塔里木盆地塔中隆起志留系油气成藏及分布特点

塔里木盆地塔中隆起志留系油气成藏具有两源三期的成藏特点,"两源"是指油气来源于寒武系、中、上奥陶统两套烃源岩;"三期"是指从沥青到可动油的形成经历了加里东晚期、海西晚期、燕山—喜山期三个成藏期,沥青的形成是早期油气运移聚集过程中遭破坏的结果,目前所发现的可动油是以中、上奥陶统油气源为主的晚期成藏的结果。发育三种油气藏类型,即背斜构造、地层岩性以及火山岩遮挡型。塔中隆起志留系油气聚集受三大因素控制,一是隆起构造背景,围绕古隆起构成多种圈闭类型组合的复合油气聚集区;二是有效盖层,志留系中的油气显示十分活跃,包括沥青、稠油和正常油,沥青和稠油分布在红色泥岩段以下,而可动油集中分布在灰色泥岩段之下;三是优质储层,砂岩储层分布广泛,储层储集空间有次生-原生孔隙型、原生-次生孔隙型、微孔隙型三种类型,孔隙度3.3 %～17.4 %,渗透率(0.1 ～667.97)×10-3μm2。     

简析塔中北斜坡A井志留系油气藏成藏期

塔中北斜坡Ａ井是塔里木盆地第一口在志留系发现工业油气流的探井。本文对塔中Ａ井志留系下砂岩段进行了详细的储层地球化学描述；根据有机包裹体的均一化温度，并结合塔中地区构造演化和热演化史，对塔中Ａ井志留系油气藏的成藏期进行了简要的分析。综合研究认为:塔中Ａ井志留系存在三期油气运移、聚集和两次油气破坏。三期油气运移聚集分别发生在志留纪－泥盆纪末、二叠纪末－三叠纪和喜山期。其中，第一次油气聚集规模大，在泥盆纪末，由于地层整体抬升遭到剥蚀，油气受氧化和生物降解等破坏作用，形成广泛分布的沥青砂；第二次油气运移聚集量较大，但在喜山期遭到不同程度的水淹。     

应用定量颗粒荧光技术研究塔中地区志留系古油藏分布特征

引进定量颗粒荧光技术,研究了塔里木盆地塔中隆起志留系的油藏分布特征,着重探讨了古油藏叠合连片分布的可能性。结果表明,塔中地区的志留系在晚期成藏过程中没有形成过叠合连片的大规模的可动油气藏,而只在局部构造上形成规模较小的、独立的油气藏。塔中4和塔中17井柯坪塔格组上一亚段在地质时期都曾成过藏,但均遭破坏;塔中117井柯坪塔格组上三亚段和塔中31 井柯坪塔格组上一亚段仅在后期充注过程中有油气聚集成藏;塔参1井在第一期油气充注过程中曾形成过较大的古油藏,而晚期充注过程中则未聚集成藏。研究还表明,志留系储层是好的输导层,地质时期中有烃类运移通过。中央断垒带为油气运移、聚集的主要路径和有利场所,在下一步的志留系勘探中应给予高度重视。     

塔里木盆地塔中地区志留系柯坪塔格组沉积相与沉积模式

塔中地区志留系自下而上包括柯坪塔格组(下沥青砂岩段、灰色泥岩段、上沥青砂岩段)、塔塔埃尔塔格组（红色泥岩段和砂泥岩段）、依木干他乌组。通过对塔中地区志留系钻井岩心观察和盆地西北部阿克苏、柯坪、巴楚等地露头剖面的观察,塔中地区志留系下沥青砂岩段岩石类型主要为绿灰色泥岩、粉砂质泥岩、泥质粉砂岩、粉砂岩、极细砂岩和细砂岩,部分井发育中细砂岩和中砂岩,砂岩层中常见大量撕裂状泥砾和黄铁矿,发育水平纹理、平行层理、低角度交错层理和楔状交错层理,在露头剖面中可见槽状交错层理。发育的主要沉积相类型为前滨-临滨、浅海陆棚、受风暴影响的浅海砂坝或潮汐砂脊等。在部分井的志留系底部还可见砂砾岩沉积,砾石磨圆较好,砾石成分为石英岩、燧石、泥砾、砂岩砾及其它变质岩砾,向上过渡为中粗砂岩和中细砂岩,发育板状和槽状交错层理,具向上变细的粒序结构,具河流相沉积特征,如塔中30、塔中161井的志留系底部。总体认为塔中地区志留系柯坪塔格组下沥青砂岩段为无障壁滨线-陆棚为主的沉积体系,具有海侵背景下受风暴控制的滨线－陆棚沉积模式, 随海侵发展形成宽度几十公里以上的滨线－陆棚砂岩沉积体,垂向上为滨岸砂到陆棚砂的演化序列。上沥青砂岩段以潮坪沉积为主,并有部分前滨和临滨沉积,横向相变,垂向交互叠置,在砂体发育程度和规模上较下沥青砂岩段差。根据岩心物性和测井物性分析,浅海陆棚沙坝和滨岸沙坝砂岩储集性好于潮坪相砂岩。     

