对虾红肢病发病机制的研究

１９９０－１９９３年试验使用副溶血弧菌及溶藻弧菌感染获得成功。在试验过程中发现，环境及对虾体质对驿虾感染死亡率影响甚大，恶劣环境中的死亡率比优良环境中的死亡率出８３．３％；体质差的对虾感染的后的２４ｈ死亡率是正常对虾的２．５－３倍。为此，在对虾虾养殖生产中除应注意消灭病原菌外，还应注意优化养殖环境与增强对虾体质的问题。     

海水养虾池的几种致病弧菌生态

研究了对虾养成期中养殖海水和虾体中弧菌的数量变化、种类组成及其相关因素，初步探讨了弧菌数量与虾病的关系。结果表明，无论养殖水和虾作中弧菌检出率均为100％，养殖水中弧菌测值为2.3×102～4．9×105个／dm3，均值1．78×105个／dm3；虾体中弧菌数是4.4×102～2．9×106个／g，均值为2.9×104个／g。出现于虾体和养殖水中的弧菌有副溶血弧菌（Vibrioparahaemolyticus）、溶藻弧菌（Vibrioalginolyticus）、创伤弧菌（Vibriovulnificus）、河弧菌（Vibriofluvialis）和模拟弧菌（Vibriomimicus）．其中副溶血弧菌和溶藻弧菌是各地的优势种。检测期间，虾池水的生化和理化因素较稳定，对弧菌数量无明显影响。个别虾池出现虾病与弧菌数量较高有关。以分离菌株进行浸染试验的结果表明，副溶血弧菌和溶藻弧菌能使对虾出现与病虾同样的病症。     

厦门同西安柯对虾养殖池的细菌数量动态

本文研究了对虾养成期间养殖池生态系中细菌的数量动态,探讨其变化规律与虾病的关系。结果表明,总细菌、弧菌和发光细菌在水体、底质和虾体中的数量变化各异。在水体各菌数与其环境因子关系中,除了总菌数与ＣＯＤ存在着正相关外,其它的不存在相关性。虾体的总细菌、弧菌和发光细菌的数量（以细胞计）可以用来预报虾病,三者的阀值分别８为１０＾７个ｇ／（湿重）１０＾５个ｇ／（湿重）和１０＾４个ｇ／（湿重）。通过对对虾的细     

不同条件下哈维氏弧菌(Vibrio harvey)对墨吉明对虾(Fenneropenaeus merguiensis)致病性研究

为研究墨吉明对虾弧菌病的防控方法, 本文通过人工注射感染的方式, 研究不同数量哈维 氏弧菌及在不同温度、盐度、pH、不同硝酸氮、亚硝酸氮和氨氮浓度条件下哈维氏弧菌对墨吉明对 虾的致病性的影响。结果表明: 当人工感染哈维氏弧菌数量为3.16×10⁸ CFU 时, 24 h 内对虾累计死 亡率为96.67%; 哈维氏弧菌数量为3.16×10⁶ CFU 以上, 实验结束时, 对虾累计死亡率都超过了 50.00%.在20-32℃ 范围内, 随着温度升高哈维氏弧菌致病力增强, 并且低温组(20℃ 实验组与 26℃ 实验组)对虾累计死亡率显著低于高温组(32℃ 实验组)(P<0.05).在温度为(24±1)℃ 时, 盐度为 20 时对虾累计死亡率处于较低水平; 在温度为(24±1)℃, 盐度为(22±1)时, 96 h, pH 为8.0 时对虾 累计死亡率最低, 并且与另外两个实验组差异显著(P<0.05); 温度为(24±1)℃, 盐度为(22±1), 硝 酸氮对感染哈维氏弧菌的墨吉明对虾有胁迫作用; 在亚硝酸氮浓度(1.0-10.0 mg/L)、氨氮浓度 (0.5-1.5 mg/L)范围内, 哈维氏弧菌对墨吉明对虾的致病性, 随着浓度升高而增强。本实验为墨吉明 对虾弧菌病的防控提供了理论基础。     

