半封闭虾池中三氮与溶解氧含量关系的数学模型

１９９６年４月～１９９８年７月,我们采用次溴酸钠氧化法对胶州湾中的两个半封闭式的虾 池中氮元素的含量时行了实验测试,分别通过将各态氮氧化或还原为ＮＯ２－态氮的方法测定不同时期虾池中ＮＨ４＋＋ＮＨ３态Ｎ,ＮＯ３－戊Ｎ,ＮＯ２－态Ｎ,总Ｎ的含量,并对水中其它一些影响虾池水质状况及其变化的物理化学因子,包括ＰＨ值,溶解氧（ＤＯ）、温度、盐度等进行了测定。得到在不同理化指标下各价态氮营养盐的含量和变化趋势     

象山港氮、磷营养盐环流和分布规律的研究

采用定点监测分析方法,研究了象山港狭湾内设置的六个固定站位1992-2007年时间段内的硝酸氮(NO3-N)、亚硝酸氮(NO2-N)、铵氮(NH4-N)和磷酸盐(PO4-P)浓度的监测数据,探讨了象山港狭湾内(122°00'E以西)氮、磷营养盐的环流和分布规律.结果表明,(1)除个别年份外,16年内硝酸氮、亚硝酸氮、铵氮和磷酸盐浓度的空间分布,从港顶1号站向港口6号站呈降低趋势,其中以PO4-P、NO2-N的降低趋势最为明显,而NH4-N的降低趋势相对较弱.(2)NO3-N的空间变化规律较为复杂,并且3号站的浓度往往达到最大值.(3)无论是平水期(4月)还是丰水期(7月),表层盐度均低于底层,而表层温度高于底层;盐度从港顶1号站向港口6号站递增,而温度递减.这种分布规律基本上可用余环流模式进行解释,但余环流输运并不是促使营养盐入海的唯一原因,潮振荡的垂向剪切造成的纵向弥散和潮混合亦对营养盐输运有重大贡献.(4)与1992年相比,2007年各站的NO3-N浓度几乎都增加了一倍,PO4-P浓度增幅更大,说明象山港的氮、磷污染与日俱增.     

水样中氮磷营养盐的短期保存技术研究

用8种保存方法对淡水和海水水样中四个氮磷营养盐（NH3-N、NO3—N、NO3-N、PO4—P）参数及总氮的稳定性进行了7d保存效果的比较研究。结果表明,淡水与海水氮磷营养盐的最佳保存方法与效果各不相同,但淡水和海水的总氮值在各种方法保存下均十分恒定。综合考虑有效性及可操作性后提出了5d内的短期保存技术：（1）海水水样用5‰氯仿4℃条件下保存,供NH3-N、NO2—N和N03-N三个营养盐的测定,用5‰甲醛4℃条件下保存供PO4-P测定;（2）淡水用5‰氯仿4℃条件下保存,供NH3-N测定,5‰甲醛4℃条件保存供NO2-N、NO3-N和PO4-P测定。     

日本刺沙蚕对饵料中氮的利用及其对盐度变化的响应

运用实验生态学的方法探讨不同盐度下(15、20、25、30和35)日本刺沙蚕(Neanthes japonica)对饵料中氮的利用情况.结果表明,盐度对日本刺沙蚕的摄食氮、生长氮、粪便氮、氮的饵料转化率和特定生长率均有显著性的影响,它们均有随盐度升高而增加的趋势,到达最大值后(盐度30左右),又随盐度的升高而下降.排泄氮随盐度的变化趋势与此相反.盐度对氮的表观消化率没有显著的影响.根据回归方程计算得到日本刺沙蚕的最佳氮生长盐度为28～29.实验结果还显示日本刺沙蚕在适宜盐度下获得较高的氮生长主要归因于较高的氮摄食和氮的饵料转化率.盐度对日本刺沙蚕氮收支各组分均存在显著性影响,其中排泄氮的比例在盐度25时最小,而后随盐度的升高或降低都明显增大,这与生长氮和粪便氮比例的变化趋势相反.粪便氮的比例变化并不剧烈,范围为7.50%～9.41%.因此,排泄氮的比例和生长氮的比例主导着日本刺沙蚕的氮收支模式.日本刺沙蚕在5个盐度下的平均氮收支方程为100CN＝49.01GN+42.45UN+8.54FN,其中,CN为摄食氮;GN为生长氮;UN为排泄氮;FN为粪便氮.此外,作者还对水生动物氮收支的模式做了初步的探讨.     

