缘潜水蒸发研究

通过试验,分析了潜水蒸发的特征,潜水蒸发的影响因素有气候条件(如温度、湿度、风速等),潜水埋深和土壤质地、结构及作物植被情况等。运用灰色系统等理论建立了潜水蒸发与埋深关系的GM(1.1)模型和潜水蒸发与面积关系的衰减幂函数模型。     

路侧波形梁护栏对分离式路基风吹雪雪害影响的仿真分析北大核心CSCD

对内蒙古自治区多条公路调查发现,设置有防撞护栏的路段雪害严重。由于风吹雪现场监测受降雪量、风力、时间等诸多因素限制,因此本文采用计算机仿真“数字风洞”的方法,选择分离式路基中典型的路堤断面形式,建立路基模型和防撞护栏模型,定量分析不同防撞护栏设置参数下公路横断面风速流场特性及其影响关系。通过对路面风速控制点的数据及路面整体风速云图分析发现,防撞护栏阻碍风吹雪的流动,导致路面风速大幅度降低使大量雪粒子沉积到路面上造成道路积雪,故在风吹雪多发地区分离式路基路段可通过放缓边坡坡度或采用缆索护栏以确保路侧安全的同时消除或减少雪害的发生。本研究结果可为多雪地区公路分离式路基路侧安全设计与养护提供理论基础与参考依据。     

扎龙湿地参照作物蒸散发估算的经验模型

湿地参照作物蒸散发量是湿地水量平衡的重要因素。本研究选取了扎龙湿地周边8个气象台站1961-2000年的历史数据,通过拟合经典的FAO56 Penman-Monteith模型,建立了估算扎龙芦苇湿地逐月参照作物蒸散发的经验模型。建模时考虑到各气象因子对潜在蒸散发的作用,尝试了不同的组合方式及拟合模型,最终采用月最高气温、月最低气温、月降雨量和月平均风速四个因子,建立了非线性e指数方程。该模型与Blaney-Criddle、Priestley-Taylor、Hargreaves等三个常用经验模型进行了比较,得到较好的结果。新建模型在各气象站的应用表明,能够显著逼近FAO56 Penman-Monteith模型结果,计算的逐月参照作物蒸散发具有理想的精度。     

水面蒸发量与各气象因素关系的通径分析

从表面看,影响水面蒸发量的气象因素有日均气温、日最高气温、日最低气温和日均风速及日均相对湿度。通径分析表明,平均气温是水面蒸发量的主要的影响因素,其它气象因素大多通过平均气温对水面蒸发量起作用。与此同时,本文根据影响水面蒸发量的最主要因素,建立了相应的多元回归模型。结果表明,该模型具有较高精度和良好可靠性。     

考虑物态变化的粗粒土亚塑性本构模型

建立了可描述粗粒土单调和循环力学特性的一个亚塑性本构模型。基于亚塑性理论的基本框架,引入临界状态参数,建立了一个新的粗粒土亚塑性模型,给出了数学公式及参数确定方法。采用该模型对粗粒土单调和循环加载试验进行了模拟和预测。该模型无需判断加卸载、参数较少、易于三维化,能够较全面地描述单调和循环荷载作用下粗粒土的主要力学特性,如强度与围压的非线性关系,胀缩规律与围压相关、卸载体缩、体变随加载过程累积等主要体变特性等。     

复杂河网水动力数值模型

利用汊点水位预测-校正(junction-point water stage prediction and correction,JPWSPC)法处理缓流河网汊点处的回流效应,采用Preissmann格式离散Saint-Venant方程组,并采用Newton-Raphson方法求解非线性离散方程,构建了非恒定河网水动力模型.模型既无需特殊的河道编码,又避免了建立和求解总体矩阵.与常用的分级解法模型相比,保留了其既适用于树状又适用于环状河网的优点,同时克服了分级解法需要建立和求解河网总体矩阵的缺点,显著提高了稳定性和计算效率.     

沙漠公路风蚀破坏规律的数值模拟研究

通过Fluent软件对沙漠公路的风蚀破坏规律进行数值模拟研究。分析公路不同横断面时风沙流扰动、增速、减速、恢复的过程,确定路基(堑)高度、边坡坡率和路面宽度等公路断面设计参数对风沙流扰动的影响,提出沙漠公路路基(堑)风蚀破坏规律。结果表明：路面宽度的改变对路基沿程风速变化影响较小,各特征点处风速变化小于5%。路基(堑)高度和边坡坡率对风沙流扰动的影响较大。随路基(堑)高度增加,风沙流流场的扰动被增强,路基(堑)风蚀破坏越显著,当边坡坡率为1:1时,路基模型高度250 mm时的迎风路肩风速为模型高度60 mm时的 1.15倍,其背风坡脚风速降低45%;路堑模型高度250 mm时的背风堑顶风速为模型高度60 mm时的1.05倍,迎风堑脚处风速降低高达80%。建议沙漠公路宜采用中低路基(堑),不宜高填深挖。当路基(堑)高度一定,边坡坡率为1:1.75或1:2时,路基(堑)沿程风速变化平缓,沙漠路肩不易被吹蚀破坏;路堑中堑脚位置处不易出现堆积。其结论与室内风蚀风洞试验结果有很好的一致性     