海侵背景下风暴控制的滨岸-陆棚砂体研究——以塔中志留系下沥青砂岩段为例

塔中志留系下沥青砂岩段发育海侵背景下受风暴控制的滨岸-陆棚沉积体系,沉积砂体的类型有滨岸砂、浅海砂坝和陆棚砂。风暴作用改造并控制着陆棚砂、浅海砂坝等砂体,使其发育规模增大。海侵时期形成的上述三种砂体的储集性优于海退时期形成的潮道砂体。滨岸砂、浅海砂坝和陆棚砂体区域上尖灭与陆棚泥岩组合,可形成较好的岩性地层圈闭。     

塔里木盆地塔中、塔北地区志留系古油藏的油气运移

运用含氮化合物咔唑类探讨塔中、塔北地区在第一期成藏时志留系油气藏的烃类的运移方向, 为建立古油藏成藏模式, 预测原生油气藏分布提供依据.研究表明, 塔中志留系古油藏的油气主要来源于满加尔凹陷的中、下寒武统烃源岩, 向西南—南的方向首先进入塔中志留系, 然后沿不整合面或顺储层从北西向南东和从北东向南西2个方向向志留系在塔中地区的尖灭线附近运移.塔北志留系古油藏的油气也主要来自满加尔凹陷的中、下寒武统烃源岩, 首先向北西方向进入塔北隆起的志留系, 然后在志留系储层内或不整合面沿上倾方向继续向北西方向运移进入圈闭.      

阜新盆地含油气地层特征

阜新盆地含油气地层为九佛堂组及沙海组三段的湖相泥岩,整个沙海组四段可作为区域性盖层,强调沙海组扇三角洲砂体有利于油气的运移和聚集,对储层、含油系统类型、盖层分布特征、生储盖组合类型、圈闭类型进行了分析,就油气开采规模做出评价,根据盆地内的油气显示情况提出了勘探建议。     

塔里木盆地顺9井区志留系柯坪塔格组下段沉积特征

顺托果勒低隆起志留系柯坪塔格组下段发育一套海相碎屑岩建造,是塔里木盆地一个重要的油气勘探目标及远景层位,顺9井志留系柯坪塔格组下段加砂压裂获得了低产油流,展示良好的油气勘探前景,但前人对该套含油层系沉积相类型及砂体成因认识存在巨大分歧,导致对砂体分布的刻画存在不足及盲目,制约勘探部署进程。笔者综合利用钻井岩心、测井、地震、测试分析等资料,结合沉积背景分析,对塔里木盆地顺9井区志留系柯坪塔格组下段沉积相类型及其分布进行研究,综合研究认为:顺9井区柯坪塔格组下段为以潮下带-过渡带为主的碎屑岩海岸沉积,含油砂岩段下部泥岩为浅海陆棚泥沉积;顺9井区柯坪塔格组下段含油砂岩段主要位于潮坪-浅海陆棚沉积环境的潮下带-过渡带位置,微相类型包括潮汐水道、潮汐砂坝、泥坪、陆棚砂、风暴砂体、陆架泥;储层砂体主要为潮汐水道、潮汐沙坝复合砂体,顺9及其顺903井区是有利砂体分布带。     

孤岛西南缘馆陶组油气水分布特征及油气成藏规律

孤岛西南缘位于济阳坳陷沾化东部地区,其馆陶组为一套砂砾岩与泥岩互层层系,岩性馆上段较细,下段则较粗。该区的油气分布垂向上多分布在馆上段,并呈现上稀下稠的状态;侧向上主要分布在该区的中部偏东地区,集中在圈闭的高部位。在混源充注、断层疏导、网毯式捕集、泥盖立体成藏的成藏机理下形成了垂向断层运移,侧向块砂运移,高部位油气聚集成藏的特点。     

