陕西马元铅锌矿床中有机质的存在及其对成矿的作用

马元铅锌矿床位于扬子地台北缘,米仓山隆起带东段,是扬子地台周缘地区重要的铅锌矿床之一。矿体赋存于震旦系灯影组角砾状白云岩中,矿石中见大量沥青与闪锌矿、方铅矿紧密共伴生。为探讨马元铅锌矿床中有机质对铅锌成矿的作用,对矿床中的沥青、矿石及围岩进行了系统的矿相学、岩相学、显微测温、激光拉曼成分分析及碳同位素研究。结果表明: 矿床中有机包裹体发育,且有机包裹体中含有甲烷、乙烷、硫化氢、二氧化碳等组分;包裹体均一温度、沥青的镜质体反射率所计算的演化最大古地温与碳同位素特征显示,矿床中的有机质可能是由震旦系灯影组地层中的古油藏发生热裂解形成,古油藏的热裂解为成矿作用提供了还原环境,并为成矿流体中的金属离子沉淀提供了还原硫。     

陕西马元铅锌矿S、Pb同位素地球化学特征及成矿物质来源探讨

马元铅锌矿床位于扬子板块北缘碑坝穹窿构造的南缘,是区域上重要的碳酸岩型铅锌矿,矿体赋存于震旦系灯影组白云岩中。通过对马元铅锌矿床中矿石矿物闪锌矿、方铅矿和黄铁矿的硫、铅同位素系统研究,探讨其成矿物质来源。研究表明:马元铅锌矿床中矿石矿物的δ~(34)S值为15.4‰~19.6‰,平均为17.67‰,重晶石的δ~(34)S值为33.2%~33.5%,平均为33.3%,显示S主要形成于海相硫酸盐的热化学还原作用;矿石矿物的~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb值、~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb值和~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb值分别为17.62%~18.02%、15.49%~15.65%和37.57%~38.35%,组成较为均一,Pb主要来自于壳幔混合的造山带,基底岩系可能是马元铅锌矿床成矿物质的重要来源。     

湖北凹子岗锌矿床Rb-Sr同位素测年及其地质意义

凹子岗锌矿床位于黄陵背斜东部,是近年来在湘西鄂西地区发现的代表性矿床。锌矿体呈似层状-透镜状产出,赋存于灯影组二段,含矿岩性为一套角砾状泥粉晶云岩,严格受地层层位及岩性控制。文章运用闪锌矿Rb-Sr同位素测年方法,测得凹子岗锌矿床成矿年龄为431~434 Ma,相当于早志留世,代表了矿床的主成矿阶段年龄。闪锌矿具有较高的Sr同位素初始比值(0.71119~0.71136),反映成矿物质或成矿流体由基底岩石和震旦系碳酸盐岩地层共同提供。凹子岗锌矿床早期成矿作用与早志留世的裂谷盆地伸展运动关系密切,晚期成矿作用与加里东运动关系密切,是伸展环境盆地流体运移的产物。加里期运动与黄陵周缘铅锌矿的成矿作用关系密切。凹子岗锌矿床成因类型为热液喀斯特成因,可分为深埋藏成岩成矿阶段和热液喀斯特化成矿阶段。     

扬子陆块东南缘升天坪锌矿床地质特征、闪锌矿Rb-Sr定年及其地质意义

升天坪锌矿床位于扬子陆块东南缘雪峰山地区,是湘西地区产于陡山沱组的中型锌矿床。采用同位素稀释法对主成 矿期闪锌矿进行Rb-Sr同位素组成分析,获得等时线年龄为490 Ma,初始锶同位素组成87Sr/86Sr为0.71235。该等时线年龄代 表了该矿床的主成矿阶段年龄,说明矿床形成的地质时代为晚寒武世,成矿作用发生于加里东中期。成矿作用时代与闪锌 矿初始锶同位素比值特征反映成矿物质或成矿流体由基底岩石（板溪群） 和震旦系碳酸盐岩地层共同提供。结合矿床地质 特征与区内铅锌矿成矿地质背景,认为周边板块碰撞的远程效应为热液成矿提供了构造驱动力,加里东期的构造运动对升 天坪锌矿床的形成起着重要作用。升天坪锌矿床严格受地层控制,矿床类型为沉积-改造型层控矿床。     

都匀牛角塘锌矿床地质特征及成矿控制条件初探

贵州都匀牛角塘锌矿床是黔东铅锌矿带南端一个中偏大型矿床,产于下寒武统清虚洞组一套厚层藻鲕白云岩中,矿体呈似层状、透镜状产出,组分简单,矿石矿物为闪锌矿、黄铁矿及少量方铅矿,脉石矿物为白云石。伴生有益组分是Cd,呈类质同象赋存于闪锌矿中,具综合利用价值。矿床经历了两个成矿阶段,早期成矿作用阶段,有用组分初步富集形成顺层稀疏浸染状细粒浅色闪锌矿化,或形成低品位矿体;后期热液改造作用阶段,褶曲和断裂作用,热液活动,改造早期矿化或矿体,实现矿床再次富集,形成富矿体,并伴生较多黄铁矿。矿床属强烈改造型层控锌矿床。     

