天然气水合物保压子取样装置压力特性研究

从海底采集的长柱状保压天然气水合物一般不能被直接分析,需要被切割成小段再转移。保压子取样装置是在天然气水合物保压转移系统的基础上研发的,该装置能够获取任意小尺寸的带压岩心,并将其转移到测试装置中进行原位检测。介绍保压子取样的总体结构和工作原理,并分析系统压力变化的趋势,然后利用AMESim软件对压力维持部分进行仿真,最后通过水合物转移实验,验证保压子取样技术的可行性。重点讨论了蓄能器对于系统压力维持能力的影响,得出预充压力越大蓄能器保压效果越好的结论。     

天然气水合物保压转移装置的压力维持系统

天然气水合物在转移到检测装置的过程中,压力会发生较大波动,导致结构的不稳定而分解。天然气水合物样品保压转移装置能够维持样品的高压环境,并将其转移到其他压力容器。文中主要介绍了转移装置及压力维持系统的工作原理,利用AMESim软件对保压转移装置的压力维持系统进行建模,分析了不同预充压力的蓄能器对压力变化的响应,最后通过样品的转移实验验证压力维持系统的有效性,同时得出球阀的关闭对样品的压力影响最大的结论。     

海洋沉积物微量元素地球化学特征对天然气水合物勘探的指示意义

天然气水合物与资源和全球环境变化等重大科学问题密切相关.前期关于甲烷渗漏区地球化学特征的研究主要集中于浅表层沉积物(<20 m),而浅层沉积物(>20 m)地球化学特征知之甚少.为探讨海洋浅层沉积物微量元素特征与天然气水合物勘探的相关关系,对南海神狐海域沉积物进行了4个站位的钻探取样,分析了样品主、微量元素和有机碳地球...     

MTL地温梯度探测系统海上作业方法研究

海底热流是在天然气勘探中认识沉积层热状态、推算沉积层地温分布的重要参数之一。MTL是国内首个成功应用的地热流探测系统，可同时进行沉积物地温梯度测量和沉积物取样，为天然气水合物资源调查和海洋区域地质调查获取相关数据资料。本文就MTL地温梯度探测系统的组成、主要技术指标及海上作业方法进行阐述。     

气体水合物岩心分析技术简介

本文对气体水合物岩芯现场分析测试技术做一简介。适用于船上所有沉积物岩心（包括含气体水合物的沉积物岩心）的分析，用于分析的岩心类型包括常规的沉积物岩心（非保压）和保压取样岩心。     

南海北部陆坡珠江口盆地东南海域GMGS2-09井孔隙水地球化学特征及其对天然气水合物的指示意义

沉积物孔隙水地球化学是天然气水合物勘探与研究的重要手段。为了探究珠江口盆地东南海域GMGS2-09钻孔的沉积物孔隙水地球化学特征及其对埋藏的天然气水合物的指示意义,我们在前人的研究和认知基础上,通过测试该钻孔沉积物孔隙水的氯离子含量、氢氧同位素和阳离子组成来识别天然气水合物的赋存层位。结果表明GMGS2-09钻孔在9～17、47以及100m处存在氯离子浓度的负异常耦合氧同位素的正异常,指示相应的天然气水合物赋存,其中9～17m层位指示结果与实际取样情况完全一致。此外,采用基于水合物晶格的排盐机理推导的经验公式计算显示水合物饱和度在浅表层(17m)最高约为50%,中间以及底层约为20%。     

天然气水合物超声和时域反射联合探测技术

首次将超声探测技术和时域反射技术集成于一个系统中,可实时探测沉积物中水合物饱和度和声学参数。进行了58个轮次的水合物生成与分解实验,超声、时域反射和温压异常3种方法所探测到的生成点、分解点吻合,这说明利用超声技术和时域反射技术联合探测沉积物中水合物的饱和度与声速是十分有效的,将有助于更好地了解含水合物沉积层的物理性质,为海洋天然气水合物的地球物理勘探和资源评价提供基础性参数。     