塔中-塔北志留系沉积层序的不对称结构及其构造意义

志留系沉积期塔里木为一地势相对平坦、水体较浅的陆表海盆地,总体充填一套碎屑海岸和三角洲体系,从下至上可划分出5个三级层序。塔中和塔北志留系沉积层序表现出明显的不对称结构,塔北地区柯坪塔格组三级层序SQ-Skp1、SQ-Skp2和SQ-Skp3沉积较完整,发育潮坪、浅海陆棚、滨岸-三角洲体系;而塔中地区缺失SQ-Skp1和SQ-Skp2层序,SQ-Skp3以潮坪体系为主,局部发育小型三角洲。与此相对,塔中地区塔塔埃尔塔格组层序SQ-Stt沉积完整,而塔北地区缺失SQ-Stt水进体系域红泥岩段。塔中和塔北志留系沉积层序的不对称结构反映了塔中和塔北构造隆升的差异和演化,奥陶末构造运动对塔中影响较大,造成塔中隆起的隆升并一直处于水上隆起,直到柯坪塔格组上段SQ-Skp3层序沉积期才淹没充填,随后持续沉降,形成了完整的塔塔埃尔塔格组层序SQ-Stt;奥陶末构造运动对塔北影响较小,西部英买力地区局部隆升,而东部持续沉降,直到柯坪塔格组沉积之后塔北东部出现较大规模隆升,形成明显的上超不整合,并造成塔塔埃尔塔格组层序SQ-Stt水进体系域红泥岩段缺失。塔中和塔北构造演化控制了盆地的沉积层序和储盖组合发育,塔中缺失下储盖组合,而塔北缺失上储盖组合,对志留系圈闭形成和油气保存具有重要的影响。     

塔中北坡两顺地区志留系成藏条件及期次分析

通过对塔里木盆地塔中隆起及其北坡两顺地区志留系油气成藏地质条件分析,认为两顺地区志留系具备形成工业油气藏的条件。志留系油气显示层段储层包裹体的均一化温度和含盐度测定结果显示存在两个成藏期:早期和晚期。早期油藏遭受部分或全部被破坏,其中塔中地区已演化为沥青砂岩,两顺地区破坏程度相对较低;晚期成藏基本未被破坏,既可单独形成新的油气藏,也可对早期(残余)油藏进行再充注。对S1井油气钻井资料综合分析发现,两顺地区早期油气藏并未形成沥青砂岩,而是形成残余油藏并接受了晚期成藏阶段的油气再充注,推测从S1井到满加尔坳陷方向,存在志留系早期原生油气藏的可能性。     

Petroleum geology and exploration direction of gas province in deepwater area of North Carnarvon Basin,Australia

North Carnarvon Basin is a gas province with minor oily sweet spots in deepwater area with water depth more than 500 m, which is one of the hot spots of global petroleum exploration for its series of giant hydrocarbon discoveries in recent years. However, the degree of oil and gas exploration in deepwater area is still low, and the conditions for oil and gas accumulation are not clear. Based on the current exploration situation and latest database of fields, applying multidisciplinary analysis of hydrocarbon geology, hydrocarbon accumulation elements and its exploration direction of North Carnarvon Basin in deepwater area are analyzed. The results show that there are three sets of main source rocks in deepwater area of North Carnarvon Basin, which are Triassic marine shale in Locker Formation and delta coal-bearing mudstone with thin carbonaceous mudstone in Mungaroo Formation, Lower –Middle Jurassic paralic carbargilite and coal measure strata in Athol Formation and Murat Formation, Cretaceous delta mudstone in Barrow Group and marine shale in Muderong Formation. Most source rock samples show gas-prone capability. The coarse sandstone of delta facies in Middle–Upper Triassic Mungaroo Formation is the most important reservoir in deepwater area, Lower Cretaceous Barrow Group deep-water gravity flow or underwater fan turbidite sandstone is the secondly main reservoir. Lower Cretaceous marine shale in Muderong Formation is most important regional caprock. Triassic mudstone in Mungaroo Formation is an important interlayer caprock in deepwater area. There are two main reservoir accumulation assemblages in deepwater area, one is Triassic structural-unconformity plane reservoir accumulation assemblage of Locker Formation to Mungaroo Formation, and the other is Lower–Middle Jurassic Athol Formation and Murat Formation–Lower Cretaceous stratigraphic lithology-structural reservoir accumulation assemblage of Barrow Group to Muderong Formation. There are three main control factors of hydrocarbon Accumulation: One is coupling of source and seal control hydrocarbon distribution area, the second is multi-stage large wave dominated deltas dominate accumulation zone, the third is direction of hydrocarbon migration and accumulation in hydrocarbon-rich generation depression was controlled by overpressure. The south of Exmouth platform in deepwater area is adjacent to hydrocarbon rich depression zone, reservoir assemblage is characterized by “near source rocks, excellent reservoir facies, high position and excellent caprocks ”, which is the main battlefield of deepwater oil and gas exploration in North Carnarvon Basin at present. There are a lot of fault block traps in the northern structural belt of Exmouth platform, and the favorable sedimentary facies belt at the far end of delta plain in Mungaroo Formation is widely distributed, which is the next favorable exploration zone. The Lower Cretaceous, which is located at the concave edge uplift adjacent to the investigator depression and the Exmouth platform, also has a certain exploration prospect in northwest of deepwater area.     

