论煤岩组分的液化性能

通过高压釜在溶剂和催化剂条件下对煤的加氢液化试验,探讨了低煤级煤中煤岩组分的液化性能。结果表明,在不同宏观煤岩成分的液化试验中,转化率和油产率表现出镜煤>亮煤>暗煤>丝炭;对于显微组分的液化,不仅镜质组和壳质组具有反应活性,半镜质组也有一定活性,且活性组分(镜质组+半镜质组+壳质组)含量与液化转化率、油产率表现出良好的正比关系。低煤级煤中,R_max<1.50%的半丝质组分在液化时有反应活性,其活性低于同一煤中的半镜质组,而R_max>1.50%的惰质组分已不具反应活性。      

应用CH_4/N_2指标估算塔里木盆地天然气热成熟度

通过对塔里木盆地满加尔凹陷低成熟煤岩在开放在线程序升温体系的热模拟实验,获得煤岩在不同温度点的热分解产物CH4、CO和N2,并对模拟后残留产物进行了镜质体反射率测试,建立了镜质体反射率与对应受热温度之间的关系。煤岩镜质体反射率与热温度之间的二阶关系表达为:Ro=0.0014×T+0.109,r=0.9931(Ro<0.6%);Ro=0.0067×T-1.5855,r=0.9996(Ro>0.6%)。通过上述方程建立CH4/N2值与煤岩镜质体反射率之间的对应关系,并利用CH4/N2值对塔里木盆地库车坳陷天然气热成熟度进行了预测。预测结果与实际地质分析结果相吻合,说明CH4/N2值可以作为塔里木盆地煤成气热成熟度预测指标应用于油气勘探中。     

准噶尔盆地侏罗纪煤层显微煤岩特征

准噶尔盆地侏罗纪煤层煤岩显微组分组成以镜质组为主，壳质组亦普遍较富集。壳质组中又以角质体为主，且荧光较强。煤的母质类型多为Ⅲ型，有些为ⅡＢ型，个别偏ⅡＡ型，因而可以生成一定数量的液态烃。     

神府大柳塔2^—2煤层煤岩学特征

对神府大柳塔矿区２＾－２煤层系统的煤岩学研究表明,该煤层以镜质体和丝质为主,其它组分较少,矿物质中以粘土类和石英为主,显微煤岩类型以两组分微类型为主,宏观煤岩类型以半暗煤和半亮煤为主,壳质组具有较强的荧光,其荧光光谱为单峰形,不同的壳质组分其荧光特征不同。     

煤炭显微煤岩组分与工业分析关系研究

通过分析宁夏各煤田中部分具有代表性煤矿勘查阶段钻孔煤岩煤样测试数据,研究了煤的显微煤岩组分与工业分析之间的关系。随着煤中有机组分、无机组分含量的变化,煤的灰分、挥发分、固定碳发生变化。煤中有机组分含量大于90%时,煤中灰分与黏土类含量存在正相关,挥发分与惰质组和壳质组含量均存在正相关,且惰质组含量影响更大;有机组分含量小于90%时,煤中灰分与惰质组和黏土类含量均存在正相关,且惰质组含量影响更大,挥发分与壳质组含量存在正相关。煤中固定碳含量受镜质组含量影响最大,二者存在正相关。     

《烟煤显微组分分类》和《显微煤岩类型分类》国家标准的相互关系

１引言显微组分是显微镜下可辨认的煤的有机成分。显微煤岩类型是煤的显微组分及矿物的天然组合 ,不同的显微煤岩类型反映出煤的地质成因、煤相、成煤原始物质和煤的化学工艺性质的差别。因此 ,进行显微煤岩类型分析对研究煤的聚积方式、煤相变化、煤层对比以及评价煤的可选性和炼焦工艺性质等都有实际意义。国际标准化组织（ＩＳＯ）也提出了显微煤岩类型的分类标准。我国的《显微煤岩类型分类》国家标准［１］中显微组分按三大组划分 :镜质组、壳质组、惰质组。但这与《烟煤显微组分分类》国家标准［２］的四分法不一致 ,缺少半镜质组—镜…     

