黄河口现行流路入海水沙特征对流域的响应

基于1976-2012年利津站实测水沙资料,选取1976-1986年、1987-1999年及2000-2012年作为特征时段,探讨了黄河口现行入海水沙条件变化的阶段性特征,重点研究了入海泥沙粒度特征对入海水沙变化的响应情况。结果表明:(1)与1976-1986年年均入海流量1 020 m~3/s相比,1987-1999年与2000-2012年入海流量大幅度减小,分别为473.7 m~3/s和504.7 m~3/s;(2)与1976-1986年年均入海含沙量24.4 kg/m~3相比,1987-1999年大幅度减小至15.9 kg/m~3,2000-2012年仅为4.1 kg/m~3;(3) 1976-1986年入海悬沙中值粒径为0.022 mm,1987-1999年减小至0.016 mm,2000-2012年又变粗至0.021 mm,反映水库正常运行一段时间后,下游河床冲刷造成入海泥沙粗化;(4) 2000年后利津站与花园口站悬沙粒度特征变化趋势趋于一致。研究还揭示了利津站床沙特征与流域前4年来沙系数存在较好相关性,利津床沙粒径呈现随来沙系数减少而增大的趋势,表明流域来沙量减少会造成利津站床沙粗化。     

2020年特大洪水作用下长江口南槽水沙输移特征

径流是影响河口水沙输运的关键动力之一。以长江口为例,历史最大洪水为1954年的92 600m³/s,但以往洪枯季水沙观测期间的大通流量多数小于60000m³/s,对于特大流量情况下的河口水沙输移特征还缺少观测资料和相关研究报道。2020年长江发生了流域性大洪水,大通洪峰流量高达84500m³/s。为认识特大流量情况下的河口水沙输移格局特征,文章基于2020年7月78 300 m³/s流量期间南槽中下段大小潮水沙盐定点观测资料,分析认识到大洪水期间南槽下段水体垂向混合良好,层化发生位置向海外移,表明大流量抑制了盐水入侵。对比分析历史不同流量情况下的南槽区域水沙资料,表明在特大径流作用下,南槽中下段区域盐度和悬沙浓度整体减小,相比在9 900 m³/s （2014年）、17 637 m³/s （2003年2月）和41 450 m³/s （2013）流量下,南槽下段大潮平均盐度分别减小75%、82%和82%,小潮分别减小80%、89%和91...     

2020年特大洪水作用下长江口南槽水沙输移特征

径流是影响河口水沙输运的关键动力之一。以长江口为例,历史最大洪水为1954年的92 600m³/s,但以往洪枯季水沙观测期间的大通流量多数小于60000m³/s,对于特大流量情况下的河口水沙输移特征还缺少观测资料和相关研究报道。2020年长江发生了流域性大洪水,大通洪峰流量高达84500m³/s。为认识特大流量情况下的河口水沙输移格局特征,文章基于2020年7月78 300 m³/s流量期间南槽中下段大小潮水沙盐定点观测资料,分析认识到大洪水期间南槽下段水体垂向混合良好,层化发生位置向海外移,表明大流量抑制了盐水入侵。对比分析历史不同流量情况下的南槽区域水沙资料,表明在特大径流作用下,南槽中下段区域盐度和悬沙浓度整体减小,相比在9 900 m³/s （2014年）、17 637 m³/s （2003年2月）和41 450 m³/s （2013）流量下,南槽下段大潮平均盐度分别减小75%、82%和82%,小潮分别减小80%、89%和91...     

椒江河口悬沙浓度垂向分布和泥跃层发育

论述了椒江河口粘性细颗粒泥沙洪、枯季及大、小潮悬沙浓度分布.椒江河口水体高度混浊,近底层悬沙浓度可达71kg/m3以上.在河口最大混浊带,小潮期水体层化现象明显,悬沙浓度垂向分布呈三层结构,即活动悬沙层、泥跃层和浮泥层.泥跃层是水体中悬沙浓度分布剧变层,梯度大.在河口咸、淡水互相作用下,悬沙浓度大于3kg/m3、盐度在4～16及水流速度中等的条件下泥跃层发育.     

