夜光藻高效培养方法建立及其有性繁殖发生机制的初步研究

夜光藻(Noctilucascintillans)是典型的赤潮生物,在世界多个海域形成过大面积赤潮,对海洋生态系统构成一定的威胁。夜光藻赤潮的发生不仅受外界环境因子的影响,其有性繁殖的方式在赤潮发生过程中也起着重要作用。本研究从连云港海域分离获得一株夜光藻,利用自行设计的饵料藻投喂装置,以天然海水为培养基,在温度20～25℃范围内实现了夜光藻的室内长期培养,并观察记录了夜光藻配子发生全过程。研究结果表明,夜光藻不同生长阶段培养体系中配子母细胞与营养细胞密度变化趋势基本一致,显示夜光藻的有性繁殖发生与种群丰度存在一定的相关性,但它们之间的因果关系还有待进一步探讨。本研究结果加深了对夜光藻有性繁殖的认识,有助于阐明其种群增长模式,并深入理解其赤潮暴发机制。     

塔玛亚历山大藻对两种单细胞藻生长的影响

本文研究了塔玛亚历山大藻(ATCI01品系)细胞再悬浮液、细胞破碎液、上清液、藻壳液、过滤液对亚心形扁藻悬浮性的影响,以及塔玛亚历山大藻与亚心形扁藻和小球藻之间的相互作用.结果发现,含有塔玛亚历山大藻成分的实验溶液均能在短时间内造成亚心形扁藻失去鞭毛形成胞囊而下沉,其中再悬浮液的影响最大.但亚心形扁藻受到的这种不利影响,一般在一周后即开始恢复.小球藻生长几乎不受塔玛亚历山大藻的影响,混合培养水体中的小球藻生长曲线与单种培养的几乎一致,其悬浮性也无明显改变.与亚心形扁藻进行混合培养的塔玛亚历山大藻(ATCI01品系和ATHK品系)均表现出培养前期增殖曲线与单种培养类似,但在一周后混合培养的塔玛亚历山大藻的增殖曲线开始下降,这一时间恰好与扁藻细胞密度开始增加的时间相一致.而与小球藻的混合培养的塔玛亚历山大藻在培养前期与单种培养一致,后期则种群数量有所下降.     

夜光藻的室内培养

夜光藻的室内培养对于研究夜光藻的生理生态特性及其增殖机理是一个关键性的环节。通过试验，发现在实验室条件下以扁藻作为饵料，夜光藻能良好的生长和繁殖，从而为夜光藻的室内培养解决了关键性的饵料问题，实现了国内夜光藻室内的长期培养。     

饵料对网纹藤壶幼虫发育和附着的影响

研究了亚心形扁藻Platymonas subcordiformis、小球藻Chlorella sp.对网纹藤壶Balanus reticulatus幼虫发育和附着的影响。结果表明,在幼虫存活率以及金星幼虫和Ⅵ期无节幼虫所占比例方面,旺盛期亚心形扁藻对网纹藤壶幼虫的投喂效果均明显优于小球藻;旺盛期亚心形扁藻培养的金星幼虫附着率明显高于老化扁藻(p0.01)。因此,以旺盛期亚心形扁藻作为幼虫培养饵料应更有利于藤壶幼体的生长发育。     

胶州湾夜光藻种群动态及其大量繁殖的生态机制

为研究胶州湾夜光藻大量繁殖的生态机制,于2015年逐月对胶州湾12个站位进行了多学科综合调查,获取了温度、盐度、营养盐等环境因子的周年数据,分析了夜光藻种群丰度和结构的时空分布特征,探讨了环境因子对夜光藻种群动态的影响,以及夜光藻种群增长与其繁殖方式的相关关系。结果发现:全年各站位夜光藻丰度范围为0—31.17×10~3ind./m~3,月平均丰度呈现双峰分布;二分裂个体比例介于0—31.25‰,有性繁殖个体比例介于0—29.41‰,两种繁殖方式均呈现出季节差异及空间差异。相关性分析表明,影响夜光藻种群动态的主要因子包括水温、叶绿素a、硝氮及亚硝氮。夜光藻是冷水种,水温与夜光藻种群丰度、两种繁殖个体比例均呈显著负相关;叶绿素a反映夜光藻食物的丰富程度,与夜光藻丰度、两种繁殖个体比例呈显著正相关;亚硝氮和硝氮可能对夜光藻代谢繁殖起调控作用,与夜光藻丰度及有性繁殖个体比例呈负相关。     