K45米钻机井架额载工况下的受力与模态分析

利用solidworks2013建立井架模型,导入ansys14．5对大风额载工况与模态进行了有限元分析。分析表明,井架在8级风速额定载荷下强度刚度均满足安全使用要求,关键部位焊缝强度储备充足。此外,通过对井架的固有频率与钻机工作频率的比较,并对各阶模态主振型的分析,得出该钻机井架结构设计合理的结论。     

试谈地层数据库的基本结构及规范化问题

地层数据库的主要内容、对象是岩石地层剖面。分层描述的地层单元具有多种地层属性,它们均可统一在一个数据库系统之中。地层数据库总体上具层次结构。人们习惯于分地区或分时代阐述地层发育,但在地层数据库应用中以时代划分为基础的方法不太适用,而将地质时代视为地层单元的一个属性予以处理。本文提出的地层数据库基本结构方案适用于地层典或区域地层表。地层数据库的规范化一方面要求数据模型的规范化,另一方面要求数据使用的规范化或标准化。地层数据库应建立地层数据辞典,以作为名词术语标准的基础。     

工程地质钻孔信息模型及数据库研究

为了建立结构规范统一的工程地质勘察信息数据库,提出了“用户”与“系统”两级数据库相互映射的技术,把用户对数据的操作和计算机处理数据的过程分离开来。其中用户数据库面向用户的需要,系统数据库则满足信息管理的要求。在系统数据库中采用“块-层”结构的地层数据模型,对钻探区域进行了“地层层序”优化。“块-层”模型把钻探区域的“优化地层层序”作为一个基本块,针对性强,层次清晰地表达了复杂多变的地层信息,将有不同地层层序的各个钻探点统一成相同的结构,解决了在地层模型中难以表达地层翻转、缺失信息的问题,极大地方便了后续的信息处理和钻孔数据插值的进行。     

中国岩石圈数据模型总体设计

基于GIS的中国岩石圈三维结构数据库包含了数据类型各异的12个专业子库内容。存储和管理这些复杂的数据需要一个合理有效的数据模型,以确保数据库中的所有数据对象得到精确和完整的表达。本文讨论岩石圈数据模型的总体设计问题,基本思路是采用当前成熟的面向对象的软件开发技术和面向对象的地理数据库模型。总库数据模型需要满足扩展性和扩充性的要求。开发中用UML协助分析子库数据,在面向对象的地理数据库中用一个要素数据集来容纳一个子库的空间数据,用数据库表、要素类、关系类、子类、域等概念描述岩石圈研究中的各种概念和信息,形成统一的、空间和属性存储管理一体化的岩石圈数据模型。     

On the Progress Design of Integrated Geologic Analysis System: Object-Relational Database Model and Visualization for Earth Resources

Abstract. An object-relational data model is an entry point and integral part of geologic analysis system, in which we can start geologic modeling inside a database. A conceptual data model named the Geoscience (Earth Resources) Data Model 3.0 has been developed based on the conceptual design of NADM-C1.0 and EGDM 812. Such adaptation makes this data model interoperable with data models from other geoscience fields. The focus of current data model is to effectively manage multi datasets related with the study of earth resources and to create relationship among data types.
The conceptual data model for earth resources is successfully implemented physically by integrating a GIS and relational data storage. The direct link between relational database and GIS makes the database contents highly visual and spatially enabling. Database contents are fully georeferenced through different types of georeferencing systems that enables data integration, visualization and analysis of multi geoscience datasets in 2D and 3D environment. A new way of geologic analysis through visualization of virtually all kinds of geoscience datasets is proposed.
The earth resources research and industry can take benefits on this system through better data management and effective geologic visualization that in turn accelerate a better understanding of earth resources. Meanwhile wider geoscience community will benefit from better interaction and data sharing among geoscience fields for accelerating a better understanding of our complex earth.     

中国岩石圈三维结构数据库总库管理系统

中国岩石圈三维结构数据库总库管理系统是中国岩石圈三维结构数据库的管理和服务中心。在中国岩石圈三维结构数据库需求分析基础上,完成了系统总体设计,制订各项技术标准;开发设计一个元数据编辑器和元数据浏览器;应用统一建模语言UML设计和优化了数据库结构;采用ESRI公司Geodatabase的数据模型,利用计算机辅助设计CASE工具设计中国岩石圈三维结构数据库。在ArcObjects和MapObjects的基础上,分别建立了功能齐全、操作简便的两套组件式总库管理系统,分别适合专业和非地理信息系统专业人员。     

ArcGIS下的油田勘探资料管理方案

在长期的石油勘探工作中积累了包括地震、测井、地质以及其它非震地球物理方法等方面的大量资料。对这些与空间信息密切相关的资料进行数字化管理的理想方案是通过地理信息系统平台实现。油气勘探数据管理系统选用ArcGIS平台。用商业DBMS如oracle8作为数据库服务器，采用三层式C／S结构，用ESRI的Geodatabase模型和ArcSDE建立分布式勘探地理数据库。整个勘探地理数据库按专业或专题分为若干子库，每个子库都可以位于地理位置不同的专业数据服务器上，通过油田内部宽带网连接。制订勘探资料元数据标准，并根据元数据标准编制元数据同步程序和编辑器，实现油田勘探资料的规范化管理。     