山东省阳谷——茌平煤田聊城煤矿区显微煤岩组成及其特征

聊城煤矿区属太原组的可采煤6层，属山西组的可采煤2层。各煤层煤岩有机显微组成以镜质组为主，次为惰性组、半镜质组、壳质组；无机显微组成以粘土组为主，次为碳酸盐组和硫化物组。各类显微组分含量乃至硫化物产状等沿垂向不同煤层呈规律性变化，这是聚煤环境变化的反映。     

煤的液化性能与煤质关系研究进展

煤的液化潜力与煤岩成分和煤化作用程度有着密切的关系,更进一步研究煤岩成分中不同显微组分对液化的影响,探讨显微组分的结构,将对优质液化煤的讦价起重大作用。煤中不同的显微组分具有不同的光性特征,镜质体反射率是划分煤阶的主要参数,但是煤的全显微组分反射率的研究把煤岩成分与煤阶结合起来,对液化煤进行综合评价。本文介绍了国外这方面最近的一些研究成果:1．镜质组和壳质组具有非常类似的转化率,但是抽提产物中族组分却存在显著的差异,镜质组主要出现前沥青烯和沥青烯,而壳质组主要出现油和气。2．低反射率惰性组显微组分虽然转化率较低,但是主要产出油和气。3．相对未凝胶化的显微组分具有较高的油产率,而较高凝胶化程度的显微组分油产率却较低。4．煤的全显微组分反射率分布可以预测煤的液化潜力。     

南黄海盆地碳酸盐岩生烃动力学参数特征

南黄海盆地碳酸盐岩生烃动力学参数的研究对于估算该盆地油气资源潜力极为重要.利用黄金管-高压釜封闭体系的实验设备,对南黄海盆地栖霞组和青龙组2个碳酸盐岩样品进行了热模拟实验及生烃动力学分析.结果表明,栖霞组灰岩热解气体最高产率为102 mL/g TOC,青龙组灰岩为78 mL/g TOC;栖霞组灰岩生烃活化能主峰为52 kcal/mol,青龙组灰岩生烃活化能主峰为60 kcal/mol.栖霞组灰岩活化能主峰偏低可能是受样品中残留烃类影响,热成熟度参数R_o与气体产率的关系不受地质升温速率的影响,可以利用实验结果进行碳酸盐岩生烃量模拟.      

东胜煤田延安组成煤模式与煤质特征

总结了东胜煤田延安组煤的两种主要成煤模式,结合煤质分析数据,探讨成煤环境条件对煤质的控制作用。研究结果显示,河流成煤模式的煤层,煤岩类型以暗淡型为主,煤中富丝质组,煤层中矿物质含量较高,灰分含量多大于10%,煤类以不粘煤为主。湖泊三角洲成煤模式的煤层,煤岩类型以光亮煤和半亮煤为主,煤中富镜质组,煤层中矿物质含量低,灰分含量少于10%,煤类以长焰煤为主。经对比两种成煤模式煤的工艺性质,认为富丝质组煤利于气化、动力燃烧、制吸附剂,富镜质组煤则首选液化和配焦。     

神府大柳塔2~(-2)煤层煤岩学特征

对神府大柳塔矿区 2 - 2煤层系统的煤岩学研究表明 ,该煤层以镜质体和丝质体为主 ,其它组分较少 ,矿物质中以粘土类和石英为主 ,显微煤岩类型以两组分微类型为主 ,宏观煤岩类型以半暗煤和半亮煤为主 ,壳质组具有较强的荧光 ,其荧光光谱为单峰形 ,不同的壳质组分其荧光特征不同     

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BITUMINOUS COAL CONSTITUENTS (MACERALS)