四种弧菌对中国对虾的致病性研究

１９９５年８月－１９９６年４月,采用注射感染、浸浴感染、创伤感染和投喂感染比较溶藻弧菌、副溶血弧菌、鳗弧菌、弗尼斯弧菌及其胞外产物对中国对虾的致病性,测定它们的半致死浓度,观察弧菌感染引起的病理组织变化。结果表明,注射感染中,溶藻弧菌、副溶血弧菌、鳗弧菌和弗尼斯弧菌２４小时的半致死浓度（ＬＤ５０）分别是１．２×１０＾６,６．５×１０＾７,４．０×１０＾８,６．８×１０＾９（ＣＦＵ／ｍｌ）;４８小时     

斑节对虾病原菌胞外产物的致病性研究

由养殖濒死病虾体内分离的副溶血弧菌(2019#)、溶藻弧菌(4302#)和嗜水气单胞菌(1003#)培养液中分别提取了胞外产物,测定了酶成分,定量分析了蛋白酶及磷酸酯酶的活性.用细菌胞外产物粗提液对斑节对虾进行致死试验,戊二醛固定致死对虾的肝组织,电镜观察了斑节对虾肝组织的超微病变,初步探讨了三株细菌胞外产物诱发虾病的病理.     

厦门同安西柯对虾养殖池的细菌数量动态

本文研究了对虾养成期间养殖池生态系中细菌的数量动态,探讨其变化规律与虾病的关系。结果表明,总细菌、弧菌和发光细菌在水体、底质和虾体中的数量变化各异。在水体各菌数与其环境因子的关系中,除了总菌数与COD存在着正相关外,其它的不存在相关性。虾体的总细菌、弧菌和发光细菌的数量（以细胞计）可以用来预报虾病,三者的阅值分别为107个　／g（湿重）、105个／g（湿重）和104介／g（湿重）。通过对对虾的细菌学跟踪监测,可以及时采取有效的应急防治措施。     

对虾弧菌制剂试制实验及其在长毛对虾养殖中的应用

本研究进行了实验室弧菌扩大培养方法比较试验，制备成弧菌制剂。实验表明长毛对虾幼虾口服液弧菌制剂或经弧菌制剂浸泡处理，地于预防弧菌感染有一定作用。１９９５年连江大官坂垦区长毛对虾现场养殖实验证明，所采用的一套以弧菌制剂预防虾病的应用方案是可行的，可抑制弧菌引起的并发症，延慢病毒性疾病发生，减少虾病造成的经济损失。     

三种弧菌对池养中国对虾的急性致死剂量试验

在已知的对虾病害中,细菌性疾病绝大多数是由弧菌引起的,Lightner和Lewis(1975)认为,鳗弧菌是白对虾Penaeussetifierus和褐对虾P.aztecus的病原菌。孟庆显(1992)也指出,对虾红眼病、烂眼病等都是由弧菌引起的。对虾养殖期间,虾体本身往往携带各种弧菌,但并不一定致病,只有在适当环境下弧菌在宿主体内大量繁殖,破坏虾体内免疫系统时,才使对虾致病。本文初步研究了不同种类的弧菌,不同注射剂量对中国对虾感染致死的梯度试验。1　材料与方法1.1　实验虾取于上海奉贤县东海水产研究所养殖基地,对虾体长在7～9cm之间。获得的实验用虾暂养于实验…     

中国对虾红腿病药物防治应用试验

全身性细菌感染引起的红腿病，是一种重要的弧菌病，主要影响幼虾和成虾，发病率和死亡率都比较高，可以造成整池对虾在较短时间内出现大量死亡，是对虾养成期间危害严重的疾病之一。为了防治对虾红腿病，我们在室内进行了药物饵料筛选试验，在筛选的基础上，研制出复合抗菌药物（ＦＴＬ），在对虾养殖生产中进行了应用试验，获得了较好的防治效果。１材料和方法１．ｌ室内药物筛选试验试验用病虾１９９１年７月采自青岛黄岛区对虾养殖场，病虾体长约６．５ｃｍ，病症表现为游泳足、步足和其它附肢及尾扇变红。病虾取回后放于室内暂养，试验…     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,