洋山港区动力泥沙过程研究—兼论北岛链汊道封堵的影响

于 2006 年 4 月 8 - 17 日、8 月 9 - 16 日和 2007 年 1 月 13 - 25 日在杭州湾口的洋山港海域一固定观测点(平均水深约 15 m)用"海床基海洋环境自动监测系统"观测了潮位、波浪、潮流、近底悬沙浓度等要素.结果表明:( 1)研究区波浪较弱,平均有效波高为 0.53 ～ 0.65 m,常风条件下波高受水深控制,而强风天气时波高受风速控制.( 2)港区潮流较强.最大流速为 238 cm / s,观测期间平均流速在中、上层均 > 80 cm / s,而在近底层<40 cm / s.潮流以离底 4.7 ～ 5.7 m 为分界层,分界层以上以落潮流占优势,分界层以下以涨潮流占优势.涨、落潮流流向分别在 310°～ 320°和 130°～ 140°之间,涨、落潮主流比洋山港工程前向右偏转约 20°.( 3)余流流速由底层向表层递增,上层和表层均大于 10 cm / s,中、下层为 4 cm / s左右;余流流向,底层约为 322°,2.7 ～5 .7 m 层为 56°～ 85°,6.7 m 以上为 103°～ 166°.( 4)2006 年 4 月小潮和 8 月大潮平均悬沙浓度分别为 0.81 kg / m3 和1.46 kg / m3.悬沙浓度涨潮大于落潮,涨急时悬沙浓度最高.     

三沙湾夏季底边界层动力过程及悬沙输运特征

基于2018年8月福建三沙湾湾内外共两个定点站位的船基和座底三脚架观测数据,研究了三沙湾底边界动力过程及悬沙输运特征。结果表明,三沙湾湾内湾外两个站位均表现出涨落潮历时相近但涨落潮流速明显不对称的现象,即湾内涨潮流速大于落潮流速,湾外则相反。湾内水体受淡水输入影响较大,表现出落潮期间显著的温盐层化,而涨潮期间水体混合良好;湾外水体受淡水影响不明显,表现为水体温度主导的层化。通过对底边界层动力过程的分析表明,湾内（距底0.75 m）、湾外（距底0.50 m）站位底边界层的平均摩阻流速分别是0.016 m/s、0.013 m/s,且两个站位拖曳系数基本相等（2.03×10-3）,表明在相同流速下湾内站位的底部切应力更大,近底沉积物再悬浮和搬运相对湾外站位更为显著。因此观测期间悬沙浓度最大值出现在湾内站位,为109 mg/L,且悬沙在垂向上的分布可达上层水体;湾外站位悬沙浓度更低,并且底部悬浮泥沙仅能影响至距底5 m的水体。悬沙通量机制分解结果表明,三沙湾夏季的潮周期单宽悬沙从湾外向湾内方向净输运,湾内站位向湾内方向净输运74.88 g/(m·s),平流输沙占主导作用,贡献率41.7%;湾外站位向湾内方向净输运10.57 g/(m·s),主要受平流输沙和垂向净环流的控制,贡献率94.9%     

半日潮流作用下悬移质泥沙的运动特征及其影响因素研究

本文通过建立一维水深平均悬沙模型,对典型潮流控制的水道内悬沙运动特征进行研究。模型以泥沙再悬浮、沉降和平流为主要物理过程,动力因素包含M₂、S₂分潮及余流,采用湄洲湾2007年8月潮位、潮流、悬沙、底质同步观测资料进行分析和验证。通过三角傅里叶分析,将悬沙的时间序列分解为12个主要的谐波分量,其中主要分量包括:M₂分潮作用下产生的具有M₂倍潮角速度的1/4日分潮项,M₂与S₂分潮共同作用下且角速度为两分潮角速度之和的1/4日分潮项,及水平悬沙梯度、余流与M₂分潮共同作用下具有M₂分潮角速度的半日潮项。悬沙在时间上的平均值受到余流、悬沙水平梯度、M₂分潮流及悬沙起动条件等因素控制。余流导致了悬沙序列中相邻周期之间的不对称性。反映泥沙特性的参量对悬沙的曲线特征具有重要影响,泥沙沉降速度影响悬沙的相位,并影响其振幅;再悬浮有关的参量仅影响各谐波分量的振幅,但不影响相位。     