塔里木盆地二叠纪火山-岩浆活动对古生界生储条件的影响--以塔中47井区为例

塔里木盆地古生界地层是油气勘探的重要层段,勘探开发实践证明,古生界地层中的生储盖组合及油气体系受到了二叠纪大量、长期、多阶段火山-岩浆活动的强烈影响,然而,其影响规律尚不清楚。研究选取塔中47井区的三口重点油气探井,对志留系-石炭系油砂样品进行气相色谱-质谱分析,并完成了砂岩的成岩作用及储集空间研究,结合井区三维地震解释,从有机质、储层、成藏等方面研究了二叠纪火山-岩浆活动对古生界生储条件的影响。结果表明,塔中47井所钻遇的大型火山机构,其火山-岩浆活动可以提高下伏地层中有机质的成熟度,增强储层中酸性流体对钙质胶结物的溶蚀作用,促进次生孔隙形成进而发育优质储层。靠近火山机构的油气储层受改造作用更强烈,其储集性能更好,以火山机构为中心,横向上依次分布储层显著改善区域、储层破坏区域和储层基本未受影响区域,储层改善作用的影响范围大约为6 km。储层演化与油气综合成藏与二叠纪火山-岩浆活动有一定的对应性和关联性,火山-岩浆活动直接促进了油气运移和油气藏的形成。     

油气充注对塔中志留系沥青砂岩储集性影响的模拟实验研究

志留系储层原油演化成沥青过程中，沥青充填于粒间孔及填隙物中，占据了孔隙空间，残余孔隙率、渗透率很低。通过模拟实验的方法分析了油气充注对沥青砂岩储集性的影响，早期充填沥青少而残余孔隙率、渗透率很低的砂岩，晚期油气仍不能充注，是非储层；早期沥青均匀充填、充填程度高，残余孔隙率、渗透率低的砂岩，晚期低粘度稀油仍能充注，孔隙率、渗透率有大幅度提高，是有效储层；早期沥青充填较均匀，残余孔隙率相对较高，不同粘度的原油充注后，孔渗条件发生明显的改善。常温的实验表明，原油的物理性质是决定沥青砂岩能否再次充注的关键因素之一，稀油充注是志留系沥青砂岩成藏的必要条件。     

缝洞型碳酸盐岩油气分布规律及成藏条件：以塔中北斜坡东部鹰山组为例

缝洞型碳酸盐岩储集层具有强烈的非均质性,其油气成藏及富集规律极其复杂,充分认识此类油气藏的形成条件及分布特点对油气藏进一步勘探及有效开发至关重要。通过对东部井区的统计分析,目的层油气性质与I号断裂带及走滑断裂密切相关,平面上塔中北斜坡东部鹰山组油气具有“西油东气,内油外气”的分布特征,纵向上油气集中在不整合面以下200 m内,沿风化壳不整合面呈“准层状”分布。从源、储、盖、运等成藏要素角度对油气成藏控制因素进行了综合研究,结果表明：该研究区发育两套烃源岩,且经历了多期充注,为油气聚集提供了充足的物质基础;后期构造抬升及断裂活动促进岩溶作用的进行,改善了储层的储集性能,为油气富集提供了有利的场所;良三段到良五段致密灰岩分布广、厚度大,可以有效封闭油气,为油气聚集提供了较好的保存条件;塔中北斜坡东部断裂及不整合面是油气成藏的关键,沟通源岩为油气运移聚集提供了良好的通道。     