水体溶解无机氮对角毛藻胞内活性氮组分的影响

本文研究了水体中不同形式溶解无机氮(NH_4~+,NO_3~-,NH_4~++NO_3~-)及其含量对牟氏角毛藻和钙质角毛藻胞内活性氮组分(NH_4~+,NO_3~-,AA,Pr,RNA及DNA)的影响。结果表明:角毛藻胞内无机氮储量的大小体现了水体中无机氮的营养水平;培养角毛藻采用混合无机氮比之单一无机氮,其胞内AA和Pr含量较高,AA/Pr值可定量标志水体无机氮的营养水平及藻类本身氮的营养状况;RNA/DNA值是藻类生长增殖状况的指标之一。     

The nitrogen cycle of an East Coast, U.K. saltmarsh: II. Nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, tidal exchange

Measurements of nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) showed greatest rates in the saltmarsh pans with a benthic layer of cyanobacteria present. The smallest amount of nitrogen fixation occurred on the marsh surface where a Puccinellia maritima/Halimione portulacoides plant association shaded the underlying sediment. Phototrophic nitrogen fixation was always greater than dark, chemotrophic, bacterial fixation.Only a small proportion of the total amount of ammonium, which was formed during detrital breakdown, was nitrified to nitrate. Although there is a high capacity for bacterial nitrate reduction in these sediments, the process is limited by low nitrate availability and most nitrate upon reduction is converted to ammonium rather than being denitrified to gaseous products. Denitrification does not, therefore, result in any great loss of nitrogen from the saltmarsh.There was little net import or export of nitrogen on an annual basis, although nitrate and organic-N in small particulate material was removed from tidal water by the marsh, and there was net annual export of ammonium, dissolved organic-N and organic-N in large particulate material. Losses of nitrogen by the small net tidal export and by denitrification were approximately balanced by nitrogen fixation. It was concluded that the nitrogen cycle of the Colne Point saltmarsh was balanced on an annual basis, with most nitrogen being recycled within the marsh. The saltmarsh did not apparently act as a net source of nitrogen for the adjacent estuary, although it may act as an important processor of nitrogen, removing some forms of nitrogen such as nitrate from tidal water while exporting other forms of nitrogen such as dissolved organic-N.     

对虾、青蛤和江蓠混养系统氮磷收支的实验研究

为减少养殖污水中营养盐的排放量,降低对近海水质的污染,采用海水陆基围隔实验法,对凡纳滨对虾(Litope-naeus vannamei)、青蛤(Cyclina sinesis)和菊花心江蓠(Gracilaria lichevoides)不同混养系统的氮(N)、磷(P)收支状况进行了实验研究。结果表明:实验中的单养组投放的饵料占N总输入的75.5%,占P总输入的93.6%,混养组投放的饵料占N总输入的54.7%~64.8%,占P总输入的81.6%~88.7%;在支出项目中,单养组和混养组收获的养殖生物分别占N总输入的25.0%和44.4%~51.5%,占P总收入的11.2%和25.1%~31.8%;底泥沉积N,P为其主要支出项目,单养组和混养组分别占总输入的45.1%和30.0~32.5%,68.3%和50.3%~57.1%,其中混养组N,P的底泥沉积量低于单养组。     

非饱和带全剖面尿素态氮迁移转化规律分析

尿素是农田常用氮肥,本文通过实验室土柱试验,利用HYDRUS-1D建立非饱和带尿素态氮迁移转化模型,并对大沽河地下水源地夏玉米生长季节内水氮运移过程进行模拟,分析灌溉农业条件下非饱和带全剖面中氮迁移转化和深层淋溶规律。结果表明:(1)常规施肥条件下,尿素态氮水解达97.09%,仅有0.01%能够淋溶至地下水;(2)硝态氮更易淋溶至地下水,硝态氮淋失量与灌溉量和施肥量呈正相关,与灌溉强度呈负相关,不同施肥方式下淋失量表现为深施>灌施>表施;(3)根系吸氮量与灌溉量和施肥量呈正相关,与灌溉强度呈负相关,不同施肥方式下吸氮量表现为灌施>深施>表施,不同管理策略下玉米氮素利用率为20%~50%;(4)常规条件下土壤储氮量>玉米氮素利用率>氮淋溶量>气态氮损失。本研究对量化氮迁移转化过程、定量评价氮损失、预测地下水氮污染具有重要意义。     