油菜素内酯对两种单细胞藻生长和某些生理活性的影响

研究于１９９１年３月－１９９２年７月在大连进行，实验藻取自大连凌水养殖二场饵料室。分别用浓度为５，１０，５０μｇ／Ｌ和１，５，１０μｇ／Ｌ的油菜素内酯处理亚心形扁藻及球等鞭金藻，研究其对单细胞藻生长的结果表明，两种藻的各处理组的瞎缓期均缩短，细胞生长加快。促进生长最佳浓度。亚心形扁藻的１０μｇ／Ｌ，球等鞭金藻的５μｇ／Ｌ；油菜素内酯可提高实验藻的叶绿素含量并促进其光合作用；在处理组的亚心形扁藻和球     

几种单胞藻对双刺纺锤水蚤雌体繁殖的影响

研究6种饵料微藻：微绿球藻（Nannochloropsis oculata）、小球藻（Chlorella．sp）、球等鞭金藻（Isochrysis galbana）、三角褐指藻（Phaeodactylum tricornutum）、亚心形扁藻（Platymonas subordi-formis）、中肋骨条藻（Skeletonema costatum）对双刺纺锤水蚤（Acartia bifilosa）雌体繁殖的影响，以探索适合培养双刺纺锤水蚤的藻类。应用解剖镜下计数方法对雌体存活率、产卵率、孵化率、排粪率几个指标进行检测。结果表明微绿球藻、小球藻和球等鞭金藻明显不适于用作雌体饵料；中肋骨条藻组产卵率最高，亚心形扁藻和三角褐指藻组的产卵率没有显著差异；亚心形扁藻组的排粪率明显低于中肋骨条藻和三角褐指藻组；摄食三角褐指藻的雌体所产的卵其平均孵化率要显著低于亚心形扁藻和中肋骨条藻；亚心形扁藻组雌体的产卵率尽管较中肋骨条藻组低，但却保持最高的雌体存活率，而且排粪率也要比中肋骨条藻低得多。综合比较得出结论：6种饵料微藻中，亚心形扁藻和中肋骨条藻是两种最适宜培养双刺纺锤水蚤雌体的优良饵料，二者混合使用效果会更好。     

大鹏湾夜光藻种群的季节变化和分布特征

于1990年3月－1992年6月对中国南海大鹏湾盐田附近海域的夜光藻种群动态及时空分布进行综合调查。结果表明，夜光藻种群的出现期间一般为每年的1－6月，最早是1991年的12月，数量高峰期为3－5月，种群密度的波动极为显著；调查期间共发生8次赤潮，且都发生在3月初至5月初；大鹏湾夜光藻赤潮的发生特点是，赤潮的发生和消失突然，持续时间短，一般不超过3d；调查海域夜光藻种群的空间分布模式为近岸的高于中央水域的，表面的高于底层的。     

几种微藻对珠母贝面盘幼虫生长和存活的影响

研究了不同浓度的湛江等鞭金藻（Isochrysis zhanjiangensis Hu ＆Liu）、亚心形扁藻[Platymonas subcordiformis（Wille）Hazen]、小球藻（Chlorella sp.）以及这3种微藻以一定的比例混合后（简称混合藻）对珠母贝面盘幼虫生长和存活的影响.结果表明：幼虫对3种微藻都能摄食,但4种饵料相比,以湛江等鞭金藻和混合藻的饵料效果为好,亚心形扁藻在面盘幼虫发育到93μm时可以投喂,小球藻饵料效果较差,不宜单独作为面盘幼虫的饵料;湛江等鞭金藻、亚心形扁藻和混合藻的浓度对面盘幼虫生长和存活都有显著影响,小球藻对其没有显著的影响.湛江等鞭金藻和混合藻适宜的投喂浓度分别为1 000-1 500个/cm^3和1 500-2 000个/cm^3,在适宜浓度下,湛江等鞭金藻组面盘幼虫最大生长速度、存活率和壳初率以及幼虫进入壳初的时间分别为5.663μm/d、69.34%、63.68%、6d,混合藻组为6.28μm/d、69.46%、54.49%、5-6 d.     

