温度、pH对日本沼虾血清酚氧化酶活力及稳定性的影响

以日本沼虾（Macrobrachium mipponense)为材料，研究温度，pH对其血清酚氧化酶活力及稳定性的影响。试验以L－多巴为作用底物，测得酚氧化酶的最适温度为40℃，大于或低于该值，酶活力均迅速下降，同时该酶在40℃以下表现出较高的热稳定性；该酶的最适pH值为7．0；在pH6－8范围内具有较高的活性，最稳定的pH为8．0。     

深海沉积物宏基因组文库中产蛋白酶克隆CAPRO2的筛选及酶学性质分析

利用选择性筛选培养基从所构建的深海沉积物宏基因组文库中筛选得到一株产蛋白酶的克隆（CAPR0002）,对其进行了酶学性质分析．结果表明该酶的最适作用温度为65cc,最适作用pH值为9．0．该蛋白酶具有较好的热稳定性,在40cC以下的温度中可长期保持稳定,在50℃中处理6h后仍能保持60％的活力,在60℃下保温30rain后仍能保持约60％的活力．Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋、sr^2＋、co^2＋对该蛋白酶有明显的促进作用,而且ca^2＋的存在可明显提高该蛋白酶的热稳定性,ca^2＋、sr^2＋、c0^2＋这3种离子均在3．0mmol／dm^3。浓度时具有最高的促进作用,当浓度高于3．0mmol／dm’时,这3种离子对酶活力的促进作用减弱．Hg^2＋、Fe^2＋、cu¨对酶有明显的抑制作用．CAPR02蛋白酶在pH值为7。5～9．5时活力较高,pH值为7。5时可保持约80％的活力,pH值为9．5时保持60％的活力,而在pH值高于9．5的条件下酶活力下降较快,pH值为10．0时活力降为约15％,表明CAPR02属于碱性蛋白酶．丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂PMSF、E一64和AEBSF对CAPR02蛋白酶均无抑制作用,显示该酶不属于丝氨酸蛋白酶,而EDTA对酶有明显的抑制作用,表明该酶属于金属蛋白酶．     

栉孔扇贝血淋巴中谷胱甘肽还原酶的活性研究

用酶标仪采用DTNB比色法测定栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)血淋巴中谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)的活性,并研究pH值、温度、激活剂和抑制剂对血清中该酶活性的影响及酶的热稳定性。结果表明,栉孔扇贝血细胞中GR比活力明显高于血清。血清中GR的最适pH值因缓冲液的不同而稍有差异:用PBS为缓冲液时,最适pH值为7.0;Tris-HCl为缓冲液时,最适pH值为7.5。酶的最适温度为60℃。将血清在20℃,30℃,40℃,50℃,60℃,70℃和80℃温度的水浴中放置30min后于20℃,pH7.5条件下测定该酶的热稳定性,结果显示50℃时酶的比活力最高,低于或高于此温度的酶比活力均下降,80℃时酶活性完全丧失。栉孔扇贝血淋巴中GR属中温型中性酶类,低温下较稳定。EDTA对该酶活性有促进作用,硫酸铜有抑制作用。     

不同养殖期的凡纳滨对虾外壳膜NAGase基本性质比较

以不同生长期的凡纳滨对虾（Litopenaeus vannamei）的外壳为材料，分离提取外壳膜N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶（EC3．2．1．52，NAGase），测定分析不同生长期的外壳膜NAGase的酶比活力及其性质的变化．结果表明：不同生长期的酶活力、最适温度、催化反应的动力学参数（Km、vm）、活化能等均存在差异．不同生长期酶的最适pH均为5．5．不同生长期的对虾外壳膜NAGase对Cu^2＋、Zn^2＋和Hg^2＋的敏感性也不同．Cu^2＋对养殖8周对虾外壳膜NAGase的激活作用最为显著，可以使酶活力提高到400％．Zn^2＋对不同生长期的酶活力均有抑制作用，但对成体对虾酶抑制作用最为显著，可以使酶活力下降80％．Hg^2＋对各个生长期的酶活力影响效果也不一样，当浓度为0．1mmol／dm^3时，仅对养殖6、8、9周的对虾的酶有激活作用，当Hg“浓度为1．0mmol／dm^3时，五个生长期的虾皮NAGase活力均受到不同程度抑制．     

甲硫氨酸脑啡肽对栉孔扇贝血淋巴中2种自由基的影响

用分光光度技术对甲硫氨酸脑啡肽(met-Enk)对栉孔扇贝(Chlamysfarreri)血淋巴中自由基及其相关酶的影响进行了研究。结果表明,除了脑啡肽浓度为1μg/mL时血清和血细胞中过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力高于对照外,脑啡肽浓度分别为10和50μg/mL,作用时间分别为1,3和5h时,血清和血细胞中一氧化氮(NO)、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)、过氧化氢(H2O2)和CAT的含量或活力均低于对照;随着脑啡肽浓度的升高,其含量或活力均呈下降趋势。说明脑啡肽对栉孔扇贝血淋巴中的自由基NO和H2O2及其相关酶的含量或活力起副调节(抑制)作用。相同的脑啡肽浓度下,随着作用时间的延长,其含量或活力又有所回升。说明栉孔扇贝血淋巴中可能存在脑啡肽的拮抗物质。脑啡肽可能在栉孔扇贝的免疫调节中发挥重要的作用。     