夏季南黄海颗粒氮同位素分布特征及影响因素研究

黄海是人类活动影响显著的半封闭陆架边缘海,在夏季存在特征鲜明的冷水团结构。为研究南黄海颗粒态氮的循环转化过程,本文通过分析2016年夏季南黄海水体颗粒物和表层沉积物的碳、氮含量及同位素,探讨南黄海近岸海域和冷水团海域颗粒物和表层沉积物氮含量、同位素的分布差异和影响因素。近岸海域颗粒氮(Particulate Nitrogen,PN)呈现出含量较高、氮同位素值(δ15N_PN)垂向差异较小、沉积物总氮(Total Nitrogen,TN)含量较低且氮同位素值(δ15N_TN)偏负的分布特征;冷水团海域PN呈现出含量低、δ15N_PN垂向差异显著、沉积物TN含量高且δ15N_TN偏正的分布特征。通过海底边界剪切应力模拟、环境因子分析并结合颗粒物与沉积物δ15N示踪分析,发现南黄海海域颗粒态氮及同位素分布主要受到水体/底边界动力过程影响,陆源输入和矿化过程亦共同参与调控。     

Uptake of nitrate and ammonium,and distribution of related variables,in the upwelled plume of western Cook Strait/Taranaki Bight,New Zealand

To distinguish the manner of spread of upwelling effects in the Cook Strait/Taranaki Bight (New Zealand) region, nitrogen uptake and the distribution of nutrients and chlorophyll a are described. NO3 concentrations were closely linked to upwelled water, but this was distributed irregularly and not necessarily with the upwelling focus. NH4, SRP, and chlorophyll a showed varying degrees of association with recycling processes, but linear correlations were not present. NO3 uptake was strongly inhibited by ambient NH4, but not completely. There was no evidence of either N or P limitation of total planktonic biomass, and there was indirect evidence from C/N uptake and cellular ratios that a high growth rate prevailed. N uptake increased with irradiance (= decreasing depth) similar to photosynthesis, but without high light inhibition, and could be related to light by a simple equation. The irregularity of distribution of features suggests that future modelling of the phytoplankton biomass in the region could benefit from analysis of event occurrence rather than of evenly progressive changes.     

海洋生物固氮速率与影响因素的研究进展

海洋生物固氮是指固氮生物利用固氮酶将氮气转化为生物可利用铵盐的海洋氮元素输入过程,和反硝化及厌氧氨氧化等氮流失途径一起制约着大洋氮收支平衡。而固氮速率的测定是研究海洋生物固氮的最直接方式。自发现海洋生物固氮作用以来,固氮速率的测定方法在不断更新改进,但总体来说仍存在较大不确定性。最近用¹⁵N₂同位素示踪法及其他相关数据综合得到全球海洋固氮量为196.1 Tg N∙a⁻¹,最高固氮速率发生在南太平洋热带地区。但分布受到多种因素的影响。其中,物理因素中的光照和温度是全球范围固氮速率分布的最佳预测因子,光照为固氮过程提供能量,温度通过影响固氮酶活性而发挥作用。在化学因素中,铁元素的缺乏成为固氮的重要限制因子。除此之外,还有生物因素,如浮游植物和异养固氮生物等,对固氮量的贡献影响较大。最近有研究对以往固氮作用区域和反硝化作用空间相互耦合的观点表示质疑,提出二者分布空间分离的新格局。研究多控制因素对固氮生物的耦合效应、明确不同物种对固氮总量的相对贡献以及进一步建立固氮速率的原位测定方法是未来海洋固氮作用研究的主要工作。     

沼泽湿地土壤中硝态氮和铵态氮物理运移研究进展

沼泽湿地土壤是氮的重要储库,发挥着源、汇和转化器的重要功能。湿地土壤中无机氮的物理运移不但影响着植物的养分供给状况,而且其对于湿地生态系统的结构、功能及健康状况等也有着深刻影响。综述了沼泽湿地土壤无机氮物理运移及影响因素的研究动态。当前湿地土壤无机氮物理运移的研究主要集中在硝态氮和铵态氮(特别是硝态氮)物理运移规律及部分影响因素(如水分条件、土壤物理性质等)的探讨上,缺乏无机氮物理运移的动力学、热力学机制与模型表征研究。鉴于当前研究中存在的问题,指出天然沼泽湿地是研究的薄弱点,其在今后应亟需加强的领域包括:①无机氮物理运移的驱动机制;②动力学、热力学与环境效应模型表征;③人类活动和全球变化对无机氮物理运移的影响。     