区别于DSDP-ODP的深海保压保温天然气水合物钻探取心技术

到目前为止，任何深海天然气水合物原位岩心样品的钻探、取心技术都离不开ODP(大洋钻探计划)或DSDP(深海钻探计划)专用船舶钻探技术，该技术主要通过从工作母船上连接几百到几千米钻杆到海底，实现500—1000m的钻探，再通过不同类型PCS(保压取心器)与PTCS(保压保温取心器)取心工具实现样品采集。重要特点是投入经费巨大。新型保压保温取心钻具是将钻具直接固定在深海海底，实现样品的原位保真采集，针对国内外两类着底式天然气水合物钻探、取心技术进行了分析，对于深海浅表层天然气水合物原位样品采集作业反映了创新的思维、技术模式、设计方案与科学方法     

天然气水合物赋存区近海底环境原位观测系统集成与实现

天然气水合物资源将是21世纪最具潜力的洁净能源之一。对天然气水合物的勘探和试开采,必须对天然气水合物海底环境变化规律和试开采的环境效应先行研究。介绍了一种适用天然气水合物赋存地区而研发的海底环境原位观测系统,并对该观测系统的设计原则、系统组成及工作原理、系统的集成与实现等方面进行了详细阐述。该系统的应用将为天然气水合物海底环境变化规律研究和试开采环境效应研究提供可靠的原始数据,这是进行海底长时间原位观测的良好解决方案。     

深渊生物资源取样装备技术体系研究

针对深渊生物资源研究的需求，自主研发了用于全海深深度的深渊沉积物、水体和宏生物的保压取样装置，深渊沉积物保压转移装置，深渊微生物原位过滤及保存装置和高压培养高压酶学测定装置。在深海模拟环境验证了取样装置在万米深度下的工作性能。相关装置在“探索一号”科考船的TS15、TS21-1和TS21-2大洋科考航次中，搭载“奋斗者”号载人潜器、“2号”深渊着陆器、“原位实验”号着陆器于西菲律宾盆区和马里亚纳海沟进行了海上试验，成功获取了万米深度沉积物、水体和宏生物保压样品以及微生物原位过滤滤膜；成功进行了沉积物保压样品的保压转移试验。初步形成了深渊海域生物资源取样的装备技术体系，为深渊海底生物和基因资源开发，深渊生命过程等科学研究提供技术手段。     

Fabric of gas hydrate in sediments from Hydrate Ridge—results from ODP Leg 204 samples

Drilling on Hydrate Ridge, offshore Oregon, during ODP Leg 204 enabled us to investigate fabrics of gas hydrate samples in a wide depth range of the gas hydrate stability zone (GHSZ). X-ray computerized tomographic imaging on whole-round samples, frozen in liquid nitrogen, revealed that layered gas hydrate structures are related to variable processes occurring at different sediment depths. Shallow gas hydrates often form layers parallel or sub-parallel to bedding and also crosscut sedimentary strata and other gas hydrate layers, destroying the original depositional fabric. The dynamic processes interacting with this complicated plumbing system in this shallow environment are responsible for such highly variable gas hydrate fabrics. Gas hydrate layers deeper in the sediments are most often dipping with various angles, and are interpreted as gas hydrate precipitates filling tectonic fractures. These originally open fractures are potential candidates for free gas transportation, and might explain why free gas can rapidly emanate from below the bottom-simulating reflector through the GHSZ to the seafloor. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

南海北部神狐海域天然气水合物分布的主控因素

针对天然气水合物沉积成矿因素不明确等问题,通过利用南海北部神狐海域的高分辨率三维地震、测井和岩心等资料,对晚中新世以来的地层进行了高分辨率层序划分和精细的沉积解释。从温压、沉积、构造等方面探讨了神狐海域天然气水合物分布的主控因素,认为：BSR上部附近处于水合物稳定温压范围内;粗粒沉积物有利于天然气水合物的富集;在含水合物层段内,孔隙度与天然气水合物饱合度成正比关系;滑塌体是天然气水合物赋存的有利相带;气烟囱形成过程中产生的断裂系统可为富含甲烷流体向上运移提供通道,并在其上部滑塌体富集成矿。因此,神狐海域具备天然气水合物成藏的优越条件,是天然气水合物勘探开发的有利区块。     