Investigation of bituminous-coal macerals, accomplished through the Institut für Brennstoff Chemie (Fuel Chemistry Institute) of Aachen, is summarized here. Coal from five Ruhr coal beds was processed to obtain pure macerals in quantities sufficient to study their individual structure and chemical composition. Vitrinite, micrinite and exinite were recovered accordingly, and their chemical and physical properties studied; detailed, graphical interpretation of these data has been included. Chemical composition is derived for vitrinite, exinite, micrinite, and fusinite individually. Chemical structure of the macerals is discussed in relation to aromatically bound carbon content. It has been possible thus far, to determine maceral properties with respect to coalification rank as well as to indicate differentiation of these properties in macerals from the same coal bed. --D. D. Fisher.     

A study of the kinetic parameters of individual macerals from Upper Permian coals in South China via open-system pyrolysis

A unique Upper Permian coal, Leping coal, is widely distributed in South China. The coal samples studied in the paper were collected from two mines in the Shuicheng coalfield of Guizhou Province, southwest China. The geochemical works including coal petrography, maceral content, Rock–Eval pyrolysis, and kinetic modelling of hydrocarbon-generating have been carried out on whole coal and individual macerals. The higher contents of volatile matter, elemental hydrogen, and tar yield, and the high hydrocarbon generation potential of the Leping coals are attributed to their high content of “barkinite”, a special liptinite maceral.The hydrocarbon generation potential of “barkinite” (S₂=287 mg/g, hydrogen index (HI)=491 mg/g TOC) is greater than that of vitrinite (S₂=180 mg/g, HI=249 mg/g TOC), and much higher than that of fusinite (S₂=24 mg/g, HI=35 mg/g TOC). At the same experimental conditions, “barkinite” has a higher threshold and a narrower “oil window” than those of vitrinite and fusinite, and consequently, can generate more hydrocarbons in higher coalification temperature and shorter geological duration. Data from the activation energy distributions indicate that “barkinite” has a more homogenous chemical structure than that of vitrinite and fusinite. The above-mentioned characteristics are extremely important for exploring hydrocarbon derived from the Leping coals in South China.     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987111000879

Multiple sets of thick coal beds characterized by simple structure and shallow burial depth were developed in the Early and Middle Jurassic strata of the Ordos Basin,northwestern China.The huge reserves of this high quality coal have a high commercial value.We studied the coal’s petrologic characteristics and its maceral distribution to determine the maceral’s contribution to generation of oil and gas.The results show that the Jurassic coals in the Ordos Basin have special penological features because of the Basin’s unique depositional environment which was mainly a series of high-stand swamps in the upper fluvial system.These petrographic features are a result of the development of typical inland lakes where some sand bodies were formed by migrating rivers.After burial,the peat continued to undergo oxidizing conditions,this process generated extensive higher inertinile contents in the coals and the vitrinite components were altered to semi-vitrinite.The macroscopic petrographic types of these Jurassic coals are mainly semi-dull coal,dull coal,semilustrous and lustrous coal.The proportions of semi-dull coal and dull coal are higher in the basin margins,especially in the area near the northern margin.The numbers of semilustrous and lustrous coals increase southwards and towards the central basin.This situation indicates that different coal-forming swamp environments have major controlling effects on the coal components.Another observation is that in the Ordos" coal sequences,especially in the lower part,some sandstone beds are thick,up to 20 m with a coarse grain size.The higher fusinite content in the macerals accompanies a higher semi-vitrinite content with more complete and regular plant cell structure.The fusinite structure is clear and well preserved.After burial,the lithology of the roof and floor rocks can continue to affect the evolution of coal petrology.The sand bodies in the roof and floor exhibit good physical conditions so that pore water can maintain a long-term state of oxidation,circulation and connection to the coal.So coal components remain in an oxidation environment for a long time.Conversely,in the basin center,lacustrine facies developed and peat was rapidly covered by mudstone after burial and subsequent coal beds rapidly entered a reducing environment.As a result,abundant gelatification occurred and the vitrinite content increased.Exinite often accumulated in a specific position in the coal bed.Although the average exinite content is not high on the whole,it does significantly contribute to the total hydrocarbon generation. The exinite content has been underestimated,especially the amorphous bituminous fluid and its importance is emphasized here.The reason is that the fluid flows easily into fusinite which has strong rigidity,or flows into some fissures,where it is commonly neglected.     