上海洋山建港后港域夏季水文泥沙状况分析

对2007年9月17-26日在上海洋山港海域固定观测点(平均水深13 m)观测得到的水文泥沙要素,以及悬沙和底质样品分析.分析结果为:1)港域有效波高0.21-1.37 m(风速0.6～14.0 m/s),平均0.61 m(平均风速5.5 m/s).平静天气(平均风速小于5.0 m/s)下,波高随水深变化,两者的相关系数为0.899;而在强风天气下,波高受风况控制.2)最大表层流速超过2.00 m/s.大潮涨潮流占优势,小潮时落潮流占优势;与北岛链汉道封堵前相比,大潮涨、落潮平均流速分别减小15%和30%,小潮涨、落潮平均流速均减小30%～40%.各层余流均为西北方向,与涨潮流方向一致;垂向平均余流速0.11 cm/s,表层达0.25 m/s.3)离底高程1.35 m层和0.35m层最大悬沙浓度均大于3 kg/m3,两层平均悬沙浓度分别为0.89和0.95 kg/m3.无论大潮还是小潮涨潮悬沙浓度均大于落潮,这种现象在大潮时更为显著,潮周期中最大悬沙浓度出现在涨急.与工程前相比悬沙浓度明显降低,大、小潮降低均达20%.4)港区底质平均粒径9.0μm,工程后有变细的趋势.     

2010年黄河调水调沙期间河口泥沙输运过程的数值模拟

利用EFDC三维数学模型,以整个渤海的水动力环境为背景,加入利津站逐日水沙数据和河口区域的风场数据,模拟了2010年黄河调水调沙期间河口入海泥沙输运过程。黄河调水调沙期间,河口泥沙的输运方式主要受到径流输入的悬沙浓度的变化的影响。通过模拟结果估算了不同传输方式相互转化的悬沙浓度阈值。在没有强风浪扰动的情况下,径流输入悬沙浓度小于13.5g/L时,河口泥沙的传输方式为表层羽状流;输入的悬沙浓度在13.5g/L-24.5g/L之间时,羽状流遭到破快,河口淡咸水由于密度接近发生混合;当输入的悬沙浓度在24.5g/L-29.0g/L时,在底层河口泥沙以低密度异重流的方式传输,在表层则同时形成羽状流;输入的悬沙浓度大于29.0g/L时,黄河入海径流在河口处迅速潜没,形成高密度异重流。高密度泥沙异重流携带大量沉积物沿着海底斜坡向海输运,其初始速度可达1m/s以上。异重流在传输过程中受到底床摩擦力的阻碍作用和泥沙沉降,速度和密度降低,逐渐向混合状态转化,最后以羽状流的形势向海传输。黄河入海泥沙在夏季主要堆积在河口三角洲附近的一个相当有限的区域。     