3种海洋微藻微胶囊培养的初步研究

用12mg/mL羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)、10mg/mL海藻酸钠(SA)和0.5mmol/mL CaCl2制备亚心形扁藻、绿色杜氏藻和球等鞭金藻8701的中空海藻酸钙微胶囊,3种微藻在微胶囊内生长表现突出,最高细胞密度亚心形扁藻为70.4×106/mL,绿色杜氏藻为100.9×106/mL,球等鞭金藻8701为264.1×106/mL,分别是悬浮培养微藻最高密度的35倍、27倍和84倍,结果说明微胶囊化培养是微藻高密度培养的有效方式。     

渤海湾氮、磷营养盐在水体和沉积物中的分布特征及其相互关系

近岸海域水体和沉积物是营养盐迁移转化的重要场所。2016年8月对渤海湾水体和沉积物进行采样监测,分析了渤海湾水体和沉积物中不同形态氮、磷的含量,并研究了营养盐在水体和沉积物中的分布特征及其相互关系。结果表明:渤海湾水体中的营养盐在西部近岸地区含量较高,而在离海岸线较远的开阔海域含量较低,表现出一个明显的质量浓度梯度。说明人类活动对近岸海域水体中营养盐含量的贡献较为明显。水体中营养盐主要是以无机态为主,无机氮和无机磷分别占到总氮和总磷的76.65%和76.46%。沉积物中氮、磷营养盐表现出和水体中营养盐含量类似的空间分布特征,但形态主要以有机氮为主,无机磷的含量也仅占到30.42%。这说明夏季渤海湾水体中氮、磷营养盐主要由水中有机体通过同化作用将无机态营养盐合成为有机态营养盐进入沉积物,渤海湾西北海域的富营养化过程是水体中营养盐向沉积物迁移的一个主要驱动力。     

Nutrient composition and distributions in coastal waters impacted by the Changjiang plume

Four cruises were conducted during 2002--2003 in the Changjiang Estuary and adjacent coastal areas. The data presented show a clear coast to open sea gradient in nutrients related to the river inputs. Maximum values of chlorophyll a were typically observed at intermediate salinities at surface water and coincided with non-conservative decreases in nutrients along the salinity gradient, indicating that removal of nutrients was related to phytoplankton uptake. The seasonal variations of nutrient concentrations were just opposite to those of chlorophyll a, indicating that the seasonal variations of nutrients were mainly controlled by phytoplankton uptake, whereas riverine inputs merely weakened or balanced its extent. During the estuarine mixing, phosphate demonstrated some remobilization during all the four cruises; whereas both conservative and non-conservative behaviors for dissolved inorganic nitrogen and silicate were observed in the study area, indicating that both biotic and abiotic events may affect their behaviors during the estuarine mixing. Under the influence of freshwater inputs with high value of ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus, the estuarine and coastal waters impacted by the Changjiang plume were high （ 〉 30） in ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus, but rates of primary production were apparently not constrained by any kind of nutrient elements. However, the low （ 〈 1 ） ratio of silicate to nitrogen in most of the study area might be linked with the rapidly increasing frequency of harmful algal bloom （HAB） incidents in recent years in the coastal waters impacted by the Changjiang plume.     

福建沿岸海域主要赤潮生物的生态学特征

福建沿岸海域是中国的赤潮多发海区之一.据统计,1962～2008年间,福建沿岸海域共发生赤潮180起以上,潜在的赤潮生物有124种,已经引发过赤潮的种类有27种.本文对中肋骨条藻（Skeletonema costatum）、角毛藻（Chaetocerosspp.）、夜光藻（Noctiluca scintillans）、东海原甲藻（Proro-centrum donghaiense）、米氏凯伦藻（Karenia mikimotoi）、裸甲藻（Gymnodinium spp.）和球形棕囊藻（Phaeocystis globosa）等福建沿岸海域主要赤潮生物的生态学特征和发生原因进行了分析和探讨,评述了福建沿岸海域赤潮发生的特点.福建沿岸海域引发赤潮频率最高的赤潮生物是夜光藻,米氏凯伦藻造成的水产养殖损失最大.其赤潮多发季节在春夏季的4～7月.其赤潮多发区主要分布在3个区域：宁德沿岸海域（以四礵列岛为中心）、厦门西港海域和平潭沿岸海域.对福建沿岸海域几种主要赤潮生物的研究表明,赤潮的发生与水温、盐度、气象、水动力、营养盐等环境条件密切相关.     