Three-Dimensional Modeling of Shallow Shear-Wave Velocities for Las Vegas, Nevada, Using Sediment Type

A three-dimensional model of near-surface shear-wave velocity in the deep alluvial basin underlying the metropolitan area of Las Vegas, Nevada (USA), is being developed for earthquake site response projections. The velocity dataset, which includes 230 measurements, is interpolated across the model using depth-dependent correlations of velocity with sediment type. The sediment-type database contains more than 1 400 well and borehole logs. Sediment sequences reported in logs are assigned to one of four units. A characteristic shear-wave velocity profile b developed for each unit by analyzing closely spaced pairs of velocity profiles and well or borehole logs. The resulting velocity model exhibits reasonable values and patterns, although it does not explicitly honor the measured shear-wave velocity profiles. Site response investigations that applied a preliminary version of the velocity model support a two-zone ground-shaking hazard model for the valley. Areas in which clay predominates in the upper 30 m are predicted to have stronger ground motions than the rest of the basin.     

Intelligent model selection with updating parameters during staged excavation using optimization method

Various constitutive models have been proposed, and previous studies focused on identifying parameters of specified models. To develop the smart construction, this paper proposes a novel optimization-based intelligent model selection procedure in which parameter identification is also performed during staged excavation. To conduct the model selection, a database of seven constitutive models accounting for isotropic or anisotropic yield surface, isotropic or anisotropic elasticity, or small strain stiffness for clayey soils is established, with each model numbered and deemed as one additional parameter for optimization. A newly developed real-coded genetic algorithm is adopted to evaluate the performance of simulation against field measurement. As the process of optimization goes on, the soil model exhibiting good performance during simulation survives from the database and model parameters are also optimized. For each excavation stage, with the selected model and optimized parameters, wall deflection and ground surface settlement of the subsequent unexcavated stage are predicted. The proposed procedure is repeated until the entire excavation is finished. This proposed procedure is applied to a real staged excavation with field data, which demonstrates its effectiveness and efficiency in engineering practice with highlighting the importance of anisotropic elasticity and small strain stiffness in simulating excavation. All results demonstrate that the current study has both academic significance and practical significance in providing an efficient and effective approach of adaptive optimization-based model selection with parameters updating in engineering applications.

     

New Zealand’s National Landslide Database

A New Zealand Landslide Database has been developed to hold all of New Zealand’s landslide data and provide factual data for use in landslide hazard and risk assessment, including a probabilistic landslide hazard model for New Zealand, which is currently being developed by GNS Science. Design of a national Landslide Database for New Zealand required consideration of existing landslide data stored in a variety of digital formats and future data yet to be collected. Pre-existing landslide datasets were developed and populated with data reflecting the needs of the landslide or hazard project, and the database structures of the time. Bringing these data into a single database required a new structure capable of containing landslide information at a variety of scales and accuracy, with many different attributes. A unified data model was developed to enable the landslide database to be a repository for New Zealand landslides, irrespective of scale and method of capture. Along with landslide locations, the database may contain information on the timing of landslide events, the type of landslide, the triggering event, volume and area data, and impacts (consequences) for each landslide when this information is available. Information from contributing datasets include a variety of sources including aerial photograph interpretation, field reconnaissance and media accounts. There are currently 22,575 landslide records in the database that include point locations, polygons of landslide source and deposit areas, and linear landslide features. Access to all landslide data is provided with a web application accessible via the Internet. This web application has been developed in-house and is based on open-source software such as the underlying relational database (PostGIS) and the map generating Web Map Server (GeoServer). Future work is to develop automated data-upload routines and mobile applications to allow people to report landslides, adopting a consistent framework.     

Intrinsic geological model generation for chromite pods in the Sabzevar ophiolite complex,NE Iran

The Sabzevar ophiolite, with its colored mélange zone, is a highly disintegrated ophiolite complex located at the northern boundary of the central Iranian microcontinent. A large number of chromite pods occur in this area, which needs to be explored. In this study, a mathematical – geological genetic model is advanced as an exploratory tool that provides information for further exploration activity. A petrogenetic model of chromite ore was established on the basis of a geodata information database. This database consists of information from similar chromite mines from around the world. A detailed investigation of the geological, mineralogical and petrological characteristics of chromite pods in the Sabzevar region was conducted along with detailed petrological samplings, thin section studies and mineralogical analysis. In the next step, we developed a conceptual genetic model that defines areas with a high probability of the existence of chromite pods. The model was later refined using such parameters as a critical genetic factor (CGF) and critical reconnaissance criteria (CRC). Next, a linear function, which is a combination of these factors, provided promising regions as intrinsic geological units (IGU). Finally, a 3D model of lithological units depicting the IGU for chromite pods exploration is proposed.