中小型建闸河口的闸下水体悬沙输运过程: 以新洋港河口为例

河口建闸使河口区沉积动力条件发生剧烈改变,常产生航道淤浅、泄洪不畅的危害。以新洋港河口为例,于2012 年8 月18-24 日在对新洋港闸下河口进行全潮锚系观测,分析水位、流速及悬沙浓度时空变化和悬沙输运特征。结果表明, 建闸河口区为不规则半日潮,大潮期间涨潮历时短、潮流强,落潮历时长、流速相对较小;潮周期内沉积物发生强烈的再悬 浮和沉降作用,再悬浮通量数量级可达到10-3 kg m-2s-1;小潮期间流速、悬沙浓度和再悬浮通量均小于大潮期间的数值。大 潮期间的强涨潮流导致水体不但能够产生强烈再悬浮,同时还将高浓度悬沙水体向上游输送、抵达闸下区域,这是造成建闸 河口水道淤积的主要原因。在上游开闸初期和后期,存在较强的盐度垂向梯度,水体层化特征显著;但当上游淡水量较大 时,流速迅速增强、再悬浮较为显著,水流可将高悬沙水体向外海输送,对河口水深的维持有利。     

A qualitative zoogeographic analysis of decapod crustaceans of the continental slopes and abyssal plain of the Gulf of Mexico

Occurrence of 130 species of decapod crustaceans was compared between the continental slope (200–2500 m) and the abyssal plain (2500–3840 m) of the Gulf of Mexico. We compiled records of these species from published literature and from the crustacean catalogue of the Marine Invertebrate Collection of Texas A&M University. Each species was scored as present or absent in each of 10 polygons that were defined by physiographic features of the sea floor. Using cluster analysis, we identified inherent patterns of species richness. A distinct faunal assemblage occurred in the Sigsbee Abyssal Plain. This deep plain was a potential “coldspot” in terms of the number of species in the basin, compared to a “hotspot” in the vicinity of De Soto Canyon. Polygons of the eastern upper slopes (i.e. calcareous substrate of western Florida) contained the most species that were not found elsewhere in the Gulf of Mexico. Using an inductive approach, we identified the following hypotheses: (1) most crustacean species of the deep Sigsbee Abyssal Plain occur in oceans world-wide, (2) overall, almost a quarter of the deep sea species in the Gulf of Mexico range from the western Atlantic (south of Cape Hatteras) to the Caribbean, and (3) the Gulf of Mexico is particularly rich in species of Munidopsis (25 species).     

Population structure of the mussel “Bathymodiolus” childressi from Gulf of Mexico hydrocarbon seeps

Hydrocarbon and brine seeps in the deep regions of the northern and western Gulf of Mexico often support populations of the bathymodiolin mussel, “Bathymodiolus” childressi. In this study, we use two mitochondrial and six nuclear DNA markers to investigate relationships within the metapopulation of “B.” childressi in the Gulf of Mexico from Mississippi Canyon to Alaminos Canyon over a range of 527–2222 m in depth and approximately 550 km in distance. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and size polymorphism analysis of the markers suggest that populations are not genetically differentiated. F_ST values were not significantly different from zero. The presence of a panmictic population of “B.” childressi over such a broad range of depth suggests that this species may be quite different from most members of the Gulf of Mexico seep chemosynthetic communities.     

Gulf of Mexico sediment sources and sediment transport trends from magnetic susceptibility measurements of surface samples

The magnetic properties from 200 trigger core-top and Van Veen grab sediment samples recovered from throughout the Gulf of Mexico have been analyzed and used to characterize sediment source and flow pattern distributions. Magnetic parameters included are anhysteretic remanent magnetism (ARM) and magnetic susceptibility (MS) measurements. Results from these measurements are compared to previously determined calcium carbonate percentages, and clay and hematite influx trajectories into the Gulf of Mexico for the same samples reported by Balsam and Beeson [Balsam, W.L. and Beeson, J.P., 2003. Sea-floor sediment distribution in the Gulf of Mexico, Deep-Sea Res. I, 50, 1421–1444.]. The ARM results give an estimate of magnetic grain size distributions, and by analogy, grain size distributions in general, whereas MS patterns show high detrital sediment accumulation zones within the Gulf. The dominant influx of modern high susceptibility sediment into the Gulf of Mexico appears to originate from the Red River, flow into Atchafalaya River Basin and out into the Gulf from Atchafalaya Bay, with significant additional contributions from the Mississippi River through the Southwest Pass of the Mississippi River Delta. This material then moves across the continental shelf and down through the Mississippi Canyon into the deep Gulf where it is redistributed at depths > 3600 m. The eastern shelf margins in the Gulf, offshore from Alabama and Florida, are accumulating calcite- or quartz-rich medium to fine-grained sediment that has a very low or diamagnetic MS signature. From the Louisiana to Texas Gulf coast margins, MS is moderate to high, suggesting a river influx of magnetic constituents from the volcanic fields in New Mexico, and from igneous and metamorphic sources in the Mississippi Basin. Offshore from western Mexico, the MS is high to moderate, but the Yucatan Shelf margin is characterized by low to diamagnetic MS values due to sediment dominated by calcite sands and oozes, a trend that continues to the east onto the West Florida Shelf. Additional measurements of samples collected in association with sites characterized by hydrocarbon seepage exhibit anomalously low MS values. The samples from the lower shelf and slope areas are typified by iron reduction by bacterial organisms in these samples. These results produce anomalous localized lows in the MS trends observed.     