大亚湾夏季浮游植物群落结构及对淡澳河输入的响应特征*

浮游植物是水生生态系统的基础生产者, 其群落结构直接影响到生态系统的健康和安全。河流输入是人类活动影响大亚湾水体环境最重要的途径之一, 淡水输入改变了水体温度、盐度、浊度和营养盐等环境因子, 对浮游植物群落结构产生影响。文章调查研究了2015年河流输入最强的夏季丰水期大亚湾的水体环境因子和浮游植物群落结构, 分析了在较强河流输入影响下浮游植物群落结构的动态变化及其对环境因子的响应。结果发现, 夏季大亚湾淡澳河的输入使湾顶淡澳河口区域形成层化的低盐、高温、低透明度、高营养盐的水体, 湾中部表层水体则受一定强度河流羽流影响, 而湾口和湾中部底层水体主要受外海水影响。淡澳河淡水输入是夏季大亚湾外源性氮、磷营养盐的主要来源, 而硅酸盐除河流输入外, 外海水也输入较多的营养盐使得底层水体硅酸盐浓度较高。夏季大亚湾水体营养比例失衡较严重, 溶解无机磷是限制浮游植物生长的重要因子。硅藻是大亚湾夏季浮游植物的优势类群, 调查发现3种优势种[极小海链藻(Thalassiosira minima)、中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)和圆海链藻(Thalassiosira rotula)]均为硅藻。通过聚类分析, 可将大亚湾夏季浮游植物群落主要分为3种类型, 分别为: 浮游植物丰度较大的极小海链藻藻华暴发的群落, 位于淡澳河口, 受河流输入影响明显; 中肋骨条藻占据优势的群落, 分布在受一定强度的河流及其羽流影响的湾顶和湾中部区域; 浮游植物丰度较低的群落, 无明显优势种, 主要分布在湾口海水影响区域。淡澳河口的水体环境有利于小型链状硅藻极小海链藻的快速繁殖并暴发了藻华, 藻华发生时的海水环境条件为: 温度30~31°C, 盐度17‰~31‰, 水体透明度0.45~1.2m。硅藻对不同营养盐利用的差异以及随后的生物碎屑和颗粒沉降过程导致藻华发生区域Si∶N值略降低, N∶P值显著升高。河流输入影响下, 单一物种大量生长使得浮游植物群落种类组成丰度分布极不均匀, 从而导致淡澳河口浮游植物群落的种类多样性和均匀度指数降低, 种类多样性和均匀度指数均从淡澳河口向湾口逐渐增大。     

夜光藻的营养动力学

从饵料，外界营养条件和离子变动的角度研究了夜光藻的营养动力学。结果表明，夜光藻与基饵料之间存在类似米氏方程的定量关系，外界离子变动可以影响夜光藻的重量活动，并提出了夜光藻赤潮形成的生化聚集机制。     

Benthic trophic status and nutrient fluxes in shallow-water sediments

Proliferation of fast-growing ephemeral macroalgae in shallow-water embayments constitutes a large-scale environmental change of coastal marine ecosystems. Since inorganic nutrients essential for the initiation and maintenance of macroalgal growth may be supplied from the underlying sediment, we investigated the coupling between benthic inorganic nutrient (mainly N and P) fluxes and sediment properties in 6 bays representing a wide gradient of sediment characteristics (grain size, organic matter content, solid phase C and N). The initial characterization of bays was made in June and also included measurements of oxygen flux and microphytobenthic and macrofaunal biomass. In September, still within the growth season of the macroalgae, complementary experiments with sediment-water incubations for benthic flux measurements of oxygen and nutrients focused on trophic status (balance between auto- and heterotrophy) as a controlling factor for rates of measured benthic nutrient fluxes. Generally, sediments rendered autotrophic by microphytobenthic photosynthesis removed nutrients from the overlying water, while heterotrophic sediments supplied nutrients to the overlying bottom water. Estimations of the green-algal nutrient demand suggested that late in the growth season, net heterotrophic sediments could cover 20% of the N-demand and 70% of the P demand. As the benthic trophic status is a functional variable more closely coupled to nutrient fluxes than the comparably conservative structural parameter organic matter content, we suggest that the trophic status is a more viable parameter to classify sediments and predict benthic nutrient fluxes in shallow-water environments.     