缢蛏超氧化物歧化酶的纯化和性质研究

经加热和硫酸铵分级沉淀，DE-52柱层析和SephadexG-100凝胶过滤，从缢蛏中分离纯化铜锌超氧化物歧化酶（Cu,Zn-SOD)，并对其理化性质进行分析鉴定，结果获得该酶的比活力为3794.9(U/mg)，提纯倍数为607.7.聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳蛋白带与活性带相对应，等电点为5.8.该酶是由两个相同的亚基组成的二聚体，相对分子质量为29.6kD。紫外吸收峰在275nm处，KCN和H2O2能抑制酶活性，而Tsuchi-hashi液对酶活性没影响，该酶的最适pH为6-10，最适温度为37℃，热稳定性在63℃以下。     

嗜热栖热菌重组锰超氧化物歧化酶的性质

嗜热栖热菌(Thermus thermophilus)wl的超氧化物歧化酶基因在Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)中进行表达,采用Ni-NTA agarose亲和层析获得重组超氧化物歧化酶,比活力达565 U/mg.重组酶的相对分子质量为110.9 kDa,亚基相对分子质量为28.3 kDa,该酶为同聚四聚体蛋白.重组酶对氯仿-乙醇和SDS敏感,对H2O2不敏感,并且它的紫外最大吸收波长位于279 nm,判断其属于锰超氧化物歧化酶类型.1.0 mmol/dm3Mn2+对重组酶有激活作用,同浓度的其他金属离子Mg2+、Ca2+、Ba2+、Co2+、Cu2+、Zn2+和Fe2+对重组酶活力都有抑制作用,其中以Co2+的作用最强,抑制了约64%的酶活性.重组酶在70℃下处理1 h,保持原有活力的60%,即使在90℃下处理1 h,仍保持原有活力的35%.在pH值为4.0～11.0的缓冲液中25℃下处理1 h,保持65%以上的原始活力.由此可见,重组锰超氧化物歧化酶具有高的热稳定性和宽pH稳定性,在工业上具有巨大的应用潜力.     

一株源于红树林根际土壤产纤维素酶芽孢杆菌的鉴定及其酶学性质分析

从红树林根际土壤中筛选出一株产纤维素酶的革兰氏阳性菌,通过形态、生化特征及16S r RNA基因序列分析鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)。对其产纤维素酶能力进行分析,发现该菌株所产纤维素酶的最适反应温度为55°C,最适p H为6。酶学性质分析发现,在反应温度为55°C时,该菌株产生的纤维素酶稳定性最好,保温120min后仍具有80%以上的相对酶活力;在p H为5—7时,酶活性相对稳定,相对酶活力均维持在80%左右。Cu~(2+)对该酶有一定的抑制作用,Zn~(2+)、Fe~(3+)、Mg~(2+)、Ca~(2+)、Fe~(2+)、Mn~(2+)和Co~(2+)均对酶有一定的促进作用。本研究显示这株芽孢杆菌具有良好的应用前景,为该菌株在水产饲料添加剂中的进一步研究与应用提供参考依据。     

中国明对虾体壁N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶的分离纯化及酶学性质

为了探讨对虾N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(EC3.2.1.52,NAGase)的分离纯化及其酶学性质,作者以中国明对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)体壁为材料,通过硫酸铵沉淀分级分离、SephadexG-100柱层析和DEAE-32离子交换柱层析纯化,获得聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳纯的N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶酶制剂,纯化酶比活力为3938.56U/mg。通过SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳,测得该酶亚基分子量为48.88 kD。酶的最适pH为6.0,最适温度为45℃;该酶在pH 6.0~9.0区域较稳定,温度稳定性范围是20~35℃,45℃下处理1 h酶活力丧失65.04%。酶水解对硝基苯-N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷的Km为0.229 mmol/L,Vmax为5.00μmol/(L·min)。进一步研究金属离子对酶活力的影响,结果表明:Li+、Na+和Ba2+对酶没有明显影响,Mg2+、Ca2+、Mn2+、Co2+、Fe3+和Al3+对酶均有不同程度的激活作用,Cu2+、Zn2+和Pb2+对酶呈抑制作用,1.0 mmol/L Hg2+对酶呈激活作用,而10 mmol/L Hg2+使酶活力降低42.37%。     

环境因子对栉孔扇贝血淋巴中谷胱甘肽转硫酶活性的影响

采用分光光度法研究了环境因子对栉孔扇贝（Chlamys farreri）血淋巴中谷胱甘肽转硫酶（GST）活性的影响。结果表明,血清和血细胞中都存在GST,且血细胞中酶活力高于血清。血细胞中GST的适宜温度范围是20～35℃,最适温度为30℃,在60℃时酶活力完全丧失。该酶的适宜pH为7—8,最适pH为7．5。将血细胞裂...     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.