南海深水区水下溢油三维可视化模拟系统研发与应用

针对南海油气田勘探开发溢油污染防治需求,开发了国内首套深水区水下溢油三维可视化模拟系统,由三维海流预报模型、深水溢油模型、三维可视化仿真系统和数据库组成。海流预报模型基于ROMS模式,通过考虑波致混合影响,并利用最优插值技术同化卫星测高资料和嵌套技术,保障了预报结果的准确性。深水溢油模型由羽流模型和对流扩散模型组成,考虑了卷吸、油气分离、溶解、水合物生成、漂移、扩散等复杂过程。系统能够预测深水区水下油气泄漏后行为和归宿过程,提供油、气、天然气水合物粒子的大小、分布、移动速度和漂移轨迹、扩散面积、水体溢油残存量、水面溢油量等三维可视化动态模拟结果。目前系统已经在油气田勘探开发中得到应用,为南海深水溢油应急提供了重要支撑。     

Experimental formation of massive hydrate deposits from accumulation of CH4 gas bubbles within synthetic and natural sediments

In order for methane to be economically produced from the seafloor, prediction and detection of massive hydrate deposits will be necessary. In many cases, hydrate samples recovered from seafloor sediments appear as veins or nodules, suggesting that there are strong geologic controls on where hydrate is likely to accumulate. Experiments have been conducted examining massive hydrate accumulation from methane gas bubbles within natural and synthetic sediments in a large volume pressure vessel through temperature and pressure data, as well as visual observations. Observations of hydrate growth suggest that accumulation of gas bubbles within void spaces and at sediment interfaces likely results in the formation of massive hydrate deposits. Methane hydrate was first observed as a thin film forming at the gas/water interface of methane bubbles trapped within sediment void spaces. As bubbles accumulated, massive hydrate growth occurred. These experiments suggest that in systems containing free methane gas, bubble pathways and accumulation points likely control the location and habit of massive hydrate deposits.     

天然气水合物的分解导致海底沉积层滑坡的力学机理及相关分析

Gas bydrate is a form of natural gas and water,similar to ice-like solids,mainly in low-temperature occurrence in the context of high voltage submarine and terrestrial and terrestrial sediments permafrost zone.Since 1970s marine lil and gas exploration in the course of a certain depth of the seabed found that the stability of gas hydrate layer and collected samples in kind,its social concem will be on the increase. Landslide Harbor is a major cause of the destructive consequences of the marine geological disaters.In recent years,researchers continue to find that as the undersea gas hydrate decomposition led to the seabed to reduce the stability of rocks,the seabed is a major reason for the decline. The research on submarine landslide,related with natural gas Hydrate is the study of a new direction. This paper analyzes the gas hydrate formation and decomposition fo the seabed sediment. Fron the mechanical aspects of the mechanism,it analyzes of the decomposition of gas hydrate deposits related to property caused by the impact of changes in the landslide,and look to the future hydrate research.     

南海北部天然气水合物研究进展

天然气水合物是一种新型的储量巨大的绿色能源,是目前世界各国研究界的研究热点之一。我国以及美国、日本、印度、韩国等国家都采集到了天然气水合物的实物样品。虽然我国对天然气水合物的研究起步较晚,但近年来的研究已经取得了飞速的进步,而且也于2007年5月在南海北部陆坡的神狐海域成功采集到天然气水合物的实物样品,这是在南海海域首次获取天然气水合物实物样品,证实了南海北部蕴藏着丰富的天然气水合物资源,标志着我国天然气水合物调查研究水平又上了一个新的台阶。目前,南海北部陆坡已经作为我国天然气水合物未来开发的战略选区之一。在总结我国天然气水合物以往十几年研究工作的基础上,综述了我国天然气水合物近年来在南海北部的地质、地球物理、地球化学3个方面的研究进展,提出了未来天然气水合物勘探和研究的方向和建议。     