黄河三角洲孤东近岸冲淤演变及其影响因素

为更好地了解近40年来孤东近岸的演变过程,以研究区剖面水深地形、Landsat影像和利津站水沙数据为数据源,采用遥感技术及数理统计法对研究区域岸线及面积变化进行监测计算,并分析1976—1986年、1986—1996年、1996—2002年、2002—2014年4个不同阶段的冲淤演变及影响因素。结果表明:(1)孤东近岸经历"强淤积-冲淤平衡-侵蚀-强侵蚀"4个阶段。孤东近岸海域由淤积向侵蚀转变始于1996年,且在2002—2014年间侵蚀最为严重,大部分近岸海域蚀深达到6～8 m,侵蚀最大深度超过8 m;(2)等深线变化时空差异明显,蚀退最先出现在北侧,且近岸5 m水深区域内冲淤变化较水深10 m内敏感;(3)研究区近岸侵蚀,离岸淤积,剖面冲淤平衡位置由CS19剖面的11 m水深变化到CS21剖面的5m水深;(4)黄河入海水沙的减少、河口人工改汊、孤东大堤建设和海洋动力作用都对孤东近岸的冲淤演变产生影响,维持研究区冲淤平衡的年均来沙阈值为3.78亿t/a。通过此来进一步探究孤东近岸演变进程,为孤东近岸防护提供科学指导。     

Gassy sediment occurrence and properties: Northern Gulf of Mexico

Free gas is ubiquitous at shallow sediment depths of the northern margin of the Gulf of Mexico. Gassy sediment patches are between 250 and 500 m in horizontal size. Often the gassy layers are within 100 m from the sea floor and are only a few meters thick. Both biogenic and thermogenic gas hydrates have been recovered. Stability values of temperature and pressure indicate that hydrates can exist in water depths less than 500 m. Gassy sediment geoacoustic parameter values are not well constrained because of a lack of concurrent measurements of acoustic properties and sediment gas content. For Gulf of Mexico gassy sediment, some reportedin situ values of sound speed are reduced by an order of magnitude below values for water saturated sediments. More commonly, sound speed is reduced from water saturated sediment values by only 15 to 50 percent.     

Geochemistry and particle size of surface sediments of Gulf of Manfredonia (Southern Adriatic sea)

In this study we describe mechanisms influencing the spatial distribution of the surface sediments in the Gulf of Manfredonia. Seventy-three samples were collected on a regional grid and analyzed for grain-size, major and trace elements and organic matter content. Sediments contain marine-derived carbonate as well as terrigenous fractions indicating highly heterogeneous sediment composition dictated by different provenance and complex transport processes. Principal Component Analysis provides information about processes involved in the formation and dispersal of the sediments. The regional sediment distribution is function of the Gulf's morphology and sedimentary inputs from fluvial sources, mainly from the Ofanto River, and from the North and Central Adriatic basin. Biogenic carbonate reefs, identified in two restricted coastal areas add complexity to sediment shelf dispersal. The North-Adriatic current flowing southward transports and deposits sediments from the Northern basin in the offshore area of the Gulf while an inner anticyclonic current distributes and mixes northern and fluvial sediment with a clockwise pattern. In order to better assess the fluvial contribution also bedload samples from the main river debouching into the Gulf were sampled, enabling the identification of geochemical indexes to distinguish the role of both fluvial inputs and hydrodynamic processes affecting solid particles dispersion within the Gulf. This study provides a contribution to a qualitative estimate of the sediment supply entailed in the Southwestern Adriatic basin.     