Sulfide minerals in Coal Bed V,minnehaha mine,Sullivan County,Indiana

Polished and thin section examinations of samples from Indiana Coal Bed V (Springfield) have shown three sulfides to be present; namely pyrite, marcasite and sphalerite. Pyrite and marcasite are dominant forms whereas sphalerite is very minor. These sulfides appear to have formed in four distinct stages as judged on the basis of mineralogy and mineral texture. Pyrite occurs as framboids throughout the coal seam, as fibrous crystals in two horizons of the coal and in massive form as cleat fillings and cell fillings in fusinite and semi-fusinite. Marcasite occurs in spherical polycrystalline and twinned grains, as polycrystalline overgrowths on framboids, as cementing material for clusters of framboids, as blocky polycrystalline grains and with pyrite as cell fillings in fusinite and semi-fusinite. Sphalerite occurs exclusively as cell fillings in semi-fusinite. The paragenetic sequence indicates fluctuations in the overall coal bed chemistry. Individual sections display evidence of chemical variation on the micro scale.     

Characteristics of hydrocarbon generation from organic macerals in Jurassic coal measures, Xinjiang, China

The Jurassic coals of the Junggar and Turpan-Hami basins, Xinjiang, China, are characterized by abundant vitrinite. Microscopic analysis of Junggar coal samples indicates that they contain desmocollinite and hydrogen-rich vitrinite with a low reflectivity. The hydrocarbon-generating potential of various macerais follows the decreasing order of exinite > vitrinite > inertinite. However, desmocollinite is a principal maceral for hydrocarbon generation in this area because the content of vitrinite is higher than that of exinite. Data from simulating experiments and infrared spectra show that the hydrocarbon-generating process occurred primarily at the lower-mature stage in the Middle-Lower Jurassic coal measures. Generally, crude oil from the Qigu oilfield has a close similarity in hopanoid distribution to the vitrinite and exinite from the Jurassic strata with C₂₃-C₃₂ pentacyclic triterpanes and γ-lupane being present. The distribution of steranes is also similar. C₂₉-sitostane is dominant and Q₂₇ ergostane is subordinate. Only a trace amount of cholestane is present. All this suggests that the crude oil from the Qigu oilfield was derived from Jurassic coal measures.     

华北地区煤的显微组分结焦性热台试验

为探讨煤的显微组分的结焦性，对不同变质程度煤的镜质组、壳质组和惰性组分别进行了显微镜热台加热试验．在加热过程中，活性组分经历了３个明显不同的变化阶段，即变形阶段、胶质体形成阶段以及固化阶段．随煤变质程度的增加，镜质组的初变温度和胶质体形成时的温度逐渐增大，而固结温度变化规律不明显；壳质组在低变质阶段因受热而挥发掉，但随煤级增高其变形程度减弱；半镜质组在受热过程中也有变形和少量胶质体形成，而惰性组只发生微弱变化．在低变质阶段，活性显微组分形成的焦炭显微结构以各向同性为主；随变质程度的增高，焦炭显微结构中各向异性成分比例增大     

Organic petrology and source rock potential of sediments in the Eromanga Basin, South Australia