Seasonal variations in nutrients and chlorophyll-a concentrations in the Northern east China sea

Nutrients, chlorophyll-a, particulate organic carbon (POC), and environmental conditions were extensively investigated in the northern East China Sea (ECS) near Cheju Island during three seasonal cruises from 2003 to 2005. In spring and autumn, relatively high concentrations of nitrate (2.6~12.4 μmol kg^-1) and phosphate (0.17~0.61 μmol kg^-1) were observed in the surface waters in the western part of the study area because of the large supply of nutrients from deep waters by vertical mixing. The surface concentrations of nitrate and phosphate in summer were much lower than those in spring and autumn, which is ascribed to a reduced nutrient supply from the deep waters in summer because of surface layer stratification. While previous studies indicate that upwellings of the Kuroshio Current and the Changjiang (Yangtze River) are main sources of nutrients in the ECS, these two inputs seem not to have contributed significantly to the build-up of nutrients in the northern ECS during the time of this study. The lower nitrate:phosphate (N:P) ratio in the surface waters and the positive correlation between the surface N:P ratio and nitrate concentration indicate that nitrate acts as a main nutrient limiting phytoplankton growth in the northern ECS, contrary to previous reports of phosphate-limited phytoplankton growth in the ECS. This difference arises because most surface water nutrients are supplied by vertical mixing from deep waters with low N:P ratios and are not directly influenced by the Changjiang, which has a high N:P ratio. Surface chlorophyll-a levels showed large seasonal variation, with high concentrations (0.38~4.14 mg m^-3) in spring and autumn and low concentrations (0.22~1.05 mg m^-3) in summer. The surface distribution of chlorophyll-a coincided fairly well with that of nitrate in the northern ECS, implying that nitrate is an important nutrient controlling phytoplankton biomass. The POC:chlorophyll-a ratio was 4~6 times higher in summer than in spring and autumn, presumably because of the high summer phytoplankton death rate caused by nutrient depletion in the surface waters.     

夜光虫细胞发光光质检测及来源分析

夜光虫(Noctiluca scintillans)是一类生活在海水中的原生动物,同时也是重要的赤潮生物,自20世纪90年代以来,赤潮的光谱遥感预报和监测就得到了关注,但是夜光虫赤潮的光谱遥感准确度尚有不足.这主要是因为目前对夜光虫自身发光光质的认识不足.因此希望在细胞水平上分析确认夜光虫的荧光及其可能成因.在实验室中...     

Organic carbon and nitrogen in the northern California current system: comparison of offshore, river plume, and coastally upwelled waters

During the first year of the Northeast Pacific GLOBEC program we examined the spatial distributions of dissolved and particulate organic carbon and nitrogen in the surface waters off the Oregon and Washington coasts of North America. Eleven east–west transects were sampled from nearshore waters to 190 km offshore. Hydrographic data and the distribution of inorganic nutrients were used to characterize three distinct water sources: oligotrophic offshore water, the Columbia River plume, and the coastal upwelling region inshore of the California Current. Warm, high salinity offshore water had very low levels of inorganic nutrients, particulate organic carbon (POC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Warm, low salinity water in the Columbia River plume was relatively low in nitrate, but showed a strong negative correlation between salinity and silicate. The river plume water had the highest levels of total organic carbon (TOC) (up to 180 μM) and DOC (up to 150 μM) observed anywhere in the sampling area. Cold, high salinity coastal waters had high nutrient levels, moderate to high levels of POC and particulate organic nitrogen (PON), and low to moderate levels of DOC and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON). Each of these regions has characteristic C:N ratios for particulate and dissolved organic material. The results are compared to concentrations and partitioning of particulate and dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen in other regions of the North Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans.     

Nutrient distributions in the winter regime of the northern Irish Sea

Quasi-synoptic distributions of salinity and the concentrations of dissolved inorganic nutrients in the winter regime of the northern Irish Sea are presented. Salinity to nutrient regression analyses and the distributions of nutrient ratios show that the characteristics of Atlantic waters are variously modified during their northward passage through the Irish Sea. Inherently different chemical characteristics of the fresh water sources discharging into the Northern Irish Sea generate a conglomeration of water types in the area. Marine waters along the Irish coast are relatively enriched in silicon, while waters adjacent to the eastern coastal boundary are relatively enriched by anthropogenic nitrogen sources. Possible implications of the spatial dichotomy in nutrient status for the seasonal production cycle in the northern Irish Sea are considered.