Depositional characteristics and accumulation model of gas hydrates in northern South China Sea

The South China Sea (SCS) shows favorable conditions for gas hydrate accumulation and exploration prospects. Bottom simulating reflectors (BSRs) are widely distributed in the SCS. Using seismic and sequence stratigraphy, the spatial distribution of BSRs has been determined in three sequences deposited since the Late Miocene. The features of gas hydrate accumulations in northern SCS were systematically analyzed by an integrated analysis of gas source conditions, migration pathways, heat flow values, occurrence characteristics, and depositional conditions (including depositional facies, rates of deposition, sand content, and lithological features) as well as some depositional bodies (structural slopes, slump blocks, and sediment waves). This research shows that particular geological controls are important for the presence of BSRs in the SCS, not so much the basic thermodynamic controls such as temperature, pressure and a gas source. Based on this, a typical depositional accumulation model has been established. This model summarizes the distribution of each depositional system in the continental shelf, continental slope, and continental rise, and also shows the typical elements of gas hydrate accumulations. BSRs appear to commonly occur more in slope-break zones, deep-water gravity flows, and contourites. The gas hydrate-bearing sediments in the Shenhu drilling area mostly contain silt or clay, with a silt content of about 70%. In the continental shelf, BSRs are laterally continuous, and the key to gas hydrate formation and accumulation lies in gas transportation and migration conditions. In the continental slope, a majority of the BSRs are associated with zones of steep and rough relief with long-term alternation of uplift and subsidence. Rapid sediment unloading can provide a favorable sedimentary reservoir for gas hydrates. In the continental rise, BSRs occur in the sediments of submarine fans, turbidity currents.     

基于OLGA的海底管道水合物的生成和影响因素分析

海底管道是海洋油气输送的重要纽带。为解决海底管道面临的水合物生成和堵塞问题,文章结合海底多相流管道水合物生成的数学模型,采用OLGA对海底管道不同含水率、气油比和流量下水合物的生成情况进行数值模拟。研究结果表明：在某海底管道的工艺参数条件下,水合物生成风险随着含水率和流量的增大而降低,随着气油比的增大而增加;海底水平管路和立管都有可能生成水合物,尤其立管常是水合物最大生成量的位置;模拟结果可为海底管道水合物的防治和保障海底管道的安全运行提供参考。     

南海北部大陆边缘天然气水合物稳定带厚度的地热学研究

The exploration of unconventional and/or new energy resources has become the focus of energy research worldwide,given the shortage of fossil fuels.As a potential energy resource,gas hydrate exists only in the environment of high pressure and low temperature,mainly distributing in the sediments of the seafloor in the continental margins and the permafrost zones in land.The accurate determination of the thickness of gas hydrate stability zone is essential yet challenging in the assessment of the exploitation potential.The majority of previous studies obtain this thickness by detecting the bottom simulating reflectors(BSRs) layer on the seismic profiles.The phase equilibrium between gas hydrate stable state with its temperature and pressure provides an opportunity to derive the thickness with the geothermal method.Based on the latest geothermal dataset,we calculated the thickness of the gas hydrate stability zone(GHSZ) in the north continental margin of the South China Sea.Our results indicate that the thicknesses of gas hydrate stability zone vary greatly in different areas of the northern margin of the South China Sea.The thickness mainly concentrates on 200–300 m and distributes in the southwestern and eastern areas with belt-like shape.We further confirmed a certain relationship between the GHSZ thickness and factors such as heat flow and water depth.The thickness of gas hydrate stability zone is found to be large where the heat flow is relatively low.The GHSZ thickness increases with the increase of the water depth,but it tends to stay steady when the water depth deeper than 3 000 m.The findings would improve the assessment of gas hydrate resource potential in the South China Sea.