Cuttings and cores from the Poolowanna 1 well, Eromanga Basin, South Australia (in which oil was discovered in Lower Jurassic reservoirs) and the Macumba 1 well (no oil) have been analyzed petrographically to assess the nature of the coals and dispersed organic matter present. The Jurassic and Cretaceous coals have medium to high vitrinite contents, low to relatively high exinite, and medium to low inertinite contents. The dispersed organic matter has comparatively less vitrinite, more exinite and/or more inertinite than the associated coals. The microlithotype compositions of the coals indicate that the original vegetation was largely woody in character and was buried before much oxidation had occurred.The Jurassic sediments contain up to 2% dispersed organic matter by volume, 0–75% of which is exinite, including alginite. Vitrinite reflectances range from 0.5 to 0.7%. Where sufficiently mature, the Jurassic sediments are good potential source rocks for hydrocarbons.Statistical testing of the analytical results for the Jurassic Poolowanna Formation using Kendall's τ as a measure of dependence shows that there is a significant association between the macerals in coal and dispersed organic matter. The ratio of exinite to inertinite in dispersed organic matter is reasonably well predicted by the corresponding ratio in the associated coal.     

Sulfide minerals in Seelyville Coal III,Chinook Mine,Indiana

Sulfide minerals in coal bed III at the Chinook Mine, Indiana, are pyrite, marcasite, and rarely sphalerite. Pyrite occurs as framboids concentrated mainly in exinite, as bands or lenses in vitrinite and clay partings, as cell fillings in fusinite, and in cleats. Marcasite normally occurs in association with clusters of pyrite framboids within micro-organic remains. Sphalerite occurs exclusively in fusinite associated with cleat pyrite. The iron sulfides, which are of authigenic origin, were formed during the biochemical stage of coalification during the accumulation and compaction of peat. The factor that limited their formation in such an environment was the availability and reactivity of iron. Chemical heterogeneity in the peat swamps where the sulfides formed existed even on a microscopic scale. The iron sulfides were commonly precipitated in localized micro-environments that were favorable for their formation. The metamorphic stage of coalification did not affect the iron sulfides significantly, although it may have been responsible for the recrystallization of pyrite framboids and minor deformation of pyrite in fusinite and its local mobilisation.     

鄂尔多斯盆地侏罗纪煤的煤岩特征及成因分析

鄂尔多斯盆地侏罗系发育多层厚煤层,煤质优良,储量巨大,且构造简单,埋深较浅,具有很大的开采价值。该岩系独特的煤岩特征与其成煤沼泽环境有密切联系,即内陆湖泊发育有关的河流体系上部的一系列高位沼泽;泥炭埋藏后继续经历不同程度的氧化阶段,使得煤岩组分中惰性组分含量普遍偏高,而镜质组分普遍经受一定程度的丝炭化作用而成为半镜质体。研究表明盆地中侏罗系煤系中煤的宏观煤岩主要以半暗煤和暗淡煤为主,半亮煤和光亮煤占次要地位;在盆地边缘,特别是靠近盆地北部物源地区,半暗煤、暗淡煤含量比例较高,往南向盆地中心部位半亮煤和光亮煤逐渐增多,表明沉积环境和成煤沼泽环境对煤岩组分具有主要控制作用;含煤岩系中,特别是煤层下部砂岩越厚,颗粒越粗,显微煤岩组分中丝质体含量越高,而且其结构完整、清晰,半镜质体含量也越高,植物细胞结构越完整和规则。埋藏后顶底板岩性还会继续影响煤岩组分的演化过程。煤层顶底板砂体由于物性条件好,孔隙水仍可长时间处于氧化与循环流通状态,使得各煤岩组分能长时间处于氧化状态,有利于丝炭化作用进行;相反,在盆地中心,湖泊相发育,泥炭被埋藏之后迅速被泥岩覆盖,煤层很快处于还原缺氧环境,凝胶化作用得以充分进行,镜质组的含量就会增高。研究还发现,壳质组常常在煤层中的某一部位富集,虽然整个煤层中其平均含量不高,但是却对煤层的总体生烃能力会有很大贡献。以往的研究成果中,壳质组含量常常被低估,尤其是呈流动状态的沥青质体,因为它最容易流动到刚性比较强的丝质体内部或各种裂隙中而常常被忽略,在以后的研究中值得加以重视。