Accumulation and Reformation of Silurian Reservoir in the Northern Tarim Basin

Silurian sandstone in Tarim Basin has good reservoir properties and active oil and gas shows, especially thick widely-distributed bituminous sandstone. Currently, the Silurian was found containing both bitumen and conventional reservoirs, with petroleum originating from terrestrial and marine source rocks. The diversity of their distribution was the result of "three sources, three stages" accumulation and adjustment processes. "Three sources" refers to two sets of marine rocks in Cambrian and Middle-Upper Ordovician, and a set of terrestrial rock formed in Triassic in the Kuqa depression. "Three stages" represents three stages of accumulation, adjustment and reformation occurring in Late Caledonian, Late Hercynian and Late Himalayan, respectively. The study suggests that the Silurian bitumen is remnants of oil generated from Cambrian and Ordovician source rocks and accumulated in the sandstone reservoir during Late Caledonian-Early Hercynian and Late Hercynian stages, and then damaged by the subsequent two stages of tectonic uplift movements in Early Hercynian and Pre-Triassic. The authors presumed that the primary paleo-reservoirs formed during these two stages might be preserved in the Silurian in the southern deep part of the Tabei area. Except for the Yingmaili area where the Triassic terrestrial oil was from the Kuqa Depression during Late Himalayan Stage, all movable oil reservoirs originated from marine sources. They were secondary accumulations from underlying Ordovician after structure reverse during the Yanshan-Himalayan stage. Oil/gas shows mixed-source characteristics, and was mainly from Middle-Upper Ordovician. The complexity and diversity of the Silurian marine primary properties were just defined by these three stages of oil-gas charging and tectonic movements in the Tabei area.     

塔里木盆地北部志留系顶面不整合中陆相原油的成藏历史与油气富集机制

塔里木盆地志留系发育厚层沥青砂,显示优越的含油气性.继塔中地区志留系原油勘探取得突破之后,塔北地区志留系砂岩风化壳型储层也发现了工业油藏.根据原油的甾、萜烷和噻吩类生物标记化合物的分布特征,结合原油的物理化学性质以及族组分稳定碳同位素特征分析,明确了塔北西部英买35井区志留系风化壳原油来源于库车凹陷三叠系黄山街组湖相烃源岩,与塔北东部同发育在志留系风化壳剥蚀尖灭线附近的哈得18C井海相原油形成鲜明对比.通过志留系砂岩流体包裹体均一温度测试,结合地层埋藏史研究成果,推断英买35井区志留系砂岩主要成藏时间为距今5 ～ 8Ma的晚喜山期.结合库车凹陷两套陆相烃源岩的生烃演化重构了该区域湖相原油的成藏过程,表明康村组沉积后白垩系卡普沙良群与志留系风化壳是湖相油气向台盆区输导的重要通道,预示着湖相原油运移充注的范围十分广泛.成藏机理分析表明,志留系风化壳的构造幅度和面积控制了油气的充注范围,直接盖层的封盖条件控制了风化壳储层的含油气性.塔北地区东、西部志留系风化壳的暴露时间和地层组合关系的差异,是东部形成海相含油气系统,而西部发育海、陆相油藏垂向上叠置,互不交叉的复式含油气系统的重要原因.     

厄瓜多尔Oriente盆地南部区块Napo组层序地层模式与岩性地层圈闭预测

应用经典层序地层学方法,通过不整合面、钻测井等标志将厄瓜多尔Oriente盆地南部区块Napo组划分为5个三级层序;以地层叠置样式、岩性、岩相的变化细分出陆架边缘、海侵和高位体系域。陆架边缘体系域以潮汐水道沉积为特征;海侵体系域以广泛分布的陆棚相泥岩沉积为特征;高位体系域发育加积式陆棚相灰岩沉积。最后识别出潮汐水道砂体、水下浅滩和M1岩性尖灭带3种有利的岩性地层圈闭,综合预测Oriente盆地南部区块Napo组的潮汐水道砂体发育区是最有利的勘探方向。     

Study on petroleum geological conditions in Dazhuom area of Southern Qiangtang Basin of Tibet

Previous researchers in Dazhuoma area of Southern Qiangtang Basin have found some sporadic oil and gas on the surface and collected a small amount of source rocks for analysis, but the exploration degree was generally low and they have not carried out systematic analysis of the generation, storage and cap of oil and gas. Based on the previous data, the authors in this paper have studied the characteristics of the source rocks, reservoir rocks and cap rocks in Dazhuoma area of Southern Qiangtang Basin by means of field petroleum geological survey, sample collection, indoor analysis and comparative research. The results suggest that the mudstone and shale of Adula Formation in the study area are considered as good source rocks, and the mudstone and silty mudstone of Sewa Formation are poor-medium source rocks, while Buqu Formation, Shari Formation and Suowa Formation are poor source rocks. The main reservoir rocks are the sandstone of Adula Formation and the dolomite of Buqu Formation. The cap rocks are argillaceous rocks, limestone and gypsum, and are mainly Ⅰ and Ⅱ cap rocks. Furthermore, the discovery of oil exposure shows that this basin has underwent the process of oil and gas generation, migration, gathering and losing, which builds the material foundation of oil and gas generation and the petroleum geological conditions of hydrocarbon accumulation. It is suggested that more drilling should be arranged in Darzhuoma anticline with good oil and gas storage conditions, and further deep research should be carried out to achieve oil and gas breakthrough in this area.