Delineating suspended sediment concentration patterns in surface waters of the Changjiang Estuary by remote sensing analysis

Three Landsat TM imageries (taken on 18 May 1987, 4 August 1998 and 28 July 2007) were used as the data source to identify the spatial and temporal variations of the suspended sediment concentration (SSC) in surface waters of the Changjiang Estuary. Atmospheric correction was carried out to determine the water-leaving reflectance using the FLAASH module. A regression equation between surveyed SSC and suspended sediment index was chosen to retrieve the SSC from the Landsat TM images. In addition, tidal harmonic analysis was performed to calculate tidal conditions corresponding to the acquisition time of satellite images. The results show that the SSC spatial patterns are similar to the in situ observation results, which show the highest SSC in the region of turbidity maximum zone in the Changjiang Estuary. For the period of 1987 to 2007, the SSC pattern is controlled mainly by tidal dynamic conditions and wind speeds, rather than sediment discharges from the river.     

华南不同类型热带风暴驱动下珠江口表层悬沙分布趋势

本文利用1949—2014年的华南热带风暴数据和1960—2014年珠江入海流量等, 统计分析风暴作用期间珠江口的风强迫和珠江入海水沙强迫特征, 结果表明, 热带风暴对珠江口的风强迫和水沙强迫因台风距珠江口的距离、强度等因素的影响有显著差异。依据水沙及风强迫的强度, 将热带风暴对珠江口的影响简单分成四类: 中风中水沙驱动型、中风高水沙驱动型、强风中水沙驱动型及强风高水沙驱动型。利用MODIS (moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer)一级数据和已建立的珠江口表层悬沙指数反演模型, 挑选2002—2010年风暴影响期间无云天气的MODIS影像, 反演珠江口悬沙分布, 分析表层悬沙对四种不同来水来沙及风强迫型风暴的响应特征。结果显示, 中风中水沙型风暴驱动下, 珠江口整体含沙量偏低, 其悬沙扩散及时间变化受控于潮流的强弱; 中风高水沙型风暴驱动下, 八大口门特别是磨刀门浅滩、伶仃洋西滩的含沙量高于其他海域, 其高含沙水体向南偏西方向扩散输运; 强风中水沙风暴驱动下, 河口表层悬沙分布及扩散受主导风向的影响, 在强东北风驱动下, 伶仃洋西侧浅滩含沙量因台风浪的掀沙作用高于湾内大部分海域, 高含沙水体向西南侧扩散; 强风高水沙风暴驱动下珠江河口湾含沙量偏高, 水体一片浑浊, 河口悬沙随偏南风驱动下的沿岸流向东侧输运、扩散。     

Depositional history of the Lagniappe Delta,northern Gulf of Mexico

The northern Gulf of Mexico continental shelf is characterized by superimposing deltas. One such delta, informally named Lagniappe, extends east of the Mississippi Delta from mid-shelf to the continental slope. This late Wisconsinan delta is adjacent to, but not associated with the Mississippi Delta complex: the fluvial source was probably the ancient Pearl and/or Mobile Rivers. The fluvially dominated Lagniappe Delta is characterized by complex sigmoid-oblique seismic-reflection patterns, indicating delta switching of high-energy sand-prone facies to low-energy facies. The areal distribution and sediment thickness of the delta were partially controlled by two diapirs.