陕西马元地区铅锌矿矿石特征研究

近年来,于扬子地块北缘碑坝古陆核活化杂岩区的米仓山复背斜两翼出露的震旦系灯影组白云岩中,新发现长大于60 km,宽10~200 m的铅锌矿带。经对马元地区铅锌矿的矿石成分、组构、成矿期次及矿物生成顺序等方面的研究表明,矿石的矿物组合较为简单,主要矿石矿物为闪锌矿和方铅矿,主要脉石矿物为白云石;矿石呈自形、半自形中细粒结构,次有他形粒状结构;矿石构造以角砾状为主、其次有块状、条带状、脉状、浸染状、网脉状、斑团(点)状;矿石类型主要为重晶石—白云石—闪锌矿型锌矿石、重晶石—白云石—方铅矿—闪锌矿型铅锌矿石和重晶石—白云石—方铅矿型铅矿石3种类型;初步确定可以划分为3个主要成矿期,即沉积期、热液期和表生作用期;铅锌矿的成矿环境是在一次典型的张性断裂构造活动环境中形成的。     

马元铅锌矿床角砾岩成因及成矿地质背景

马元铅锌矿床是中国近年来在扬子板块北缘南大巴山陆内造山带中发现的大型铅锌矿床。对矿田构造的研究发现,成矿作用受震旦系灯影组白云岩地层层间破碎带的控制。破碎带中见大量紧闭褶皱转折端角砾,下盘附近发育层间剪切滑移断层带,显示控矿构造为低角度逆冲推覆过程中形成的断层褶皱和与之相关的角砾岩。矿质充填在破碎带白云岩角砾间的空隙中,矿石的晶洞梳状构造发育,未见后期破坏,表明矿床形成于构造定型期。对成矿晚期热液沥青进行Re Os同位素年龄测试,获得(126±8) Ma的等时线年龄,结合区域构造背景,认为该矿床形成于中晚侏罗世。控矿构造角砾岩为低角度逆冲推覆构造作用的产物。     

陕西马元铅锌矿床成矿时代问题讨论

<正>四川盆地是中国具有找矿前景的铅锌成矿区带之一,盆地中部及其周缘广泛出露震旦系碳酸盐岩地层,该层位发育有许多不同规模的铅锌矿床。马元铅锌矿床位于四川盆地东北缘,是近年来取得重大找矿突破的铅锌矿床。国内外学者对马元铅锌矿床进行过较为系统的研究,对矿床的地质特征、矿石特征、地球化学、成因模式、成矿年龄等方面进行了探讨。马元铅锌矿床大地构造位置处于扬子克拉通北缘的米仓山隆起带东缘—陕西汉中南部碑坝(杂岩)     

河南栾川矿集区中鱼库(铅)锌矿床闪锌矿微量元素地球化学特征

中鱼库(铅)锌矿床位于豫西栾川Mo-W-Pb-Zn-Ag矿集区内鱼库-赤土店铅锌矿带的北西端。矿体赋存于新元古界栾川群三川组碎屑岩与碳酸盐岩岩性转换部位。矿区内矽卡岩化和角岩化发育。本文在矿床地质特征研究的基础之上,研究闪锌矿微量、稀土元素地球化学特征。结果表明随着流体氧逸度升高和温度降低,早、中和晚三个阶段的闪锌矿ΣREE和LREE/HREE逐渐降低,δEu和δCe负异常逐渐减弱。闪锌矿相对富集Mn、In和Se,亏损Ga、Ge和Tl,指示中鱼库矿床形成于中-高温环境,为与岩浆热液相关的矽卡岩型矿床。通过将中鱼库(铅)锌矿床与国内不同成因类型铅锌矿床的闪锌矿微量元素进行对比,印证了闪锌矿的部分微量元素特征能够有效用于区分铅锌矿床成因类型,这对铅锌矿床的评价和勘探具有一定的指示意义。     

贵州谢家坝铅锌矿床微量元素地球化学特征浅析

<正>我国碳酸盐岩型铅锌矿床广大发育于扬子地台中,其中震旦系最为重要。震旦系主要赋存铅锌矿床有四川会理天宝山、会东大梁子、甘洛赤普、甘洛沙岱、大梁子、汉源团宝山、唐家、云南巧家茂租、鲁甸乐红和陕西南郑马元等铅锌矿床(杨应选,1994;邵世才,1996;吴学益,1997;王奖臻,2001;刘文周,2002;李泽琴,2002)。谢家坝铅锌矿床为贵州习水桑木场铅锌     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.