海水钝顶螺旋藻藻胆蛋白的初步研究

对海水钝顶螺旋藻Spirulina platensis Geitler藻胆蛋白进行分离、纯化及光谱测定,其种类和吸收光谱与淡水钝顶螺旋藻相似。光强和氮源是影响藻胆蛋白的重要因子,低光强可诱导海水钝顶螺旋藻藻胆蛋白含量大幅度(19.7％)增加;氮源不足或缺乏可导致藻胆蛋白大量降解,随后补充氮源则可使藻胆蛋白含量得到恢复,因而证明藻胆蛋白在海水钝顶螺旋藻中亦可起“氮库(nitrogen pool)”的作用。海南三亚室外生产的海水钝顶螺旋藻干品的藻胆蛋白含量随季节呈现周期性变化,光强可能是主要的影响因子。     

Seasonal Cycle Analysis of the Nitrate Nitrogen and Nitrite Nitrogen in the Bohai Sea

During 1985～1987,the concentration of nitrate nitrogen was higher in the Laizhou Bay and the Bohai Bay while that of nitrite nitrogen was higher in the Liaodong Bay and the Bohai Bay,The concentration of nitrate nitrogen was highest in winter and lowest in summer while that of nitrite nitrogen was highest in autumn and lowest in spring .the seasonal variation of the concentration of nitrate nitrogen was maximum in the Laizhou Bay and the Bohai Bay while that of the concentration of nitrite nitrogen was maximum in the Liaodong Bay.There was a great difference in the concentration of nitrate nitrogen between the surface and the bottom in autumn and in the concentration of nitrite nitrogen between the surface and the bottom in summer.The main reason for the seasonal variations of the concentration of nitrate nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen was the marine biochemical process.The nitrate nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen in the Bohai Sea basically maintained a quasi-equilibrium state seasonal cycle,The quesi-equilibrium state seasonal cycle of nitrate nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen at the bottom was stable while that at the surface was liable to variations caused by other factors.     

Dynamic patterns of dissolved nitrogen in the Southern Bight of the North Sea

Spatial and temporal variations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) have been assessed in onshore and offshore areas of the Southern Bight on the basis of several years' measurements. They indicate that both the residual flow lines and DIN isoconcentration lines run parallel with the coast except in the vicinity of important freshwater discharge points such as the Scheldt estuary. Evidence was found that the seasonal DIN oscillations are not created through fluctuations in input conditions at the lateral boundaries, despite considerable fluctuations in these inputs which include the English Channel (from 500 tons(t) N day^?1 in June up to approximately 2000 t N day^?1 in February) and also rivers such as the Scheldt estuary (up to 50 t N day^?1 in January but less than 5 t N day^?1 in June–July). In both the onshore and offshore areas the sum of daylight phytoplanktonic nitrogen intake and sediment release of nitrogen corresponds to the observed DIN variations during most of the year. Pelagic N-mineralization from natural or grazing mortality of phytoplankton (220 mg N m^?2 day^?1 onshore at its maximum) can account for the differences (200 mg N m^?2 day^?1 onshore at its maximum), especially at the end of the phytoplankton spring bloom. Although the causes of DIN oscillations onshore and offshore are the same, the results differ because offshore (1) the vegetative season lasts longer, and (2) DIN is exhausted at the end of the phytoplankton spring bloom.     

长江总氮和有机氮的分布变化与迁移

1997年11-12月(枯水期)，1998年8月和10月(丰水期)，对长江从金沙江至河口干流和主要支流、湖泊入江口总氮、总溶解氮、总有机氮等进行调查。结果表明，长江水中各种形态氮的浓度，枯水期明显高于丰水期，支流明显高于干流；长江TN和TDN在枯、丰期具有基本类似的迁移变化过程；DIN是长江水的TDN的主要存在形式，丰水期TDN的迁移变化主要取决于DIN；TDN是长江水中TN的主要存在形式，TN的迁移变化主要取决于TDN或者由DIN和TON共同决定；丰水期各种形态的氮中只有有机氮比较容易为悬浮颗粒物质所吸附；长江干流枯水期TDN浓度与长江径流呈较好的线性正相关关系；枯水期TN、丰水期TN和TDN浓度与长江径流的正相关主要发生在上游，这与长江水中氮主要来自于面源有关。     

Common bivalve larvae from New Zealand: Leptonacea

The late stage larvae of three erycinid bivalves (Mollusca: Pelecypoda: Leptonacea) taken from the brood chamber of the adult are described (Kellia cycladiformis, Lasaea rubra hinemoa, and L. maoria), and the provisionally identified late stage larva of the erycinid Arthritica bijurca taken from the plankton is described. Also, the D‐shaped larvae of the erycinid bivalves Kellia cycladiformis, Borniola reniformis, Arlhritica crassijormis, and A. bifurca taken from the parent brood chamber are described. The seasonal occurrence of each late stage larva in the plankton at the Bay of Islands (35° 15'S, 174° 10'E), Wellington Harbour (41° 16'S, 174° 51'E), and Raumati Beach (40° 56'S, 174° 58'E), New Zealand is described. Aspects of the reproductive cycles of Lasaea rubra hinemoa and Arthritica bifurca are presented.     

氮形态组成对海洋浮游植物群落结构的影响与动力学研究

海洋浮游植物群落结构的改变与营养盐结构有关,不同形态氮可能会影响优势种生长从而改变浮游植物群落结构。本文针对莱州湾硅藻向甲藻潜在的种群演替问题,通过船基围隔生态系现场氮加富培养实验,研究NO3-N、NH4-N、陆源有机氮(DONts)和藻源有机氮(DONss)对海洋浮游植物群落结构的影响。结果表明,在NO3-N、NH4-N和DONts加富培养条件下,舟形藻(Navicula spp.,优势度60.4%)、丹麦细柱藻(Leptocylindrus danicusm,56.6%)和密连角毛藻(Chaetoceros densus,57.4%)等硅藻是优势种,在DONss加富培养条件下,春膝沟藻(Gonyaulax verior,60.2%)等甲藻为优势种,说明硅藻主要吸收无机态营养盐成为优势种,而甲藻能够吸收DON成为优势藻。动力学过程分析发现,春膝沟藻(G.verior)等甲藻可以直接吸收利用DONss,而DONts可能是通过矿化转化为无机氮,再被密连角毛藻(C.densus)等硅藻吸收与利用。本文研究成果,有助于对硅藻向甲藻演替的营养盐动力学控制机制的认识。     

哑铃湾网箱养殖水体中氮磷结构特征

根据2002年4月-2003年1月对哑铃湾网箱养殖的调查数据,分析了养殖水体中不同形态N／P值的分布趋势、季节变化及哑铃湾网箱养殖水体中的限制性营养盐。结果表明：各形态N／P具有显著的季节变化,其分布趋势基本表现为网箱养殖区低于非养殖区,并且随着养殖年限的增加,这种现象更明显。总体上说,哑铃湾浮游植物生长主要受P的限制,但从无机态N／P来看,春、夏季以P为该海域浮游植物生长的控制因子：秋、冬季以N为该海湾浮游植物生长的控制因子。     

Uptake of nitrogenous nutrients by phytoplankton in a barrier Island estuary: Great South Bay,New York

The uptake of urea, nitrate and ammonium by phytoplankton was measured using ¹⁵N isotopes over a one-year period in Great South Bay, a shallow coastal lagoon. The bay is a unique environment for the study of nutrient uptake since ambient concentrations of $\text{NO}{}_3{}^{\mathrm{?}}\text{NH}{}_4{}^{\mathrm{+}}$ and urea remain relatively high through the year, and phytoplankton are probably never nutrient limited. Urea nitrogen averaged 52% of the total assimilated, while ammonium represented 33% and nitrate 13%. High rates of ammonium uptake occurred only at low urea concentrations (ca< 1-μg-atom urea l^?1). Over the sampling period urea was present in relatively high concentrations, averaging 5·35 μg-atom N l^?1, while means for ammonium and nitrate averaged 1·94 and 0·65 μg-atom N l^?1, respectively. Total N uptake measured with ¹⁵N averaged about 3·3 times the calculated (from elemental ratios and ¹⁴C productivity measurements) N needs of the phytoplankton population. Highest nitrogen uptake occurred in the summer and coincided with the primary production maximum.